南京大气污染物NO_2、O_3、SO_2的城郊对比分析
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摘要
随着城市化、工业化的快速发展,大气污染状况越来越严重,作为经济高速发展的长江三角洲地区重要的经济中心,南京地区的环境问题越来越引起人们的重视。
本文结合两类大气成分观测仪器的技术特点,对OPSIS AB DOAS系统和Thermo SCIENTIFIC EMS系统分别监测的南京郊区2009年冬季和2010年春季NO2、O3、SO2浓度数据进行了质量控制,利用统计方法分析了两套系统测量值的相关性。结果表明：两套系统对相同气体的测量结果相关性较好,DOAS系统的测量值普遍高于EMS系统,绝对值相差范围在14%-25%之间。
对2009年秋季、2010年夏季和2011年春季分别采用两种仪器观测的南京郊区和城区的污染情况进行了对比,分析了城郊差异。结果表明：一次污染物SO2和NO2的浓度主要受排放源影响,二次污染物03的浓度主要受前体物的影响；春、秋季节污染较重,夏季相对较轻；NO2、SO2日变化特征季节差异明显,春季NO2浓度白天郊区较高,夜间城区较高,夏季全天郊区高于城区,秋季反之；郊区监测点邻近大型工业区,SO2排放量较大,春、夏季节浓度高于城区,秋季因人为采暖活动出现部分时间段内城区高于郊区的现象；O3日变化均呈单峰型,夜间郊区浓度较高,而太阳辐射强烈的午后城区浓度较高；受人们出行活动的影响,NO2和O3日变化呈现明显的“周末效应”；污染物城郊差异受降水、风速等一系列因素影响,降水在NO2、SO2的清除过程中起到了重要的作用,秋季风速超过2.0m/s的偏北风对污染物的稀释作用较为明显。
With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the air pollution is getting worse than before. Nanjing, as an important economic center of Yangtze River Deltaic Area, more and more people pay attention to its environmental problem.
Observation of concentration of pollutants in atmosphere by OPSIS AB DOAS system and Thermo SCIENTIFIC EMS system was performed in rural areas of Nanjing during the winter of 2009 and the spring of 2010. Based on technical characteristics of the two systems, quality control of the observation data and comparison of the two systems were carried. Quite good correlation can be established between the observation data of the two systems. The observation data of DOAS system are generally higher than that of EMS system, with a rate from 14% to 25%.
The comparison of pollution characteristics between urban and rural areas measured by the two different systems during the autumn of 2009, the summer of 2010 and the spring of 2011 was also carried. It showed that as primary pollutant in air, the concentration of NO2 and SO2 was most influenced by the emission source, while as secondary pollutant, the concentration of O3 was most influenced by its precursors. The pollution in spring and autumn was worse, while that in summer was better. It showed significant seasonal differences in diurnal variation of NO2 and SO2, the concentration of NO2 was higher in rural areas during the day in spring, but during the night, the concentration in urban areas was higher. In summer, the concentration in rural areas was higher during the day and night, while quite the reverse was true in autumn. There were large industrial zone near the monitoring point in rural areas, so the emissions of SO2 were larger than that in urban areas, and the concentration was higher in spring and summer, however, it was lower during a short time in autumn, which was caused by heating. The diurnal variation of O3 showed one peak in both urban and rural areas, the concentration was higher in rural areas at night, while it was higher in urban areas at afternoon when the solar radiation was very strong. Affected by travel activities of people, the diurnal variation of NO2 and O3 shows obvious weekend effect. The differences between the pollutants in rural areas and urban areas were influenced by precipitation, wind speed, and so on. Precipitation played an important role in the elimination of NO2 and SO2, and northerly wind with a speed higher than two meters per second in autumn would help a lot in the dilution of pollutants.
本文结合两类大气成分观测仪器的技术特点,对OPSIS AB DOAS系统和Thermo SCIENTIFIC EMS系统分别监测的南京郊区2009年冬季和2010年春季NO2、O3、SO2浓度数据进行了质量控制,利用统计方法分析了两套系统测量值的相关性。结果表明：两套系统对相同气体的测量结果相关性较好,DOAS系统的测量值普遍高于EMS系统,绝对值相差范围在14%-25%之间。
对2009年秋季、2010年夏季和2011年春季分别采用两种仪器观测的南京郊区和城区的污染情况进行了对比,分析了城郊差异。结果表明：一次污染物SO2和NO2的浓度主要受排放源影响,二次污染物03的浓度主要受前体物的影响；春、秋季节污染较重,夏季相对较轻；NO2、SO2日变化特征季节差异明显,春季NO2浓度白天郊区较高,夜间城区较高,夏季全天郊区高于城区,秋季反之；郊区监测点邻近大型工业区,SO2排放量较大,春、夏季节浓度高于城区,秋季因人为采暖活动出现部分时间段内城区高于郊区的现象；O3日变化均呈单峰型,夜间郊区浓度较高,而太阳辐射强烈的午后城区浓度较高；受人们出行活动的影响,NO2和O3日变化呈现明显的“周末效应”；污染物城郊差异受降水、风速等一系列因素影响,降水在NO2、SO2的清除过程中起到了重要的作用,秋季风速超过2.0m/s的偏北风对污染物的稀释作用较为明显。
With the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, the air pollution is getting worse than before. Nanjing, as an important economic center of Yangtze River Deltaic Area, more and more people pay attention to its environmental problem.
Observation of concentration of pollutants in atmosphere by OPSIS AB DOAS system and Thermo SCIENTIFIC EMS system was performed in rural areas of Nanjing during the winter of 2009 and the spring of 2010. Based on technical characteristics of the two systems, quality control of the observation data and comparison of the two systems were carried. Quite good correlation can be established between the observation data of the two systems. The observation data of DOAS system are generally higher than that of EMS system, with a rate from 14% to 25%.
The comparison of pollution characteristics between urban and rural areas measured by the two different systems during the autumn of 2009, the summer of 2010 and the spring of 2011 was also carried. It showed that as primary pollutant in air, the concentration of NO2 and SO2 was most influenced by the emission source, while as secondary pollutant, the concentration of O3 was most influenced by its precursors. The pollution in spring and autumn was worse, while that in summer was better. It showed significant seasonal differences in diurnal variation of NO2 and SO2, the concentration of NO2 was higher in rural areas during the day in spring, but during the night, the concentration in urban areas was higher. In summer, the concentration in rural areas was higher during the day and night, while quite the reverse was true in autumn. There were large industrial zone near the monitoring point in rural areas, so the emissions of SO2 were larger than that in urban areas, and the concentration was higher in spring and summer, however, it was lower during a short time in autumn, which was caused by heating. The diurnal variation of O3 showed one peak in both urban and rural areas, the concentration was higher in rural areas at night, while it was higher in urban areas at afternoon when the solar radiation was very strong. Affected by travel activities of people, the diurnal variation of NO2 and O3 shows obvious weekend effect. The differences between the pollutants in rural areas and urban areas were influenced by precipitation, wind speed, and so on. Precipitation played an important role in the elimination of NO2 and SO2, and northerly wind with a speed higher than two meters per second in autumn would help a lot in the dilution of pollutants.
引文
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[3]Dariusz Krochmal, Andrzej Kalina. Measurements of nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide concentrations in urban and rural areas of Poland using a passive sampling method. Environmental Pollution,1997,96(3):401-407.
[4]Pavlos D. Kalabokas, Loizos G. Viras, John G. Bartzis, etc. Mediterranean rural ozone characteristics around the urban area of Athens. Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(29-30) 5199-5208.
[5]C. Duenas, M.C. Fernandez, S. Canete, etc. Stochastic model to forecast ground-level ozone concentration at urban and rural areas. Chemosphere,2005,61(10):1379-1389.
[6]C. Duenas, M. C. Fernandez, S. Canete, etc. Analyses of ozone in urban and rural sites in Malaga (Spain). Chemosphere,2004,56(6):631-639.
[7]张正元,刘立忠.南京地区SO2高浓度空气污染形成的探讨[J].气象科学,1983,1：74-83
钱群,潘金芳,张大年.上海市大气中NMHC, NOx, O3和SO2变化规律[J].上海环境科学,1998,17(10)：12-15.
[8]朱毓秀,徐家骝.近地面臭氧污染过程和相关气象因子的分析[J].环境科学研究,1994,7(6)：13-18.
[9]张新玲,安俊岭,程新金,等.污染源、气象条件变化对我国SO2浓度及硫沉降量分布的影响[J].2003,27(5)：939-947.
[10]朱彬,王韬,倪东鸿.临安秋季近地层臭氧的形成及其前体物特征[J].南京气象学院学报,2004,27(2)：185-192.
[11]徐祥德,周秀骥,施晓晖.城市群落大气污染源影响的空间结构及尺度特征[J].中国科学(D辑：地球科学),2005,35(I)：1-19.
[12]谈建国,陆国良,耿福海,等.上海夏季近地面臭氧浓度及其相关气象因子的分析和预报[J].热带气象学报,2007,23(5)：515-520.
[13]芮冬梅,张予燕.南京市环境空气质量与气象条件的关系分析[J].环境科学导刊,200928(2)：37-38.
[14]周秀骥,罗超,丁国安,等.中国东部地区大气臭氧及其前体物本底变化规律的初步研究[J].中国科学(B),1994,24(12)：1323-1330.
[15]安俊岭,韩志伟,王自发,等.NOx与NMHC的变化对03生成量的影响[J].大气科学,1999,23(6)：753-761.
[16]姚小红,何东全,周中平,等.北京城市大气中NOx、CO、O3的变化规律研究[J].环境科学,1999,20：23-26.
[17]周凌琋,汤洁,于晓岚,等.拉萨地区夏季大气CO, SO2及NO2变化初探[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(6)：16-23.
[18]王伯光,张远航,邵敏.珠江三角洲大气环境VOCs的时空分布特征[J].环境科学,2004,25：7-15.
[19]王会祥,唐孝炎,邵可声,等.长江三角洲痕量气态污染物的时空分布特征[J].中国科学(D辑：地球科学),2003,33(2)：114-118.
[20]樊曙先,杨关盈,朱彬,等.长江三角洲区域本底大气中致酸气体体积分数变化特征[J].南京气象学院学报,2008,31(6)：803-810.
[21]安俊琳,王跃思,李昕,等.北京大气中NO、NO2和O3浓度变化的相关性分析[J].环境科学,2007,28(4)：706-711.
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