网络远动终端的研究
摘要
电力系统是一个生产设备及生产部门多，且分散在相距甚远的广阔地区的大型工业生产系统。2002年实行厂、网分开，进一步增加了电力系统管理的复杂性。为了保证系统的正常工作，构成系统的各部分必须在统一的电力调度综合自动化系统协调下工作。为了使调度工作既满足实时性好，又保证可靠性高，必须有一个非常先进的、高度综合的自动化系统。
近年来，随着计算机技术、数字通讯、网络技术及卫星定位技术的飞速发展，特别是我国电力系统内网的建设和发展，传统的电力调度自动化系统正向着网络化的方向演变。传统的远动系统正逐步被集网络通信、控制、测量和保护信号于一体的网络化远动系统所代替。
本文介绍了最基层单位的变电站在远动技术、网络技术和嵌入式技术方面的最新发展，结合长白公司的电力设备远程监控系统对新的网络化远动终端发展趋势进行了研究。通过对国内外目前最新的变电站综合自动化方案的比较，确定了本课题的研究方向，即采用QNX嵌入式技术和现场总线技术相结合的通信控制系统，实现远动终端的网络化。
文章首先简要介绍了Ethernet技术、嵌入式技术和CAN总线技术，然后论述了系统硬件的结构和元器件的选择，软件的总体设计思想和具体流程，以及本系统的通信规约和帧结构，从而完整的阐述了网络远动终端的实现。在掌握电力系统大量规约的基础上，结合Ethernet技术和CANopen总线技术，使得研究成果具有较强的实际生产、应用意义。
Electric power system is a large-scale system of production with numerous productive equipment and sections, which is scattered and separated vastly in different areas. The separation of factory from web further promotes the complexity of electric power system in 2000. In order to guarantee the regular work of the system, all the component parts should work under a coordinated electric transfer automated system. An advanced and highly comprehensive automated system is required to ensure the good effects and high security.
With the increasing development of computer technique, digital communication, network technique and satellite location technique, especially the construction and development of our national electric power system in recent years, the traditional electronic automated system is transforming into an online one. The traditional Remote Terminal Unit is gradually substituted by the new one which consists of network service, network control, measurement and guard signal.
Through the presentation of the latest development of the elementary electric substation on RTU technique, network technique and embedded type technique, the latest network Remote Terminal Unit is studied in accordance with the electric equipment remote supervisory and controlling system of the ChangBai. Through the contrast between the up-to-date electric substation comprehensive automatic programmes of home and abroad, the programme of this task is determined. That is, the network technique of remote terminal unit will be realized by means of the communication control processor system combined by the QNX embedded technique and the bus technique.
In the first place, Ethernet technique, embedded technique and CANbus technique are briefly illustrated in this paper, then the structure of the system hardware, choosing of device, general design conception and concrete procedures of the software as well as the communication protocol and frame structure are brought into discussion. All these help expound the realization of network Remote Terminal Unit. With a good understanding of various protocols in the electric system, combining with Ethernet technique and CANopen bus technique, this paper makes a better contribution to practical production and application.
近年来，随着计算机技术、数字通讯、网络技术及卫星定位技术的飞速发展，特别是我国电力系统内网的建设和发展，传统的电力调度自动化系统正向着网络化的方向演变。传统的远动系统正逐步被集网络通信、控制、测量和保护信号于一体的网络化远动系统所代替。
本文介绍了最基层单位的变电站在远动技术、网络技术和嵌入式技术方面的最新发展，结合长白公司的电力设备远程监控系统对新的网络化远动终端发展趋势进行了研究。通过对国内外目前最新的变电站综合自动化方案的比较，确定了本课题的研究方向，即采用QNX嵌入式技术和现场总线技术相结合的通信控制系统，实现远动终端的网络化。
文章首先简要介绍了Ethernet技术、嵌入式技术和CAN总线技术，然后论述了系统硬件的结构和元器件的选择，软件的总体设计思想和具体流程，以及本系统的通信规约和帧结构，从而完整的阐述了网络远动终端的实现。在掌握电力系统大量规约的基础上，结合Ethernet技术和CANopen总线技术，使得研究成果具有较强的实际生产、应用意义。
Electric power system is a large-scale system of production with numerous productive equipment and sections, which is scattered and separated vastly in different areas. The separation of factory from web further promotes the complexity of electric power system in 2000. In order to guarantee the regular work of the system, all the component parts should work under a coordinated electric transfer automated system. An advanced and highly comprehensive automated system is required to ensure the good effects and high security.
With the increasing development of computer technique, digital communication, network technique and satellite location technique, especially the construction and development of our national electric power system in recent years, the traditional electronic automated system is transforming into an online one. The traditional Remote Terminal Unit is gradually substituted by the new one which consists of network service, network control, measurement and guard signal.
Through the presentation of the latest development of the elementary electric substation on RTU technique, network technique and embedded type technique, the latest network Remote Terminal Unit is studied in accordance with the electric equipment remote supervisory and controlling system of the ChangBai. Through the contrast between the up-to-date electric substation comprehensive automatic programmes of home and abroad, the programme of this task is determined. That is, the network technique of remote terminal unit will be realized by means of the communication control processor system combined by the QNX embedded technique and the bus technique.
In the first place, Ethernet technique, embedded technique and CANbus technique are briefly illustrated in this paper, then the structure of the system hardware, choosing of device, general design conception and concrete procedures of the software as well as the communication protocol and frame structure are brought into discussion. All these help expound the realization of network Remote Terminal Unit. With a good understanding of various protocols in the electric system, combining with Ethernet technique and CANopen bus technique, this paper makes a better contribution to practical production and application.
引文
[1]金午桥．变电站自动化系统发展策略．电力系统自动化，1999，23(22)：58-61．
[2]谭文恕．变电站通信网络和系统协议IEC61850介绍．电网技术，2001，25(9)：8-11．
[3]洪宪平．电力综合业务数据网的建设．中国电力，2000，33，(2)：61-64．
[4]汤吉群，张得民，李玲．数据通信技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，1999．
[5]丁书文．变电站综合自动化技术．北京：中国电力出版社，2005．
[6]张传生．现代通信原理．北京：高等教育出版社，2004．
[7]Yang L, Giannakis G B. Blind UWB Timing with A Dirty Template. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2004. Proceedings. (ICASSP '04). IEEE International Conference, 2004, 4: 509～512.
[8]Win M Z, Scholtz R A. Impulse Radio: How It Work. Communications Letters, IEEE. 1998, 2(2): 36～38.
[9]田高传善．数据通信与计算机网络．北京：高等教育出版社，2002．
[10]STALLINGS, W..Data and Computer Communications, New York:Macmillan, 1994.
[11]王庆江，董渭清，张琳等．嵌入式系统及其开发领域典型特征分析．计算机应用研究，2002，4：11-13．
[12]Douglas E. Comer. Computer Network And Internet, Prentic-Hall International, Inc.,1997.
[13]刘晓辉．以太网组网技术大全．北京：清华大学出版壮，2001．
[14]聂元铭．实用网络技术．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[15]Hyvarinen A, Oja E. Independent Component Analysis: Algorithms and Applications. Neutral Networks, 2000,13(4/5):411-430.
[16]阳宪惠．现场总线技术及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，1999．
[17]王锦标．现场总线控制系统．计算机信息，1996，12(6)：8-14．
[18]孙健，陶维青．CAN应用层协议CANopen浅析．仪器仪表标准化与计量，2006．2：22-24．
[19]Sutton R, Marsden GD. A fuzzy autopilot optimized using genetic algorithms. J Navigation, 1997,50(1):120-131.
[20]SPURI M, BUTTAZZO G. Scheduling a periodic tasks in dynamic priority systems. Real-Time Systems Journal, 1996,10(1):179-210.
[21]Richard H Caro. The fifth generation process control architecture. ISA Transactions, 1989, 28 (4): 20-25.
[22]徐立子．变电站自动化系统的分析和实施．电网技术，2000，24(5)：25-29．
[23]胡欣洁．实时多任务OS QNX4.0性能分析及应用研究．软件时空，1998，(2)：45-47．
[24]董晓霞．基于QNX实时操作系统的编程应用．现代电子，2000，(3)：34-39．
[25]侯业勤，张答．分布式嵌入式实时操作系统QNX，北京：宇航出版社，1999．
[26]C.M. Krishna, Kang G. Shin. Real-time System. New York: Tsinghua University Press, 2001.
[27]Navarrete P, Solar R J. Eigenspace-based Recognition of Faces:Comparisons and A New Approach. Conf. on Image Analysis and Processing, Palermo, 2001: 42-47. (QNX)
[28]徐竞青，黄俊峰，李一平．QNX设备驱动程序的编制．计算机工程，2003．12．180-182．
[29]LIU C L, LAYLAND J. Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment. Journal of theACM, 1973,20(1):40-60.
[30]汤子瀛，哲凤屏，汤小舟，计算机操作系统，西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[31]严蔚敏，吴伟民．数据结构．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[32]陶晓农．分散式变电站监控系统中的通道技术方案．电力系统自动化，1998，22(4)：51-54．
[33]许建安．电力系统微机继电保护．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2001
[34]徐立子．变电站自动化系统IEC 60870-5-103和IEC 60870-5-104协议的分析和实施．电网技术，2002，26(4)：62-65．
[35]廖泽友，蔡运清．IEC60870-5-103和IEC60870-5-104协议应用经验．电力系统，2003，27(4)：66-68．
[36]中华人民共和国电力工业部．(IEC60870-5-1：1990)远动设各与系统第5部分传输规约第1篇传输帧格式中华人民共和国电力行业标准．北京：中国电力出版社，1990．
[37]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会．DL/T 634-1997基本远动任务配套标准(neq．IEC60870-5-101：995)，中华人民共和国电力行业标准．北京：中国电力出版社，1997．
[38]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会．DL/T634.5104-2002远动设备及系统第5-104部分：传输规约采用标准传输协议子集的IEC60870-5-101网络访问．北京：中国电力出版社，2002．
[39]雷闪耀，梁昭峰，朱启晨．IEC101/104规约在生态小水电站一体化LCU中的应用．网络与接口，2006．22(2)：226-228．
[40]PISCITELLO, D.M., and CHAPIN, A.L. Open System Networking: TCP/IP and OSI, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993.
[2]谭文恕．变电站通信网络和系统协议IEC61850介绍．电网技术，2001，25(9)：8-11．
[3]洪宪平．电力综合业务数据网的建设．中国电力，2000，33，(2)：61-64．
[4]汤吉群，张得民，李玲．数据通信技术．北京：人民邮电出版社，1999．
[5]丁书文．变电站综合自动化技术．北京：中国电力出版社，2005．
[6]张传生．现代通信原理．北京：高等教育出版社，2004．
[7]Yang L, Giannakis G B. Blind UWB Timing with A Dirty Template. Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2004. Proceedings. (ICASSP '04). IEEE International Conference, 2004, 4: 509～512.
[8]Win M Z, Scholtz R A. Impulse Radio: How It Work. Communications Letters, IEEE. 1998, 2(2): 36～38.
[9]田高传善．数据通信与计算机网络．北京：高等教育出版社，2002．
[10]STALLINGS, W..Data and Computer Communications, New York:Macmillan, 1994.
[11]王庆江，董渭清，张琳等．嵌入式系统及其开发领域典型特征分析．计算机应用研究，2002，4：11-13．
[12]Douglas E. Comer. Computer Network And Internet, Prentic-Hall International, Inc.,1997.
[13]刘晓辉．以太网组网技术大全．北京：清华大学出版壮，2001．
[14]聂元铭．实用网络技术．北京：科学出版社，2002．
[15]Hyvarinen A, Oja E. Independent Component Analysis: Algorithms and Applications. Neutral Networks, 2000,13(4/5):411-430.
[16]阳宪惠．现场总线技术及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，1999．
[17]王锦标．现场总线控制系统．计算机信息，1996，12(6)：8-14．
[18]孙健，陶维青．CAN应用层协议CANopen浅析．仪器仪表标准化与计量，2006．2：22-24．
[19]Sutton R, Marsden GD. A fuzzy autopilot optimized using genetic algorithms. J Navigation, 1997,50(1):120-131.
[20]SPURI M, BUTTAZZO G. Scheduling a periodic tasks in dynamic priority systems. Real-Time Systems Journal, 1996,10(1):179-210.
[21]Richard H Caro. The fifth generation process control architecture. ISA Transactions, 1989, 28 (4): 20-25.
[22]徐立子．变电站自动化系统的分析和实施．电网技术，2000，24(5)：25-29．
[23]胡欣洁．实时多任务OS QNX4.0性能分析及应用研究．软件时空，1998，(2)：45-47．
[24]董晓霞．基于QNX实时操作系统的编程应用．现代电子，2000，(3)：34-39．
[25]侯业勤，张答．分布式嵌入式实时操作系统QNX，北京：宇航出版社，1999．
[26]C.M. Krishna, Kang G. Shin. Real-time System. New York: Tsinghua University Press, 2001.
[27]Navarrete P, Solar R J. Eigenspace-based Recognition of Faces:Comparisons and A New Approach. Conf. on Image Analysis and Processing, Palermo, 2001: 42-47. (QNX)
[28]徐竞青，黄俊峰，李一平．QNX设备驱动程序的编制．计算机工程，2003．12．180-182．
[29]LIU C L, LAYLAND J. Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment. Journal of theACM, 1973,20(1):40-60.
[30]汤子瀛，哲凤屏，汤小舟，计算机操作系统，西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
[31]严蔚敏，吴伟民．数据结构．北京：清华大学出版社，2002．
[32]陶晓农．分散式变电站监控系统中的通道技术方案．电力系统自动化，1998，22(4)：51-54．
[33]许建安．电力系统微机继电保护．北京：中国水利水电出版社，2001
[34]徐立子．变电站自动化系统IEC 60870-5-103和IEC 60870-5-104协议的分析和实施．电网技术，2002，26(4)：62-65．
[35]廖泽友，蔡运清．IEC60870-5-103和IEC60870-5-104协议应用经验．电力系统，2003，27(4)：66-68．
[36]中华人民共和国电力工业部．(IEC60870-5-1：1990)远动设各与系统第5部分传输规约第1篇传输帧格式中华人民共和国电力行业标准．北京：中国电力出版社，1990．
[37]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会．DL/T 634-1997基本远动任务配套标准(neq．IEC60870-5-101：995)，中华人民共和国电力行业标准．北京：中国电力出版社，1997．
[38]中华人民共和国国家经济贸易委员会．DL/T634.5104-2002远动设备及系统第5-104部分：传输规约采用标准传输协议子集的IEC60870-5-101网络访问．北京：中国电力出版社，2002．
[39]雷闪耀，梁昭峰，朱启晨．IEC101/104规约在生态小水电站一体化LCU中的应用．网络与接口，2006．22(2)：226-228．
[40]PISCITELLO, D.M., and CHAPIN, A.L. Open System Networking: TCP/IP and OSI, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1993.