个性化地图服务理论与方法研究
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摘要
新空间信息技术的发展正促使地图服务发生着诸多变化,如服务对象的大众化、空间数据更新的实时化、交互设备的多样化、服务理念的个性化。因此,个性化地图服务(Personalized Map Service,PMS)成为地图学研究中具有挑战性的新课题。本文提出定制与自适应相结合的个性化地图服务概念,并对其理论与方法进行系统的研究与实践,主要研究内容和创新点如下:
1.个性化地图服务的研究背景及其相关理论与技术研究现状分析。总结了个性化地图服务及其相关领域中的个性化服务理论、技术与方法,详细分析了国内外个性化地图服务系统的实现、理论与技术框架、知识工程、情境建模、评价等重要方面的研究现状,指出了其中存在的主要问题。
2.个性化地图服务理论与技术框架研究,包括概念、理论框架和技术框架。概念研究中明确了个性化地图服务的基本概念、特征及其研究内容,提出了个性化地图服务研究中的关键问题,指出了网络与移动环境中个性化地图服务面临的特殊问题;理论框架研究中含盖了其理论基础与方法,详细介绍了重要理论及其在个性化地图服务中的应用;技术框架研究中分析了个性化地图服务系统的数据流,并根据基本构架部分的划分,分析了各环节中的重要支持技术。
3.个性化地图服务知识工程理论与方法研究。系统地研究了个性化地图服务知识工程的理论与方法,为基于知识的个性化地图服务提供基本的理论方法。提出并研究了个性化地图服务系统知识工程的以下内容:知识的内容与特征、知识的获取方式与方法、知识表达方法、知识推理与解释机制、知识库的的构架与维护。
4.个性化地图服务模板设计方案与规则获取的实验与算法研究。主要以地图可视化适应设备规则获取、地图可视化适应用户视觉感受与认知规则获取、基于用户浏览行为的兴趣获取、基于用户定制行为的规则获取四个典型实验为例,详细介绍各个实验的实验平台、实验方案与实现、及相应的算法与分析,使用的算法包括统计方法、决策树ID3算法、基于用户浏览行为的兴趣度估计算法、融合用户兴趣度的Apriori关联规则挖掘算法,同时列举了以上四类模板设计方案知识与规则知识获取的相关实验内容。
5.个性化地图服务多维情境建模研究。讨论了个性化地图服务情境分类模型的内容及其表示。提出了情境综合模型的函数表达式及其特征,重点对多维情境建模的聚类策略与相关算法进行改进。聚类策略中引入子空间概念,根据ID3算法进行基于熵权的属性集权重向量计算,然后针对各个子空间计算加权距离进行相似度度量,最后根据OPTICS密度聚类算法进行子空间聚类,赋予各多维情境相应的决策规则即可建立情境综合模型。针对情境模型匹配中多个相似度接近的模型难以取舍及情境时序性对匹配的影响,提出了融合概率与时序的情境模型匹配方法模型。研究了多维情境模型的动态更新的原理,描述了基于用户行为的功能模型与用户兴趣模型的动态更新算法。
6.个性化地图服务系统评价研究。提出了融合分层评价与启发式评价的个性化地图服务系统综合评价框架及内容;探讨了适用于个性化地图服务系统评价的适应性系统评价方法及地图学认知实验方法,并区分了各种评价方法在不同评价阶段的适用性;讨论了个性化地图服务系统的评价标准;在评价标准的基础上建立了一套评价指标体系,并明确了评价指标之间的层次关系;最后分析了个性化地图服务系统的评价与设计之间的关系。
7.个性化地图服务试验系统的设计与实现。基于以上个性化地图服务理论与技术的研究,运用ASP.NET Ajax技术设计实现了个性化旅游网络地图服务系统作为试验系统。构建了试验系统的技术框架与功能框架;针对旅游网络地理信息服务这一主题,构建了系统的用户界面模板、地图符号模板、色彩设计模板、导航功能模板及数据推荐模板;设计实现了部分自适应、个性化实时定制、个性化在线定制离线制图服务;并进行了初步评价。
Thanks to the development of new spatial information technology, map service has changed in many aspects, such as popularization of users, real time updating of geospatial database, diversification of interactive device, personalized idea of service. So, personalized map service (PMS) comes forth to be a challenged project in cartography study. A new mode of PMS based on adaptable customization and adaptivity is brought out, and detailed researches and practices are done about its theories and methods in this thesis. The main works and creations are as the following:
1. Analysis of the background and current research of PMS and its related fields. Personal service theories, techniques and methods in PMS and its related fields are reviewed, especially, current research of PMS in the aspects of system implement, theory framework, technique framework, knowledge engineering, context modeling, evaluation are analyzed, and the main problems are pointed out.
2. Study on PMS theory and technique framework, including concept, theory framework and technique framework. In the study of concept, the basic concept, characters and contents of PMS are explicated, the key issues of PMS are brought out and analyzed, and some special issues in web PMS and mobile PMS are pointed out. In the study of theory framework, the basic theories and methods are summarized and organized, and several theories and their application in PMS are detailed introduced. In the study of technique framework, the data stream of PMS system is analyzed, and several main techniques in each step of the framework are introduced.
3. Study on theories and methods of knowledge engineering in PMS. Theories and methods of knowledge engineering in PMS are studied systematically, in order to provide theories and methods for this knowledge-based system. The following matters of PMS knowledge engineering are pointed out and studied: contents and characteristics of PMS knowledge; PMS knowledge acquisition, representation, inference and interpretation mechanism; and PMS knowledge database establishment and maintenance.
4. Study on experiments and algorithms for acquisition of PMS templates and rules. The following four typical experiments are detailedly introduced: rules acquisition of cartography visualization adapting to devices, rules acquisition of cartography visualization adapting to user visual perception and cognition, user interest acquisition based on browse behavior, rules acquisition based on customization behavior. Algorithms used includes statistic methods, ID3 algorithm in decision tree, interestingness estimate algorithm based on browse behavior, and Apriori association rule mining algorithm considering user interestingness. And the correlative experiments are listed. These experiments and algorithms are of great importance for acquisition of PMS templates and rules.
5. Study on multi-dimensional context modeling in PMS. The contents and representation of PMS classified context models are discussed. A multivariate function and characters of integrated context model are brought forward, and its clustering strategy and related algorithms are improved. The concept of subspace is introduced into context clustering; the weight vector of attribute set is calculated based on entropy with ID3 algorithm; similarity measurement based on weighted distance between corresponding subspaces is done, and then subspaces clusters of contexts are created based on OPTICS density clustering algorithm, and then integrated context models are constructed after contexts are endued with rules. In order to solve the following two problems in context model matching: the difficulty to choose out the optimal one from several models with similarities of faint variation, and the influence of time-serial of contexts on model matching, a model of context model matching method based on probability and time-serial is brought out. The dynamic updating principle of multi-dimensional context model is studied, and the dynamic updating algorithms of its function model and user interest model are described.
6. Study on evaluation of PMS system. A PMS system evaluation framework integrating layered evaluation and heuristic evaluation is put forward. The methods and techniques for PMS system evaluation including adaptive system evaluation methods and cartography cognition experiment methods are discussed, and their applicability for different steps and different layers is given out. The evaluation criteria is discussed, and based on which, an evaluation index system is constructed. At last, the relationship of evaluation and design of PMS system is emphasized.
7. Design and implementation of a PMS prototype system. Based on study of PMS theories and techniques, a prototype system---personalized tourist web map service system is designed and implemented using ASP.NET Ajax. The technique framework and function framework of prototype system are constructed. The templates of user interface, map symbol, color design, navigation function and data recommendation are designed for tourist theme. Some adaptive functions, real-time personal customization functions and online personal customization—outline processing functions are designed and implemented. A primary evaluation of this prototype system is carried out.
1.个性化地图服务的研究背景及其相关理论与技术研究现状分析。总结了个性化地图服务及其相关领域中的个性化服务理论、技术与方法,详细分析了国内外个性化地图服务系统的实现、理论与技术框架、知识工程、情境建模、评价等重要方面的研究现状,指出了其中存在的主要问题。
2.个性化地图服务理论与技术框架研究,包括概念、理论框架和技术框架。概念研究中明确了个性化地图服务的基本概念、特征及其研究内容,提出了个性化地图服务研究中的关键问题,指出了网络与移动环境中个性化地图服务面临的特殊问题;理论框架研究中含盖了其理论基础与方法,详细介绍了重要理论及其在个性化地图服务中的应用;技术框架研究中分析了个性化地图服务系统的数据流,并根据基本构架部分的划分,分析了各环节中的重要支持技术。
3.个性化地图服务知识工程理论与方法研究。系统地研究了个性化地图服务知识工程的理论与方法,为基于知识的个性化地图服务提供基本的理论方法。提出并研究了个性化地图服务系统知识工程的以下内容:知识的内容与特征、知识的获取方式与方法、知识表达方法、知识推理与解释机制、知识库的的构架与维护。
4.个性化地图服务模板设计方案与规则获取的实验与算法研究。主要以地图可视化适应设备规则获取、地图可视化适应用户视觉感受与认知规则获取、基于用户浏览行为的兴趣获取、基于用户定制行为的规则获取四个典型实验为例,详细介绍各个实验的实验平台、实验方案与实现、及相应的算法与分析,使用的算法包括统计方法、决策树ID3算法、基于用户浏览行为的兴趣度估计算法、融合用户兴趣度的Apriori关联规则挖掘算法,同时列举了以上四类模板设计方案知识与规则知识获取的相关实验内容。
5.个性化地图服务多维情境建模研究。讨论了个性化地图服务情境分类模型的内容及其表示。提出了情境综合模型的函数表达式及其特征,重点对多维情境建模的聚类策略与相关算法进行改进。聚类策略中引入子空间概念,根据ID3算法进行基于熵权的属性集权重向量计算,然后针对各个子空间计算加权距离进行相似度度量,最后根据OPTICS密度聚类算法进行子空间聚类,赋予各多维情境相应的决策规则即可建立情境综合模型。针对情境模型匹配中多个相似度接近的模型难以取舍及情境时序性对匹配的影响,提出了融合概率与时序的情境模型匹配方法模型。研究了多维情境模型的动态更新的原理,描述了基于用户行为的功能模型与用户兴趣模型的动态更新算法。
6.个性化地图服务系统评价研究。提出了融合分层评价与启发式评价的个性化地图服务系统综合评价框架及内容;探讨了适用于个性化地图服务系统评价的适应性系统评价方法及地图学认知实验方法,并区分了各种评价方法在不同评价阶段的适用性;讨论了个性化地图服务系统的评价标准;在评价标准的基础上建立了一套评价指标体系,并明确了评价指标之间的层次关系;最后分析了个性化地图服务系统的评价与设计之间的关系。
7.个性化地图服务试验系统的设计与实现。基于以上个性化地图服务理论与技术的研究,运用ASP.NET Ajax技术设计实现了个性化旅游网络地图服务系统作为试验系统。构建了试验系统的技术框架与功能框架;针对旅游网络地理信息服务这一主题,构建了系统的用户界面模板、地图符号模板、色彩设计模板、导航功能模板及数据推荐模板;设计实现了部分自适应、个性化实时定制、个性化在线定制离线制图服务;并进行了初步评价。
Thanks to the development of new spatial information technology, map service has changed in many aspects, such as popularization of users, real time updating of geospatial database, diversification of interactive device, personalized idea of service. So, personalized map service (PMS) comes forth to be a challenged project in cartography study. A new mode of PMS based on adaptable customization and adaptivity is brought out, and detailed researches and practices are done about its theories and methods in this thesis. The main works and creations are as the following:
1. Analysis of the background and current research of PMS and its related fields. Personal service theories, techniques and methods in PMS and its related fields are reviewed, especially, current research of PMS in the aspects of system implement, theory framework, technique framework, knowledge engineering, context modeling, evaluation are analyzed, and the main problems are pointed out.
2. Study on PMS theory and technique framework, including concept, theory framework and technique framework. In the study of concept, the basic concept, characters and contents of PMS are explicated, the key issues of PMS are brought out and analyzed, and some special issues in web PMS and mobile PMS are pointed out. In the study of theory framework, the basic theories and methods are summarized and organized, and several theories and their application in PMS are detailed introduced. In the study of technique framework, the data stream of PMS system is analyzed, and several main techniques in each step of the framework are introduced.
3. Study on theories and methods of knowledge engineering in PMS. Theories and methods of knowledge engineering in PMS are studied systematically, in order to provide theories and methods for this knowledge-based system. The following matters of PMS knowledge engineering are pointed out and studied: contents and characteristics of PMS knowledge; PMS knowledge acquisition, representation, inference and interpretation mechanism; and PMS knowledge database establishment and maintenance.
4. Study on experiments and algorithms for acquisition of PMS templates and rules. The following four typical experiments are detailedly introduced: rules acquisition of cartography visualization adapting to devices, rules acquisition of cartography visualization adapting to user visual perception and cognition, user interest acquisition based on browse behavior, rules acquisition based on customization behavior. Algorithms used includes statistic methods, ID3 algorithm in decision tree, interestingness estimate algorithm based on browse behavior, and Apriori association rule mining algorithm considering user interestingness. And the correlative experiments are listed. These experiments and algorithms are of great importance for acquisition of PMS templates and rules.
5. Study on multi-dimensional context modeling in PMS. The contents and representation of PMS classified context models are discussed. A multivariate function and characters of integrated context model are brought forward, and its clustering strategy and related algorithms are improved. The concept of subspace is introduced into context clustering; the weight vector of attribute set is calculated based on entropy with ID3 algorithm; similarity measurement based on weighted distance between corresponding subspaces is done, and then subspaces clusters of contexts are created based on OPTICS density clustering algorithm, and then integrated context models are constructed after contexts are endued with rules. In order to solve the following two problems in context model matching: the difficulty to choose out the optimal one from several models with similarities of faint variation, and the influence of time-serial of contexts on model matching, a model of context model matching method based on probability and time-serial is brought out. The dynamic updating principle of multi-dimensional context model is studied, and the dynamic updating algorithms of its function model and user interest model are described.
6. Study on evaluation of PMS system. A PMS system evaluation framework integrating layered evaluation and heuristic evaluation is put forward. The methods and techniques for PMS system evaluation including adaptive system evaluation methods and cartography cognition experiment methods are discussed, and their applicability for different steps and different layers is given out. The evaluation criteria is discussed, and based on which, an evaluation index system is constructed. At last, the relationship of evaluation and design of PMS system is emphasized.
7. Design and implementation of a PMS prototype system. Based on study of PMS theories and techniques, a prototype system---personalized tourist web map service system is designed and implemented using ASP.NET Ajax. The technique framework and function framework of prototype system are constructed. The templates of user interface, map symbol, color design, navigation function and data recommendation are designed for tourist theme. Some adaptive functions, real-time personal customization functions and online personal customization—outline processing functions are designed and implemented. A primary evaluation of this prototype system is carried out.
引文
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