企业家社会资本与创业绩效关系研究
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摘要
无论在发达国家还是发展中国家,创业活动都被喻为社会经济发展的引擎。自改革开放以来,中国经济已高速发展三十年,在一定程度上也可以说是得益于创业经济的发展和创业精神的释放,尤其是以民营企业为主体的民营经济创业活动。目前,除国有及国有控股经济以外的广义民营经济已占GDP的65%左右,其中个体民营经济已占40%左右；中国经济发展增量部分的70-80%来源于民营经济,民营经济已成为我国经济增长的重要推动力量。尽管民营经济发展如火如荼,但是,这些企业在创业初期的生存却举步维艰,创业企业的平均寿命不足三年,是一个不容忽视的残酷现实。对中小企业而言,无论是创业初始时期还是成长阶段,企业家都是企业的核心签约人。企业家与外部社会关系网络的紧密程度及调动资源的能力大小,成为企业创业成败的重要影响因素。因此,从企业家的角度出发,基于社会资本的视角,探求企业家社会资本与创业绩效之间的内在关系及影响机理,以提高创业的生存率和成功率,则成为社会资本和创业交叉研究中的一个重要理论与现实课题。
本文以初创企业的企业家为研究对象,分析企业家社会资本结构维度、关系维度和认知维度的构成指标,及其分别与企业生存绩效和成功绩效的相关关系。论文在现有企业家社会资本相关研究的基础上,构造了一个企业家关系维度社会资本、认知维度社会资本和结构维度社会资本对企业创业绩效影响的概念模型,并提出相应的理论假设。以91份创业企业家调研资料为基础,利用因子分析、多元线性回归分析和结构方程等方法对数据进行处理,并对模型所包含的假设进行实证检验。通过以上研究,本文得出如下基本结论：
第一,企业家关系维度社会资本和认知维度社会资本对创业生存绩效影响显著,但是与创业成功绩效负相关。企业家的情感型信任关系、制度型信任关系以及混合型信任关系在创业初期有力的支持了企业创业资源的整合,但是可能因为随着企业逐渐发展壮大,企业的盈利性提高,信任型关系累计等原因,企业家关系维度社会资本和认知维度社会资本不再具有正面积极的作用,甚至出现一种负面效应的影响。
第二,企业家结构维度社会资本对创业生存与成功绩效都有较显著的正相关关系。企业家社会网络的规模和网络位置对新创企业的生存绩效和成功绩效均有显著而稳定的正面影响作用。企业家拥有丰裕的网络结构、网络规模以及处于核心的网络位置,都将有利于企业家获取更多外部信息和互补性资源,提高企业创业生存与成功的几率。
第三,企业家认知维度社会资本在三个维度中起中介作用。企业家关系维度社会资本是先影响认知维度社会资本,然后通过认知维度社会资本再作用于成功绩效；结构维度社会资本分两个途径影响成功绩效,一是通过影响认知维度社会资本作用于成功绩效,二是通过影响生存绩效作用于成功绩效。
论文的创新之处：对企业家关系维度社会资本内涵赋予新的内容。提出了企业家“情感型信任、制度型信任以及混合型信任”三种信任关系才是企业家关系维度的核心与要点；提出了企业家关系维度社会资本和认知维度社会资本与创业成功绩效之间存在负相关关系的观点；企业家社会资本各个维度不是平行作用于创业绩效的,三者之间存在一定的结构关系。
The business Start-up was being called the engine of socio-economic development in developed and developing countries. China's economy has been developing thirty years Since reform and opening up, to some extent Which is benefit from the entrepreneurial economic development and the release of entrepreneurship, especially the mainstay of the business activities of the private economy. Currently, the private economy accounted for 65% of GDP excluding state-owned and state-controlled economy, of which the individual private economy has accounted for about 40%; China's economic development part of the 70-80% increment from the private economy, the private economy has become an important driving force for economic growth. Despite the development of private economy is growing, there is a phenomenon cannot be ignored that the reality of these enterprises struggling for survival in the early days, the average corporate life expectancy less than three years. Entrepreneur is a core of the contractor in their start-up and growing up for SMEs, entrepreneur's social network links and resources has become an important factor for start-up. Therefore, based of entrepreneurs and social capital, how to explore business performance inherent between the role and impact mechanism, finding some implications of the entrepreneurs to improve the survival and success of entrepreneurial rate of entrepreneurship which has become an important theoretical and practical research.
The research objects were entrepreneurs of new ventures creation, which to find the relationship between structural dimension, cognitive dimension and relational dimension of social capital and performance of business survival and success of performance correlation. In this paper, basing on the relationship bibliography of Entrepreneur's Social Capital, we structure a concept model between dimension of social capital, cognitive dimension of social capital and structural dimensions of social capital on the impact of the conceptual of entrepreneurial performance. based on the 91 research data of entrepreneurs,the paper uses the survey methods to collect data and uses the main advantage of the factor analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation models to analysis and test the assumption. Our main basic conclusion as follows:
firstly, the relationship dimensions and cognitive dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital affect survival performance significantly, but was negatively correlated to success performance. The trust, institutional-type relationship and mixed trust support in the early days of enterprise business integration of resources, but with the corporation growing and profit improving, the relationship dimension of entrepreneur's social has a positive effect, or even a negative effect to corporation.
Secondly, structural dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital has significant positive correlation to survival and success performance of new enterprises. The social network size and network location has stable significantly positive effect to survival and successful performance of new enterprises. The more scale of entrepreneur's social capital and the core position of network, the more outside information and complementary resources to using, in other words, the entrepreneur's network structure and position Determined their to use the resources more or less.
Thirdly, cognitive dimensions play an intermediary role in the three dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital. Relationship dimensions affect the cognitive dimension, than lead to the successful performance of new corporation. Structure dimension affect the successful performance by two ways, affecting the cognitive dimension and then act on the successful performance, affecting the survival performance and then act on the successful performance.
The innovation of this paper are embodies in several aspects:we give the new meaning content to the relationship dimension of entrepreneur's social capital. "feelings-based trust, institution-based trust and mixed trust" are the core of entrepreneurs and key points to relationship dimensions. Relational dimension and cognitive dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital are negative correlation with success performance of new corporation. The three dimensions are not parallel to the role of the performance of new venture, being a certain structure among relations.
本文以初创企业的企业家为研究对象,分析企业家社会资本结构维度、关系维度和认知维度的构成指标,及其分别与企业生存绩效和成功绩效的相关关系。论文在现有企业家社会资本相关研究的基础上,构造了一个企业家关系维度社会资本、认知维度社会资本和结构维度社会资本对企业创业绩效影响的概念模型,并提出相应的理论假设。以91份创业企业家调研资料为基础,利用因子分析、多元线性回归分析和结构方程等方法对数据进行处理,并对模型所包含的假设进行实证检验。通过以上研究,本文得出如下基本结论：
第一,企业家关系维度社会资本和认知维度社会资本对创业生存绩效影响显著,但是与创业成功绩效负相关。企业家的情感型信任关系、制度型信任关系以及混合型信任关系在创业初期有力的支持了企业创业资源的整合,但是可能因为随着企业逐渐发展壮大,企业的盈利性提高,信任型关系累计等原因,企业家关系维度社会资本和认知维度社会资本不再具有正面积极的作用,甚至出现一种负面效应的影响。
第二,企业家结构维度社会资本对创业生存与成功绩效都有较显著的正相关关系。企业家社会网络的规模和网络位置对新创企业的生存绩效和成功绩效均有显著而稳定的正面影响作用。企业家拥有丰裕的网络结构、网络规模以及处于核心的网络位置,都将有利于企业家获取更多外部信息和互补性资源,提高企业创业生存与成功的几率。
第三,企业家认知维度社会资本在三个维度中起中介作用。企业家关系维度社会资本是先影响认知维度社会资本,然后通过认知维度社会资本再作用于成功绩效；结构维度社会资本分两个途径影响成功绩效,一是通过影响认知维度社会资本作用于成功绩效,二是通过影响生存绩效作用于成功绩效。
论文的创新之处：对企业家关系维度社会资本内涵赋予新的内容。提出了企业家“情感型信任、制度型信任以及混合型信任”三种信任关系才是企业家关系维度的核心与要点；提出了企业家关系维度社会资本和认知维度社会资本与创业成功绩效之间存在负相关关系的观点；企业家社会资本各个维度不是平行作用于创业绩效的,三者之间存在一定的结构关系。
The business Start-up was being called the engine of socio-economic development in developed and developing countries. China's economy has been developing thirty years Since reform and opening up, to some extent Which is benefit from the entrepreneurial economic development and the release of entrepreneurship, especially the mainstay of the business activities of the private economy. Currently, the private economy accounted for 65% of GDP excluding state-owned and state-controlled economy, of which the individual private economy has accounted for about 40%; China's economic development part of the 70-80% increment from the private economy, the private economy has become an important driving force for economic growth. Despite the development of private economy is growing, there is a phenomenon cannot be ignored that the reality of these enterprises struggling for survival in the early days, the average corporate life expectancy less than three years. Entrepreneur is a core of the contractor in their start-up and growing up for SMEs, entrepreneur's social network links and resources has become an important factor for start-up. Therefore, based of entrepreneurs and social capital, how to explore business performance inherent between the role and impact mechanism, finding some implications of the entrepreneurs to improve the survival and success of entrepreneurial rate of entrepreneurship which has become an important theoretical and practical research.
The research objects were entrepreneurs of new ventures creation, which to find the relationship between structural dimension, cognitive dimension and relational dimension of social capital and performance of business survival and success of performance correlation. In this paper, basing on the relationship bibliography of Entrepreneur's Social Capital, we structure a concept model between dimension of social capital, cognitive dimension of social capital and structural dimensions of social capital on the impact of the conceptual of entrepreneurial performance. based on the 91 research data of entrepreneurs,the paper uses the survey methods to collect data and uses the main advantage of the factor analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and structural equation models to analysis and test the assumption. Our main basic conclusion as follows:
firstly, the relationship dimensions and cognitive dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital affect survival performance significantly, but was negatively correlated to success performance. The trust, institutional-type relationship and mixed trust support in the early days of enterprise business integration of resources, but with the corporation growing and profit improving, the relationship dimension of entrepreneur's social has a positive effect, or even a negative effect to corporation.
Secondly, structural dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital has significant positive correlation to survival and success performance of new enterprises. The social network size and network location has stable significantly positive effect to survival and successful performance of new enterprises. The more scale of entrepreneur's social capital and the core position of network, the more outside information and complementary resources to using, in other words, the entrepreneur's network structure and position Determined their to use the resources more or less.
Thirdly, cognitive dimensions play an intermediary role in the three dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital. Relationship dimensions affect the cognitive dimension, than lead to the successful performance of new corporation. Structure dimension affect the successful performance by two ways, affecting the cognitive dimension and then act on the successful performance, affecting the survival performance and then act on the successful performance.
The innovation of this paper are embodies in several aspects:we give the new meaning content to the relationship dimension of entrepreneur's social capital. "feelings-based trust, institution-based trust and mixed trust" are the core of entrepreneurs and key points to relationship dimensions. Relational dimension and cognitive dimensions of entrepreneur's social capital are negative correlation with success performance of new corporation. The three dimensions are not parallel to the role of the performance of new venture, being a certain structure among relations.
引文
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