CE/SE方法在脉冲爆轰发动机气液两相爆轰流场计算中应用的研究
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摘要
脉冲爆轰发动机是一种利用脉冲式爆轰波产生推力的新概念发动机。与传统的以等压方式燃烧的发动机相比,它具有结构简单、热循环效率高、单位燃料消耗率低、工作范围广等优点,这使得它在军用和民用方面具有广阔的应用前景,将成为未来重要的新型推进系统。本文以液体燃料脉冲爆轰发动机为研究对象,针对两相爆轰流场的特点,建立两相爆轰控制方程,应用近期发展起来的时空守恒元和求解元方法(简称CE/SE方法)数值求解,用Fortran语言编写程序模拟两相爆轰过程。根据时空守恒元与求解元思想,推导了一维、二维和三维CE/SE方法的计算格式,用于对脉冲爆轰发动机管内气液两相爆轰一维、二维、三维流场的数值计算。主要内容包括：
(1)推导了一维CE/SE方法的计算格式,用于脉冲爆轰发动机内汽油/空气两相爆轰流场的一维数值计算,编写了相关计算程序,分析并讨论了一维两相爆轰波传播过程中物理量的变化规律。数值实践表明：CE/SE方法可高效捕获爆轰波等强间断。
(2)推导了二维无粘CE/SE方法的计算格式,编写了相关计算程序,实现了对脉冲爆轰发动机内两相流场的数值模拟,获得了脉冲爆轰发动机内流场的变化规律,分析并讨论了液滴尺寸分布以及不同的起爆温度和起爆压力对两相燃烧转爆轰过程的影响。计算结果表明：起爆温度和起爆压力越大,汽油雾化后液滴尺寸越小,越有利于实现燃烧转爆轰过程。
(3)推导了二维粘性和湍流CE/SE方法的计算格式,分别用于脉冲爆轰发动机内两相粘性和湍流爆轰流场的数值模拟,编写了相关计算程序,得到了脉冲爆轰发动机两相粘性流场和湍流流场的变化规律,分析并讨论了扰流片片数和间距对两相燃烧转爆轰过程的影响。研究发现：相对于无粘模型,应用粘性或湍流模型来描述两相爆轰过程,可更加精细刻画流场特性,更加符合实际过程。计算结果表明：扰流片可有效促进燃烧向爆轰转化的进程。
(4)推导了三维无粘CE/SE方法的计算格式,用于脉冲爆轰发动机内两相流场的数值计算,编写了相关计算程序,分析并讨论了三维无粘两相爆轰流场的变化规律。研究发现,在燃烧转爆轰过程中,存在明显的三维效应。本文详细刻画了两相燃烧转爆轰过程中爆轰波三维结构特征。
(5)推导了三维粘性CE/SE方法计算格式,用于脉冲爆轰发动机内两相流场的数值计算,编写了相关计算程序,分析并讨论了三维两相粘性爆轰流场的变化规律。研究发现：三维粘性数值计算结果比三维无粘数值计算结果更真实地反映爆轰流场特性,尤其在近壁附近,可更加精细刻画爆轰波的三维结构特征。
(6)进行了以汽油/空气为工质的吸气式脉冲爆轰发动机实验研究,实现了33Hz、40Hz、50Hz三种不同工况下的爆轰,得到了三种工况下的爆轰波压力曲线,分析了进气压力变化对脉冲爆轰发动机工作性能的影响,为数值计算提供了实验验证。
Pulse detonation engine (PDE) is a novel engine which produces periodic impulse by utilizing repetitive detonation. It has several advantages in simple structure, high thermodynamic cycle efficiency, units of low fuel consumption and wide working scope, which make it widely-used in both military and civilian field as a new-style thruster system. In this dissertation, two-phase detonation governing equations are built according to the characteristic of the two-phase detonation flow field. Use the method of conservation element and solution element (the CE/SE method) to solve the governing equations. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The one-dimensional CE/SE method is deduced to calculate one-dimensional two-phase flow field inside PDE. The corresponding program is written. The parameters of one-dimensional detonation are obtained. The calculation results show that the CE/SE method could efficiently capture strong discontinuity such as detonation wave.
(2) The two-dimensional inviscid CE/SE method is deduced to simulate the axial-symmetry, inviscid detonation flow field inside PDE. The corresponding numerical calculation program is written. The characteristics of the interior flow field in PDE are studied, and how the distribution of droplets and the different of the ignition temperature and pressure to affect the deflagration to detonation are studied. The calculation results show that the higher the ignition temperature and pressure are, the smaller the gasoline radius is after atomization, which is more propitious to realize deflagration to detonation.
(3) The two-dimensional viscous and turbulent CE/SE methods are deduced to simulate the axial-symmetry, viscous and turbulent flow field inside PDE. The corresponding programs are written. The characteristics of the viscous and turbulent two-phase flow field inside PDE have been obtained. The two-phase detonation flow field considering the obstacles inside PDE is studied. How different number of the obstacles pieces and different distance between the pieces to affect the deflagration to detonation are analyzed. The calculation results show that using the viscous and turbulent model to describe the two-phase detonation flow field is better than using the inviscid modle. The viscous and turbulent flow fields much more accord with the genuine flow field. The results show that the obstacles could efficiently promote the progress of deflagration to detonation.
(4) The three-dimensional inviscid CE/SE method is deduced to simulate the inviscid two-phase flow field inside PDE. The corresponding calculation program is written. The characteristics of two-phase three-dimensional detonation flow field are obtained. It is found that three-dimensional effect in the tube is obvious in the deflagration to detonation stage. The dissertation detailedly depicts the feature of three-dimensional detonation wave structure in the progress of deflagration to detonation.
(5) The three-dimensional viscous CE/SE method is deduced to simulate the viscous flow field inside PDE. The corresponding numerical calculation program is made. The characteristics of the viscous two-phase flow field inside the PDE are obtained. It is nicer to describe the three-dimensional detonation flow field when considering the viscous effect and to depict the three-dimensional structure of detonation wave especially in the near wall region.
(6) The experiments of air breathing PDE which uses gasoline as fuel are performed. Successfully got the detonation wave of three frequency 33Hz,40Hz,50Hz. Pressure histories under three kinds frequency are obtained and how the air-intake pressure affects the PDE working performance is studied, which provide the calculation results with the validation.
(1)推导了一维CE/SE方法的计算格式,用于脉冲爆轰发动机内汽油/空气两相爆轰流场的一维数值计算,编写了相关计算程序,分析并讨论了一维两相爆轰波传播过程中物理量的变化规律。数值实践表明：CE/SE方法可高效捕获爆轰波等强间断。
(2)推导了二维无粘CE/SE方法的计算格式,编写了相关计算程序,实现了对脉冲爆轰发动机内两相流场的数值模拟,获得了脉冲爆轰发动机内流场的变化规律,分析并讨论了液滴尺寸分布以及不同的起爆温度和起爆压力对两相燃烧转爆轰过程的影响。计算结果表明：起爆温度和起爆压力越大,汽油雾化后液滴尺寸越小,越有利于实现燃烧转爆轰过程。
(3)推导了二维粘性和湍流CE/SE方法的计算格式,分别用于脉冲爆轰发动机内两相粘性和湍流爆轰流场的数值模拟,编写了相关计算程序,得到了脉冲爆轰发动机两相粘性流场和湍流流场的变化规律,分析并讨论了扰流片片数和间距对两相燃烧转爆轰过程的影响。研究发现：相对于无粘模型,应用粘性或湍流模型来描述两相爆轰过程,可更加精细刻画流场特性,更加符合实际过程。计算结果表明：扰流片可有效促进燃烧向爆轰转化的进程。
(4)推导了三维无粘CE/SE方法的计算格式,用于脉冲爆轰发动机内两相流场的数值计算,编写了相关计算程序,分析并讨论了三维无粘两相爆轰流场的变化规律。研究发现,在燃烧转爆轰过程中,存在明显的三维效应。本文详细刻画了两相燃烧转爆轰过程中爆轰波三维结构特征。
(5)推导了三维粘性CE/SE方法计算格式,用于脉冲爆轰发动机内两相流场的数值计算,编写了相关计算程序,分析并讨论了三维两相粘性爆轰流场的变化规律。研究发现：三维粘性数值计算结果比三维无粘数值计算结果更真实地反映爆轰流场特性,尤其在近壁附近,可更加精细刻画爆轰波的三维结构特征。
(6)进行了以汽油/空气为工质的吸气式脉冲爆轰发动机实验研究,实现了33Hz、40Hz、50Hz三种不同工况下的爆轰,得到了三种工况下的爆轰波压力曲线,分析了进气压力变化对脉冲爆轰发动机工作性能的影响,为数值计算提供了实验验证。
Pulse detonation engine (PDE) is a novel engine which produces periodic impulse by utilizing repetitive detonation. It has several advantages in simple structure, high thermodynamic cycle efficiency, units of low fuel consumption and wide working scope, which make it widely-used in both military and civilian field as a new-style thruster system. In this dissertation, two-phase detonation governing equations are built according to the characteristic of the two-phase detonation flow field. Use the method of conservation element and solution element (the CE/SE method) to solve the governing equations. The main contents of this dissertation are as follows:
(1) The one-dimensional CE/SE method is deduced to calculate one-dimensional two-phase flow field inside PDE. The corresponding program is written. The parameters of one-dimensional detonation are obtained. The calculation results show that the CE/SE method could efficiently capture strong discontinuity such as detonation wave.
(2) The two-dimensional inviscid CE/SE method is deduced to simulate the axial-symmetry, inviscid detonation flow field inside PDE. The corresponding numerical calculation program is written. The characteristics of the interior flow field in PDE are studied, and how the distribution of droplets and the different of the ignition temperature and pressure to affect the deflagration to detonation are studied. The calculation results show that the higher the ignition temperature and pressure are, the smaller the gasoline radius is after atomization, which is more propitious to realize deflagration to detonation.
(3) The two-dimensional viscous and turbulent CE/SE methods are deduced to simulate the axial-symmetry, viscous and turbulent flow field inside PDE. The corresponding programs are written. The characteristics of the viscous and turbulent two-phase flow field inside PDE have been obtained. The two-phase detonation flow field considering the obstacles inside PDE is studied. How different number of the obstacles pieces and different distance between the pieces to affect the deflagration to detonation are analyzed. The calculation results show that using the viscous and turbulent model to describe the two-phase detonation flow field is better than using the inviscid modle. The viscous and turbulent flow fields much more accord with the genuine flow field. The results show that the obstacles could efficiently promote the progress of deflagration to detonation.
(4) The three-dimensional inviscid CE/SE method is deduced to simulate the inviscid two-phase flow field inside PDE. The corresponding calculation program is written. The characteristics of two-phase three-dimensional detonation flow field are obtained. It is found that three-dimensional effect in the tube is obvious in the deflagration to detonation stage. The dissertation detailedly depicts the feature of three-dimensional detonation wave structure in the progress of deflagration to detonation.
(5) The three-dimensional viscous CE/SE method is deduced to simulate the viscous flow field inside PDE. The corresponding numerical calculation program is made. The characteristics of the viscous two-phase flow field inside the PDE are obtained. It is nicer to describe the three-dimensional detonation flow field when considering the viscous effect and to depict the three-dimensional structure of detonation wave especially in the near wall region.
(6) The experiments of air breathing PDE which uses gasoline as fuel are performed. Successfully got the detonation wave of three frequency 33Hz,40Hz,50Hz. Pressure histories under three kinds frequency are obtained and how the air-intake pressure affects the PDE working performance is studied, which provide the calculation results with the validation.
引文
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