塔里木盆地东南缘阿克塔什塔格地区早前寒武纪年代格架及重大地质事件序列研究
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摘要
塔里木盆地东南缘阿克塔什塔格地区的早前寒武纪基底岩系，由新太古代米兰岩群、TTG片麻岩，和侵入其中的古元古代花岗片麻岩及敦煌岩群孔兹岩系构成。其中新太古界发育塑性变形和高角闪岩相-麻粒岩相变质，具强烈的混合岩化并遭受角闪岩相变质改造；二者普遍低Si高Al，富Na贫K，富集LIFE和LREE，亏损HSFE和HREE，轻重稀土分馏强烈，Eu异常不明显，指示其为岛弧玄武岩俯冲至下地壳部分熔融的产物。锆石SHRIMP U–Pb年龄分别为2567±32Ma和2592±15Ma，形成于新太古代晚期塔里木克拉通的俯冲汇聚过程，指示了五台期该区发生了大陆地壳的水平增生。
古元古代变质侵入体以岩体特征明显、与米兰岩群的侵入界线清晰。其中，闪长质片麻岩、片麻状石英闪长岩和敦煌岩群中的安山岩均属次铝富钠的钙碱性岩系，其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为2135±110Ma、2051.9±9.9Ma、2050±16Ma，敦煌岩群的年龄为2140.5±9.5Ma；它们均具有Ba、K、Sr等和LREE明显富集，而高场强元素Nb、Hf、Zr、Ti等元素明显亏损，铕异常不明显，与岛弧型岩浆岩的微量元素特征一致，反映了其形成于俯冲岛弧带的大地构造背景。碳酸岩呈似层状侵入于米兰岩群中，其Fe、Mg、Mn、Ti、P等元素含量低于已知幔源碳酸岩十个数量级之上，与米兰岩群接近，且稀土总量仅为25.74~63.01ppm，Th/U比为0.04~0.36，显示其并非幔源成因，而是米兰岩群中的大理岩在古元古代（1931±18Ma）深熔而成。此外，TTG岩系存在2.27~2.38Ga和1.9~2.05Ga两期变质年龄；表明古元古代晚期（1.93~ 2.05Ma），米兰岩群强烈深熔形成碳酸岩和石英闪长岩，麻粒岩相退变为角闪岩相，是同碰撞造山阶段的响应。未变形的石英正长岩具有高硅、高碱、低铝的特点，K2O+Na2O含量高达10%以上，且K2O＞Na2O，在硅碱图中落入碱性系列岩石区域；富集LIFE，亏损Yb，球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线呈V形谷，δEu负异常明显，显示A型花岗岩的岩石地球化学特点，其年龄为1873.4±9.6Ma，形成于后造山阶段。中元古代早期的NW向基性岩墙群，及Pt2-3索尔库里群的盖层指示了塔里木克拉通的大陆裂解。
上述前寒武纪年代格架的建立，表明塔里木克拉通的早前寒武纪地质演化与华北克拉通更有亲缘性，新太古代二者同属Nena陆块，共同参与了Kenorland和古元古代Columbia超大陆的汇聚。
In Agetashtage of southeastern margin of Tarim basin, there are relative better-preservedearly Precambrian basement metamorphic rocks-Agetashtage complex, consisting of Milangroup, Neoarchean TTG gneiss and paleoproterozoic granitic gneiss intruding into them, andKhondalites in Dunhuang Group. With rheomorphic fold, Milan group and TTG sufferedhigh-amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism, intensive migmatization and lateramphibolite facies metamorphism alteration. Their geochemical characteristics-low Si and Na,high Al and K content, enriched in LILEs and LREE, depleted in HFSE and HREE, heavyfractionation between LREE and HREE, no obvious Eu anomaly-indicate that they are productof arc basalt melting after subducting beneath the lower continental crust. The zircon U-PbSHRIMP ages of them are close-2567±32Ma and 2592±15Ma respectively, suggest that they arefrom the same magma stage, hinting the assembly of Tarim craton in later Neoarchean andhorizontal crust growth similar with Japan arc model in southeastern margin of Tarim craton inWutai stage.
The Paleoproterozoic granite differed from Neoarchean TTG rocks by their amphibolitefacies metamorphism, non-sodium migmatization and had clear boundary with Milan Group.These large-scaled intrusions contained dioritic gneiss, gneissic quartz diorite, amphibole quartzsyenite and carbonatite, with syenite and monzonite mafic rocks appeared as veins or dykes. Thebanded carbonatitic intrusion intruded into the high grade TTG to granitic complex and MilanGroup. The carbonatite with simple minerals, petrologic characteristics, the geochemicalcomposition, and so on, especially extremely low REE content and Th/U ratios, show itsgenensis of crustal resource.
We did zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating on all the following rocks: gneissic diorite, gneissicquartz diorite, gray felsic veins (felsic migmatization) , carbonatite and quartz syenite, andyielded their age of 2135±110Ma, 2051.9±9.9Ma, 2050±16Ma, 1931±18Ma and 1873.4±9.6Marespectively. In addition, we dated the Dunhuang Group volcanic rocks with the same methodand got 2140.5±9.5Ma as a result. We also found that, without exception, all Neoarchean metamorphicrocks had group metamorphic ages of either 2.27~2.38Ga or 1.9~2.05Ga. From these and someexisting geochronological data by other researchers for the same study area, we can establish afine geochronological framework as follow:
The formation of Khondalites and the emplacement of calc-alkaline island arc quartz dioriteindicated an early subduction environment in the middle of Paleoproterozoic (2.10~2.15Ga) era,The trace elements is rich in Ba，Sr，K，LREE and other large ion lithophile elements( LILE) ofthose rocks，while the high field strength elements ( HFSE) Nb，Hf，Zr，Ti，etc．are relativelydepleted and without Eu anomalies. All of these features are similar to features of the island -arccalc-alkali series in relation to subduction, representing the volcanic-arc products of thesubduction in Palaeoproterozoic.
Late Paleoproterozoic (1.93~2.05Ga), this area went through a syn-collisional orogenesisstage, during which, igneous carbonatite, quartz diorite and potassium migmatite were formeddue to intense anatexis of crustal derived rocks and pre-existing rock underwent amphibolitefacies metamorphism and intense ductile shear deformation.
In the post-orogenic stage (1.85~1.87Ga) in last Paleoproterozoic era, when post-orogenic ganite such as quartz monzonite, quartz syenite were formed. It is characterized by SiO2-rich,alkaline-rich(Na2O+K2O＞10%), K-high and low-Al2O3.The quartz syenite is enriched in LIFE,such as Rb,Th, K, and depleted in HSFE such as Ba, Nb,Ta, P, Ti, with distinct negative Euanomaly. All the above geochemical evidence indicated that those alkali-granites are formed inthe post-orogenic extensional tectonic setting.
NW-trending mafic dyke swarms were well developed, indicating continental breakup ofthe Tarim craton in early Mesoproterozoic. The sedimentary strata of Suoerkuli Group werewidely developed giving further evidence for breakup in Mesoproterozoic.
This geochronology framework provides not only a scientific basis for the discussion ofearly crustal evolution of the Tarim craton but also a comparison framework for the study ofearly Precambrian metamorphic base of North China craton. Moreover it provides data for thefurther study of the Columbia supercontinent assembly.
古元古代变质侵入体以岩体特征明显、与米兰岩群的侵入界线清晰。其中，闪长质片麻岩、片麻状石英闪长岩和敦煌岩群中的安山岩均属次铝富钠的钙碱性岩系，其锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为2135±110Ma、2051.9±9.9Ma、2050±16Ma，敦煌岩群的年龄为2140.5±9.5Ma；它们均具有Ba、K、Sr等和LREE明显富集，而高场强元素Nb、Hf、Zr、Ti等元素明显亏损，铕异常不明显，与岛弧型岩浆岩的微量元素特征一致，反映了其形成于俯冲岛弧带的大地构造背景。碳酸岩呈似层状侵入于米兰岩群中，其Fe、Mg、Mn、Ti、P等元素含量低于已知幔源碳酸岩十个数量级之上，与米兰岩群接近，且稀土总量仅为25.74~63.01ppm，Th/U比为0.04~0.36，显示其并非幔源成因，而是米兰岩群中的大理岩在古元古代（1931±18Ma）深熔而成。此外，TTG岩系存在2.27~2.38Ga和1.9~2.05Ga两期变质年龄；表明古元古代晚期（1.93~ 2.05Ma），米兰岩群强烈深熔形成碳酸岩和石英闪长岩，麻粒岩相退变为角闪岩相，是同碰撞造山阶段的响应。未变形的石英正长岩具有高硅、高碱、低铝的特点，K2O+Na2O含量高达10%以上，且K2O＞Na2O，在硅碱图中落入碱性系列岩石区域；富集LIFE，亏损Yb，球粒陨石标准化稀土配分曲线呈V形谷，δEu负异常明显，显示A型花岗岩的岩石地球化学特点，其年龄为1873.4±9.6Ma，形成于后造山阶段。中元古代早期的NW向基性岩墙群，及Pt2-3索尔库里群的盖层指示了塔里木克拉通的大陆裂解。
上述前寒武纪年代格架的建立，表明塔里木克拉通的早前寒武纪地质演化与华北克拉通更有亲缘性，新太古代二者同属Nena陆块，共同参与了Kenorland和古元古代Columbia超大陆的汇聚。
In Agetashtage of southeastern margin of Tarim basin, there are relative better-preservedearly Precambrian basement metamorphic rocks-Agetashtage complex, consisting of Milangroup, Neoarchean TTG gneiss and paleoproterozoic granitic gneiss intruding into them, andKhondalites in Dunhuang Group. With rheomorphic fold, Milan group and TTG sufferedhigh-amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism, intensive migmatization and lateramphibolite facies metamorphism alteration. Their geochemical characteristics-low Si and Na,high Al and K content, enriched in LILEs and LREE, depleted in HFSE and HREE, heavyfractionation between LREE and HREE, no obvious Eu anomaly-indicate that they are productof arc basalt melting after subducting beneath the lower continental crust. The zircon U-PbSHRIMP ages of them are close-2567±32Ma and 2592±15Ma respectively, suggest that they arefrom the same magma stage, hinting the assembly of Tarim craton in later Neoarchean andhorizontal crust growth similar with Japan arc model in southeastern margin of Tarim craton inWutai stage.
The Paleoproterozoic granite differed from Neoarchean TTG rocks by their amphibolitefacies metamorphism, non-sodium migmatization and had clear boundary with Milan Group.These large-scaled intrusions contained dioritic gneiss, gneissic quartz diorite, amphibole quartzsyenite and carbonatite, with syenite and monzonite mafic rocks appeared as veins or dykes. Thebanded carbonatitic intrusion intruded into the high grade TTG to granitic complex and MilanGroup. The carbonatite with simple minerals, petrologic characteristics, the geochemicalcomposition, and so on, especially extremely low REE content and Th/U ratios, show itsgenensis of crustal resource.
We did zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating on all the following rocks: gneissic diorite, gneissicquartz diorite, gray felsic veins (felsic migmatization) , carbonatite and quartz syenite, andyielded their age of 2135±110Ma, 2051.9±9.9Ma, 2050±16Ma, 1931±18Ma and 1873.4±9.6Marespectively. In addition, we dated the Dunhuang Group volcanic rocks with the same methodand got 2140.5±9.5Ma as a result. We also found that, without exception, all Neoarchean metamorphicrocks had group metamorphic ages of either 2.27~2.38Ga or 1.9~2.05Ga. From these and someexisting geochronological data by other researchers for the same study area, we can establish afine geochronological framework as follow:
The formation of Khondalites and the emplacement of calc-alkaline island arc quartz dioriteindicated an early subduction environment in the middle of Paleoproterozoic (2.10~2.15Ga) era,The trace elements is rich in Ba，Sr，K，LREE and other large ion lithophile elements( LILE) ofthose rocks，while the high field strength elements ( HFSE) Nb，Hf，Zr，Ti，etc．are relativelydepleted and without Eu anomalies. All of these features are similar to features of the island -arccalc-alkali series in relation to subduction, representing the volcanic-arc products of thesubduction in Palaeoproterozoic.
Late Paleoproterozoic (1.93~2.05Ga), this area went through a syn-collisional orogenesisstage, during which, igneous carbonatite, quartz diorite and potassium migmatite were formeddue to intense anatexis of crustal derived rocks and pre-existing rock underwent amphibolitefacies metamorphism and intense ductile shear deformation.
In the post-orogenic stage (1.85~1.87Ga) in last Paleoproterozoic era, when post-orogenic ganite such as quartz monzonite, quartz syenite were formed. It is characterized by SiO2-rich,alkaline-rich(Na2O+K2O＞10%), K-high and low-Al2O3.The quartz syenite is enriched in LIFE,such as Rb,Th, K, and depleted in HSFE such as Ba, Nb,Ta, P, Ti, with distinct negative Euanomaly. All the above geochemical evidence indicated that those alkali-granites are formed inthe post-orogenic extensional tectonic setting.
NW-trending mafic dyke swarms were well developed, indicating continental breakup ofthe Tarim craton in early Mesoproterozoic. The sedimentary strata of Suoerkuli Group werewidely developed giving further evidence for breakup in Mesoproterozoic.
This geochronology framework provides not only a scientific basis for the discussion ofearly crustal evolution of the Tarim craton but also a comparison framework for the study ofearly Precambrian metamorphic base of North China craton. Moreover it provides data for thefurther study of the Columbia supercontinent assembly.
引文
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