北方采暖区既有居住建筑节能改造外部性研究
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摘要
面对能源和环境这威胁人类发展的两大危机,节能减排已经成为保障能源安全、保护生态环境、实现经济社会可持续发展的唯一道路。建筑能耗占整个社会终端能耗的比重较高,是节能减排的重要领域,特别是我国北方采暖地区既有居住建筑数量大、能耗高,是实施节能战略的重中之重。但由于既有居住建筑建筑节能改造具有很强的外部性,是一个市场失灵的领域,严重影响了我国既有居住建筑节能改造的发展。
本文首先在介绍外部性基本理论的基础上,结合既有居住建筑节能改造的概念、既有居住建筑的能耗构成及影响因素,分析了既有居住建筑节能改造的基本原则：最大限度地争取得热,最低限度地向外散热,给出了既有居住建筑节能改造外部性的内涵及其经济解释,并按照不同的分类标准对其进行了分类；然后,重点研究了既有居住建筑节能改造外部性度量的总体思路和具体核算方法,基于两种不同的节能改造方式,给出了既有居住建筑节能改造减排外部性度量的详细的计算步骤和公式,特别是对夏季空调减排外部性的度量分析,更加全面、合理地探讨了既有居住建筑节能改造外部性的大小,并做了实例分析；最后,分析了既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励的设计原则、经济激励步骤,并给出了基于外部性分析的既有居住建筑节能改造的政策建议和措施。本文的研究成果对于政府确定经济激励强度、制定经济激励政策提供了一定的参考。
Facing the two major threats to the human development, energy and environment, the energy conservation and emission reduction has become the only way to safeguard energy security, protect ecological environment and realize economic and society sustainable development. Buildings energy consumption accounts for high proportion of the whole social energy consumption, and it is an important domain of energy conservation and emission reduction. Particularly, the large number and high energy consumption of the existing residential buildings in north heating area has made it the top priority to implement the energy-conservation and emission-reduction strategy. However, energy efficiency improvement on existing buildings in north heating area has a strong externality and is a market malfunction domain. This seriously affected energy efficiency improvement on existing buildings in north heating area in China.
First, based, on the basic theory of externalities, the concept of energy efficiency improvement on existing buildings, the energy consumption constitution and influencing factor of existing residential buildings, the author analyzed the basic principles of the energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings: maximum for heat gain and minimum for heat loss, and also gave the connotation and economic interpretation of the externality of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential building; Then, the author analyzed the general thinking and concrete calculation method to measure the externality of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings. Based on two different energy efficiency improvement modes, the author gave a detailed calculation steps and formulas, probed a more comprehensive and rational measurement on the externality of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential building, and also gave an example analysis; Finally, based on the above externality analysis, the author analyzed the economic incentive principles and economic incentive steps, gave some policy proposals of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings. The research findings in this paper would provide some reference for governments at all levels to make economic incentive policies about energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings.
本文首先在介绍外部性基本理论的基础上,结合既有居住建筑节能改造的概念、既有居住建筑的能耗构成及影响因素,分析了既有居住建筑节能改造的基本原则：最大限度地争取得热,最低限度地向外散热,给出了既有居住建筑节能改造外部性的内涵及其经济解释,并按照不同的分类标准对其进行了分类；然后,重点研究了既有居住建筑节能改造外部性度量的总体思路和具体核算方法,基于两种不同的节能改造方式,给出了既有居住建筑节能改造减排外部性度量的详细的计算步骤和公式,特别是对夏季空调减排外部性的度量分析,更加全面、合理地探讨了既有居住建筑节能改造外部性的大小,并做了实例分析；最后,分析了既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励的设计原则、经济激励步骤,并给出了基于外部性分析的既有居住建筑节能改造的政策建议和措施。本文的研究成果对于政府确定经济激励强度、制定经济激励政策提供了一定的参考。
Facing the two major threats to the human development, energy and environment, the energy conservation and emission reduction has become the only way to safeguard energy security, protect ecological environment and realize economic and society sustainable development. Buildings energy consumption accounts for high proportion of the whole social energy consumption, and it is an important domain of energy conservation and emission reduction. Particularly, the large number and high energy consumption of the existing residential buildings in north heating area has made it the top priority to implement the energy-conservation and emission-reduction strategy. However, energy efficiency improvement on existing buildings in north heating area has a strong externality and is a market malfunction domain. This seriously affected energy efficiency improvement on existing buildings in north heating area in China.
First, based, on the basic theory of externalities, the concept of energy efficiency improvement on existing buildings, the energy consumption constitution and influencing factor of existing residential buildings, the author analyzed the basic principles of the energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings: maximum for heat gain and minimum for heat loss, and also gave the connotation and economic interpretation of the externality of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential building; Then, the author analyzed the general thinking and concrete calculation method to measure the externality of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings. Based on two different energy efficiency improvement modes, the author gave a detailed calculation steps and formulas, probed a more comprehensive and rational measurement on the externality of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential building, and also gave an example analysis; Finally, based on the above externality analysis, the author analyzed the economic incentive principles and economic incentive steps, gave some policy proposals of energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings. The research findings in this paper would provide some reference for governments at all levels to make economic incentive policies about energy efficiency improvement on existing residential buildings.
引文
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[15]张金硕.外部性与环境的关系[J].内蒙古科技与经济.2008(11).72-73.
[16]李世涌,朱东恺.外部性理论及其内部化研究综述[J].中国市场.2001(31),117-119.
[17]张宏军.外部性的发生机制及其治理途径[J].湖北教育学院学报.2004(5),90-92.
[18]孙钰.外部性的经济分析及对策[J].南开经济研究.1999(3),31-34.
[19]王冰,杨虎涛.论正外部性内在化的途径与绩效—庇古和科斯的正外部性内在化理论比较[J].东南学术.2002(6),157-165.
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[21]奥斯雷格.中德技术合作“中国既有建筑节能改造”项目成果汇编(2)—德国和东欧 国家预制板居住建筑综合节能改造投融资模式研究[G].北京.德国技术合作公司.2008,17-24.
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[24]Liu Yuming, Liu Changbin. A case study about economic efficiency analysis of energy efficiency reconstruction on existing residential buildings in China[C]. Proceedings of 2006 International Conference on Management Science and Engineering. Sydney.2006.15-25.
[25]LiuYuming, LiuChangbin, GuoXia. Economic Incentive Policies of Energy Efficient Reconstruction of Existing Residential Buildings in Northern China[C]. Proceedings of 2008 International Conference on Construct ion&Real Estate Management. TORONTO CANADA,2008. Beijing, China Architecture&Building Press.2008.772-776.
[26]金占勇,武涌,刘长滨.基于外部性分析的北方供暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造经济激励政策设计[J].暖通空调.2007(9),14-19.
[27]胥小龙,武涌,李妍.推进北方供暖地区既有居住建筑节能改造的组织体系研究[J].暖通空调.2007,37(9)：29-34.
[28]赵靖,武涌,朱能.基于寿命周期分析的既有居住建筑节能改造日标考核评价系的研究[J].暖通空调.2007,7(9),1-7.
[29]张新生,李明.合同能源管理-既有建筑节能改造的有效途径[J].江苏建筑.2008(2),48-50.
[30]李菁,马彦琳.建筑节能中的政府主导作用探析[J].经济师.2007(10),56-57.
[31]卢双全.建筑节能改造的外郜性分析与激励政策[J].建筑经济.2007(4),43-46.
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