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“3S”技术在高原机场建设工程中的应用研究
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摘要
我国西部尤其是青藏高原区,其特点是环境恶劣、山高路险、交通不便。在国民经济高速发展的今天,航空运输成了最迫切需要的交通工具。因此,机场建设已经成为西部地区衡量经济状况和发展潜力的重要指标。在机场建设前期工程中,如机场选址、机场工程地质勘察和生态环境等因素的评价中,采用何种技术方法尤为重要,并将直接影响机场建设工程进展及经费的投入。因此,本文通过近年来将“3S”(RS,GIS,GPS)技术综合应用于西藏阿里机场、拉萨贡嘎机场、四川康定机场、昆明小哨国际机场、云南腾冲机场的选址和工程地质勘察及建设工程中,发挥了很好的作用,取得以下创新成果和认识。
     针对高原区恶劣的环境条件和复杂地形、地质条件,提出了应用“3S”技术进行机场工程地质勘察与信息提取的技术方案,为高原区机场现代化建设创优工程提出新的思路。
     提出了高原区机场建设多类型高精度遥感图像数字处理与有效信息提取的关键技术,尤其是高精度OuickBird(快鸟)图像精校正与大比例尺正射影像地图制作和遥感图像地质解译三维可视化与影像动态分析技术。
     综合应用“3S”技术在西部高原阿里机场、康定机场、昆明小哨国际机场等多个机场建设工程地质勘察中取得显著成果,有效提取了场区地质构造、水文、地质灾害等信息,大大提高了场区工程地质勘察质量和研究水平;仅西藏阿里机场选址一项就为国家节约建设投资上亿元人民币,同时为机场建设争取了宝贵工程施工时间。
     在多个机场建设工程“3S”技术综合应用基础上,设计了高原区机场建设工程管理与决策支持地理信息系统框架,为机场建设现代化管理提供重要的技术支持。
Western area of China, especially the Qinghai-Tibet plateau field, is characterized by vile environment and inconvenient transportation. Transportation of aviation is urgently needed as the social economy develops dramatically. Construction of Airfield becomes a vital norm of measuring the economic situation and improvement potentiality as a result. In the earlier stages of the construction, which method should be chosen while evaluating some factors, such as selecting location of the airport, geological prospecting, ecologic environment and so on, is very important. It will impact the advance and investment directly. Based on the author's experiences in comprehensive applications of 3S (RS, GIS, GPS) techniques in the projects such as selecting location and engineering geology prospecting of these airfields (A-li airfield in Tibet, Lhasa airfield, Gongga airfield, Kangding airfield in Sichuan, Tengchong airfield in Yunnan, Xiaoshao airfield in Yunnan, etc) in resent years, a lot of achievements and cognition were obtains as below.
     1. A new method and scheme were proposed for airfield construction in plateau area applying spatial information techniques (RS, GIS & GPS) to engineering geological survey and extracting information of ecologic environment.
     2. The pivotal method and technologies for multi-types and high accuracy RS images processing and information extracting of airfield construction in plateau area were proposed, especially the high accuracy adjusting techniques of the QuickBird Image, large-scale orthographic image mapping, RS image geological interpretation 3D-visualization and imaging dynamic analysis.
     3. Synthetically Applying spatial information techniques (RS, GIS & GPS) to engineering geological survey of airfield construction in plateau area, marketable results were achieved and much information about geologic structure, hydrology and geological disaster were extracts effectively. It greatly enhances the quality of project prospect. What's more, It not only saves the massive investments (several hundred million) but also the time in Ali airfield project.
     4. Based on the comprehensive application in several airfields construction, the author designs a frame of engineering project management GIS and decision support system in plateau area, which provide the vital technologies for the airfield construction and modernization management.
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