既有隧道改建的有限元分析及渗漏检测技术
摘要
随着交通飞速发展,铁路运营对隧道的要求也越来越高。为减少资源和劳动力的浪费,对技术标准不能满足新的运营要求的既有隧道进行技术改建情况也越来越多,因此对隧道改建的受力状况进行研究以及检测也显得更加重要。
本文采用理论分析和数值分析相结合的手段,对既有陈家冲隧道的改建这一具体工程进行了受力和变形研究,得到改建后的隧道的应力分布情况,为隧道改建工程提供了有价值的参考。
首先分析了圆形隧道在初始地应力场下的受力情况,在对围岩体的计算做出一些基本假设的条件下,给出了在Drucker-Prager屈服准则下隧道围岩的塑性区范围和位移的解析式。
其次,给出了圆形隧道二次应力的解析表达式。针对既有陈家冲隧道改建的考虑渗流和不考虑渗流两种工况,进行了ANSYS数值模拟分析,且在模拟过程中,将裂缝存在这一最不利因素考虑进去,通过比较分析得到了一些有意义的结论。
最后,本文还介绍了利用探地雷达和湿度测试仪这两种先进仪器对改建隧道的新旧混凝土接缝处进行渗漏检测,并将两种仪器测出的结果进行分析比较,发现湿度测试仪测出的结果和探地雷达测出的结果比较吻合,能够更准确地反映隧道的渗流情况以及渗漏发生的深度。并对局部渗漏区域做了相应的处理,以便更好地满足隧道的运营要求,达到改建隧道的目的。
With the rapid development of traffic, higher standards of constructing tunnels are required for railway operation. In order to reduce the waste of resources and labor forces, more and more tunnels, which can not satisfy the technical standards, are rebuilt to meet the new transportation demands. Therefore, the research of stress distribution and seepage testing of rebuilt tunnel becomes much more important.
The mathematical and numerical methods are combined to study the stress and deformation of rebuilt Chenjiachong tunnel. The distribution of stress is achieved, which can be a valuable reference for rebuilding tunnels.
Firstly, the stress of the circular tunnel which is in the initial geostatic stress field is analyzed. Based on some assumptions of the surrounding rock, the analytic formulae of the area of plastic zone and displacement are presented by using yielding rule (Drucker-Prager).
Secondly, the quadratic formula for stress of circular tunnel is deduced. When rebuilding the existing Chenjiachong tunnel, the numerical analysis using ANSYS program is performed in two working conditions that the seepage is considered or not. Meanwhile the worst factor that crack is existed in the structure is also considered. After comparison, several significant conclusions are drawn.
Finally,the seepage of junction between fresh and old concrete is tested by using the ground penetrating radar and microwave humidity equipment. Through comparing with the results monitored by the ground penetrating radar and those tested by microwave humidity equipment, the results are coincided with each other. And the results tested by microwave humidity equipment can reflect the seepage situation of the tunnel and the depth of the seepage more accurately. Moreover, the corresponding measures were adopted for the area of seepage in order to satisfy the operation demands of the tunnel, the tunnel is successfully rebuilt.
本文采用理论分析和数值分析相结合的手段,对既有陈家冲隧道的改建这一具体工程进行了受力和变形研究,得到改建后的隧道的应力分布情况,为隧道改建工程提供了有价值的参考。
首先分析了圆形隧道在初始地应力场下的受力情况,在对围岩体的计算做出一些基本假设的条件下,给出了在Drucker-Prager屈服准则下隧道围岩的塑性区范围和位移的解析式。
其次,给出了圆形隧道二次应力的解析表达式。针对既有陈家冲隧道改建的考虑渗流和不考虑渗流两种工况,进行了ANSYS数值模拟分析,且在模拟过程中,将裂缝存在这一最不利因素考虑进去,通过比较分析得到了一些有意义的结论。
最后,本文还介绍了利用探地雷达和湿度测试仪这两种先进仪器对改建隧道的新旧混凝土接缝处进行渗漏检测,并将两种仪器测出的结果进行分析比较,发现湿度测试仪测出的结果和探地雷达测出的结果比较吻合,能够更准确地反映隧道的渗流情况以及渗漏发生的深度。并对局部渗漏区域做了相应的处理,以便更好地满足隧道的运营要求,达到改建隧道的目的。
With the rapid development of traffic, higher standards of constructing tunnels are required for railway operation. In order to reduce the waste of resources and labor forces, more and more tunnels, which can not satisfy the technical standards, are rebuilt to meet the new transportation demands. Therefore, the research of stress distribution and seepage testing of rebuilt tunnel becomes much more important.
The mathematical and numerical methods are combined to study the stress and deformation of rebuilt Chenjiachong tunnel. The distribution of stress is achieved, which can be a valuable reference for rebuilding tunnels.
Firstly, the stress of the circular tunnel which is in the initial geostatic stress field is analyzed. Based on some assumptions of the surrounding rock, the analytic formulae of the area of plastic zone and displacement are presented by using yielding rule (Drucker-Prager).
Secondly, the quadratic formula for stress of circular tunnel is deduced. When rebuilding the existing Chenjiachong tunnel, the numerical analysis using ANSYS program is performed in two working conditions that the seepage is considered or not. Meanwhile the worst factor that crack is existed in the structure is also considered. After comparison, several significant conclusions are drawn.
Finally,the seepage of junction between fresh and old concrete is tested by using the ground penetrating radar and microwave humidity equipment. Through comparing with the results monitored by the ground penetrating radar and those tested by microwave humidity equipment, the results are coincided with each other. And the results tested by microwave humidity equipment can reflect the seepage situation of the tunnel and the depth of the seepage more accurately. Moreover, the corresponding measures were adopted for the area of seepage in order to satisfy the operation demands of the tunnel, the tunnel is successfully rebuilt.
引文
[1] 李德武,高峰,严松宏等.隧道.北京:中国铁道出版社,2004
[2] 铁路隧道设计规范(TB 10003-2005).北京:中国铁道出版社,2005
[3] 公路隧道设计规范(JTGD 70-2004).北京:人民交通出版社,2004
[4] 覃仁斌,王成,杨其新等.隧道工程.乌鲁木齐:新疆大学出版社;重庆:重庆大学出版社,2001
[5] 郭小红.公路隧道复合衬砌承载能力计算方法研究[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2004
[6] 奥罗克 T D.隧道衬砌设计指南.侯学渊,李桂花,孙逸明译,北京:中国铁道出版社,1987
[7] Schmid H.Statische Problem des Tunnel and Druckstollenbuse.Berlin:1926
[8] Schulze H,Duddeck H.Spannungen in schildvorgetribenen Tunnel.Beton and Stahlbteon,1954,59:169~175
[9] Peck R B,Hendron A J,Mohraz B.State of the art of soft ground tunnelling.Proceedings of Rapid Excavation and Tunnelling Conference,1972,1:259~286
[10] Dar S M,Bates R C.Stress analysis of hollow cylindrical inclusions.J.of Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1974,100(GT2):123~138
[11] Wood A M.The circular tunnel in elastic ground.Geotechnique,1975,25(1):115~127
[12] Curtis D J.Discussion of Wood A M“The Circular Tunnel in Elastic Ground”. Geotechnique,1976,26(2):231~237
[13] Akai K H,Masayuki.Fundamental study on instability of tunnel in consideration of post-peak strain softening behavior of rock.Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering,1978,40(2):78~99
[14] 侯学渊.地下圆形结构弹塑性理论.同济大学学报,1982,10(4):50~61
[15] Rodriguez R F.Lining-ground interaction in circular tunnels.A.A. Balkema,1985, 2:1257~1264
[16] 朱合华,杨林德.盾构隧道管片接头衬砌系统的两种受力模型.工程力学,1996,13(增刊):395~399
[17] 朱合华,陶履斌.盾构隧道衬砌结构受力分析的梁-弹簧系统模型.岩土力学,1998,19(2):26~32
[18] 过迟,吕国梁.穿越工程盾构隧道衬砌结构计算模型研究.岩土力学,1997,18(增刊):203~207
[19] Kastner H.隧道与坑道静力学.同济大学《隧道与坑道静力学》翻译组译.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1980
[20] Turner M J,Clough R W,Martin H C et al.Stiffness and deflection analysis of complex structures.J.Aeros,1956,23(9):805~824
[21] Clough R W.The finite element method in plane stress analysis.Am.Soc.Civ.Eng.,1960,87:345~378
[22] Reyes S F,Deere D U.Elastic-plastic analysis of underground openings by the finite element method.Proc.1st Cong.Int.Soc.Rock Mech.Lisbon,1966:477~483
[23] Zienkiewicz O C,Valliappan S,King I P.Stress analysis of rock as a “no-tension” material.Geotechnique,1968,18(1):56~66
[24] Kulhawy F H.Stress and displacement around openings in homogeneous rocks.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.1975,12(1):43~51
[25] Wittke W.Static Analysis for underground openings in jointed rock,Numerical Method in Geotechnical Engineering.McGraw-Hill Book Company,1977
[26] Marques J M M C,Owen D R J.Infinite elements in quasi-static materially nonlinear problems.Computers and Structures,1984,18(4):739~751
[27] Banerjee P K,Butterfield R.Boundary Element Method in Geomechanics.Finite Elements in Geomechanics.1977
[28] Cundall P A.A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock systems.Proc.Int.Sym.on Rock Fracture,1971,1:Ⅱ-8
[29] Goodman R,Taylor R L,Brekke T L.A model for mechanics of jointed rock.J.Soil Mech.ASCE,1968,94,SM3
[30] Sakurai S,Takeuchi K.Back analysis of measured displacement of tunnel.Rock Mech.and Rock Eng.,1983,16(4):173~180
[31] 杨新安,吴德康.铁路隧道.上海:同济大学出版社,2003
[32] 先明其.从单线改建成复线的运营隧道——箱根登山铁道塔之峰隧道.现代隧道技术,1996,(4):75~80
[33] 吴永平.既有羊石双线隧道的改扩建问题.科学技术通讯,2002,(3):36~38
[34] 邓应祥.瑞士鲁费伦隧道的改建.现代隧道技术,1997,(1):57~59
[35] 胡国双.兴安岭隧道改建工程施工简介.铁道建筑技术,1998,(3):37~39
[36] 铁路隧道防排水技术规范(TB 10113-2000/J72-2001).北京:中国铁道出版社,2005
[37] 陈惠发.土木工程材料的本构方程.余天庆,王勋文,刘再华译.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001
[38] 叶先磊,史亚杰.ANSYS 工程分析软件应用实例.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[39] 李权,沈精虎,许曰滨等.ANSYS 在土木工程中的应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[40] 陈晓霞,郉静忠,杨静宁等.ANSYS 高级分析.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[41] 张清,杜静,于学馥.岩石力学基础.北京:中国铁道出版社,1997
[42] 王元汉,李丽娟,李银平.有限元法基础与程序设计.广州:华南理工大学出版社,2001
[43] 彭立敏,刘小兵,施成华等.交通隧道工程.长沙:中南大学出版社,2003
[44] 杨新安,黄宏伟,隧道病害与防治.上海:同济大学出版社,2003
[45] 王建秀.腐蚀损伤岩体中的水化-水力损伤及其在隧道工程中的应用研究[博士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2002
[46] 贺学海,王卓,隋景峰.探地雷达检测隧道衬砌质量的误差分析.勘察科学技术,2003,(5):56~59
[47] 郑俊杰,梁艳,资谊.既有隧道改建工程防渗检测技术研究.铁道科学与工程学报,2006,3(1):83~86
[48] 夏才初.土木工程监测技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[49] 陈建勋,马建秦,王永东等.隧道工程试验检测技术.北京:人民交通出版社,2005
[50] 张蓓.路面结构层材料介电特性及其厚度反演分析的系统识别方法——路面雷达关键技术研究[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2003
[51] 李大心.探地雷达方法及应用.北京:地质出版社,1994
[52] 吴其斌.探地雷达的发展现状.地质科技动态,1995,(10):1~3
[53] Panny N S,Davis J L.GPR system for road and bridges.Fourth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar.Finland,1992.247~258
[54] Weill G J.Non-destructive testing of bridge,highway and airport pavements.Fourth International Conference On Ground Penetrating Radar.Finland,1992.259~266
[55] 关宝树.隧道工程维修管理要点集.北京:人民交通出版社,2004
[2] 铁路隧道设计规范(TB 10003-2005).北京:中国铁道出版社,2005
[3] 公路隧道设计规范(JTGD 70-2004).北京:人民交通出版社,2004
[4] 覃仁斌,王成,杨其新等.隧道工程.乌鲁木齐:新疆大学出版社;重庆:重庆大学出版社,2001
[5] 郭小红.公路隧道复合衬砌承载能力计算方法研究[硕士学位论文].武汉:华中科技大学,2004
[6] 奥罗克 T D.隧道衬砌设计指南.侯学渊,李桂花,孙逸明译,北京:中国铁道出版社,1987
[7] Schmid H.Statische Problem des Tunnel and Druckstollenbuse.Berlin:1926
[8] Schulze H,Duddeck H.Spannungen in schildvorgetribenen Tunnel.Beton and Stahlbteon,1954,59:169~175
[9] Peck R B,Hendron A J,Mohraz B.State of the art of soft ground tunnelling.Proceedings of Rapid Excavation and Tunnelling Conference,1972,1:259~286
[10] Dar S M,Bates R C.Stress analysis of hollow cylindrical inclusions.J.of Geotechnical Engineering Division,ASCE,1974,100(GT2):123~138
[11] Wood A M.The circular tunnel in elastic ground.Geotechnique,1975,25(1):115~127
[12] Curtis D J.Discussion of Wood A M“The Circular Tunnel in Elastic Ground”. Geotechnique,1976,26(2):231~237
[13] Akai K H,Masayuki.Fundamental study on instability of tunnel in consideration of post-peak strain softening behavior of rock.Memoirs of the Faculty of Engineering,1978,40(2):78~99
[14] 侯学渊.地下圆形结构弹塑性理论.同济大学学报,1982,10(4):50~61
[15] Rodriguez R F.Lining-ground interaction in circular tunnels.A.A. Balkema,1985, 2:1257~1264
[16] 朱合华,杨林德.盾构隧道管片接头衬砌系统的两种受力模型.工程力学,1996,13(增刊):395~399
[17] 朱合华,陶履斌.盾构隧道衬砌结构受力分析的梁-弹簧系统模型.岩土力学,1998,19(2):26~32
[18] 过迟,吕国梁.穿越工程盾构隧道衬砌结构计算模型研究.岩土力学,1997,18(增刊):203~207
[19] Kastner H.隧道与坑道静力学.同济大学《隧道与坑道静力学》翻译组译.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1980
[20] Turner M J,Clough R W,Martin H C et al.Stiffness and deflection analysis of complex structures.J.Aeros,1956,23(9):805~824
[21] Clough R W.The finite element method in plane stress analysis.Am.Soc.Civ.Eng.,1960,87:345~378
[22] Reyes S F,Deere D U.Elastic-plastic analysis of underground openings by the finite element method.Proc.1st Cong.Int.Soc.Rock Mech.Lisbon,1966:477~483
[23] Zienkiewicz O C,Valliappan S,King I P.Stress analysis of rock as a “no-tension” material.Geotechnique,1968,18(1):56~66
[24] Kulhawy F H.Stress and displacement around openings in homogeneous rocks.Int.J.Rock Mech.Min.Sci.1975,12(1):43~51
[25] Wittke W.Static Analysis for underground openings in jointed rock,Numerical Method in Geotechnical Engineering.McGraw-Hill Book Company,1977
[26] Marques J M M C,Owen D R J.Infinite elements in quasi-static materially nonlinear problems.Computers and Structures,1984,18(4):739~751
[27] Banerjee P K,Butterfield R.Boundary Element Method in Geomechanics.Finite Elements in Geomechanics.1977
[28] Cundall P A.A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movements in blocky rock systems.Proc.Int.Sym.on Rock Fracture,1971,1:Ⅱ-8
[29] Goodman R,Taylor R L,Brekke T L.A model for mechanics of jointed rock.J.Soil Mech.ASCE,1968,94,SM3
[30] Sakurai S,Takeuchi K.Back analysis of measured displacement of tunnel.Rock Mech.and Rock Eng.,1983,16(4):173~180
[31] 杨新安,吴德康.铁路隧道.上海:同济大学出版社,2003
[32] 先明其.从单线改建成复线的运营隧道——箱根登山铁道塔之峰隧道.现代隧道技术,1996,(4):75~80
[33] 吴永平.既有羊石双线隧道的改扩建问题.科学技术通讯,2002,(3):36~38
[34] 邓应祥.瑞士鲁费伦隧道的改建.现代隧道技术,1997,(1):57~59
[35] 胡国双.兴安岭隧道改建工程施工简介.铁道建筑技术,1998,(3):37~39
[36] 铁路隧道防排水技术规范(TB 10113-2000/J72-2001).北京:中国铁道出版社,2005
[37] 陈惠发.土木工程材料的本构方程.余天庆,王勋文,刘再华译.武汉:华中科技大学出版社,2001
[38] 叶先磊,史亚杰.ANSYS 工程分析软件应用实例.北京:清华大学出版社,2003
[39] 李权,沈精虎,许曰滨等.ANSYS 在土木工程中的应用.北京:人民邮电出版社,2005
[40] 陈晓霞,郉静忠,杨静宁等.ANSYS 高级分析.北京:机械工业出版社,2004
[41] 张清,杜静,于学馥.岩石力学基础.北京:中国铁道出版社,1997
[42] 王元汉,李丽娟,李银平.有限元法基础与程序设计.广州:华南理工大学出版社,2001
[43] 彭立敏,刘小兵,施成华等.交通隧道工程.长沙:中南大学出版社,2003
[44] 杨新安,黄宏伟,隧道病害与防治.上海:同济大学出版社,2003
[45] 王建秀.腐蚀损伤岩体中的水化-水力损伤及其在隧道工程中的应用研究[博士学位论文].成都:西南交通大学,2002
[46] 贺学海,王卓,隋景峰.探地雷达检测隧道衬砌质量的误差分析.勘察科学技术,2003,(5):56~59
[47] 郑俊杰,梁艳,资谊.既有隧道改建工程防渗检测技术研究.铁道科学与工程学报,2006,3(1):83~86
[48] 夏才初.土木工程监测技术.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001
[49] 陈建勋,马建秦,王永东等.隧道工程试验检测技术.北京:人民交通出版社,2005
[50] 张蓓.路面结构层材料介电特性及其厚度反演分析的系统识别方法——路面雷达关键技术研究[硕士学位论文].重庆:重庆大学,2003
[51] 李大心.探地雷达方法及应用.北京:地质出版社,1994
[52] 吴其斌.探地雷达的发展现状.地质科技动态,1995,(10):1~3
[53] Panny N S,Davis J L.GPR system for road and bridges.Fourth International Conference on Ground Penetrating Radar.Finland,1992.247~258
[54] Weill G J.Non-destructive testing of bridge,highway and airport pavements.Fourth International Conference On Ground Penetrating Radar.Finland,1992.259~266
[55] 关宝树.隧道工程维修管理要点集.北京:人民交通出版社,2004