晋西黄土区林草植被特征数量化研究
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摘要
本文研究区为山西吉县蔡家川流域,通过外业调查和内业数据分析,较为系统的研究了该区乔、灌、草各层植被的数量特征。文章从研究林木直径、树高结构来探讨乔木层的植被特征,从生物多样性在不同地形因子下的变化规律来研究灌、草层的结构特征,并对灌草层物种、样方、环境因子进行排序,研究结果以期为晋西黄土区林分的可持续经营、植被恢复与重建过程中林草种的配置、低效林的改造提供理论依据。
本文研究的主要结论如下:
(1)不同地形因子对林木胸径、树高分布的影响分析。
1)阴坡胸径值相对集中于0.5cm~8.5cm,在2.5cm~3.5cm范围胸径分布值最大;阳坡胸径值相对集中在0.5cm~15.5cm范围内,在5.5cm~6.5cm区间内胸径值最多。从阴坡、阳坡总体情况看,树高分布相对集中,在3.75m~4.25m之间树高值均最多。
2)该区的缓坡和急坡地带胸径分布比较分散,胸径值不超过22cm,在斜坡和陡坡地带胸径分布相对集中在0.5cm~16cm的范围内;在缓坡和急坡树高零星分布,偶有集中,在斜坡和陡坡树高分布集中度好,树高多分布在0.45m~8m范围内。
3)不同海拔林木胸径、树高分布。在1100m~1200m海拔高度胸径分布集中度非常明显,在此海拔内的胸径分布值大部分在0.5cm~16cm范围内。在1000m~1100m海拔高度胸径分布相对集中在4cm~13cm范围内,其它海拔高度上胸径分布比较分散与均一;在1100m~1200m之间树高分布集中度明显,多集中于0.45m~8m之间。在1000m~1100m海拔范围内树高分布较集中,在3.6m高度上值最多,其它海拔高度上树高值分散。
(2)各种立地条件下的林木胸径、树高分布拟合。该区胸径最服从于3参数weibull分布,用三种分布拟合树高效果差。胸径-频率直方图和树高-频率直方图展示了不服从三种分布的胸径、树高分布状况。
(3)研究区优势灌草种的分布特性分析。虎榛子、多花胡枝子、毛丁香、黄刺玫、铁杆蒿、矮苔草、甘菊能适应该区不同立地环境,胡枝子、连翘、杭子梢、黄栌、野艾蒿、狭叶青蒿、异叶败酱、黄芩、茅莓、南蛇藤均是耐阴喜湿润物种,截叶铁扫帚、白羊草为喜光抗旱物种。
(4)不同立地条件下研究区灌、草层物种的分布。研究表明林下灌草种较稳定、均匀的分布在各种立地环境下。在阳坡不同坡位上草本种的优势度相差不大,但是随着坡位的下降物种有越来越丰富的趋势,在中坡位时物种均匀性程度稍低。阴坡时不同坡位对物种的均匀度和优势度影响不明显。
(5)样方、物种、地形因子之间关系直观的展现在二维排序图上。
This paper takes forest and grass vegetation structure as research object in Caijiachuan Watershed of Ji County in shanxi province.Through field investigation and lab analysis to research their Quantitative Characteristics.Tree layer research focus on Diameter Structure and Tree Height Structure , shrub layer and herb layer study on the Species diversity and display the relationship of Species and environment in diagram by DCCA method.The aim of this research is to supply theoretical basis for research district’s stand sustainable management and species configuration of forest and grass in vegetation restoration and reconstruction,for low-benefit forest transformation.The conclusion show as following:
(1) The analysis of different terrain factor influence in diameter and tree height distribution.
1)Diameter value fasten on from 0.5cm to 8.5 cm and the value most from 2.5cm to 3.5cm in shady slope,focus from 0.5cm to 11.5cm in sunny slope and the value most from 5.5 cm to 6.5cm.In 3.75 to 4.25 interval has the most tree height value by overall condition of different slope direction.
2) Diameter is dispersed distribute in gentle slope and steep slope zone and the maximum is 22cm, form 0.5cm to16cm in clivus and abrupt slope.the most of tree height value is distribute from 0.45m to 8m, the value is convergence in clivus and abrupt slope.
3) Diameter and tree height distribution in different altitude condition.the distribution of diameter centralize from 0.5cm to16cm from 1100m to1200m,form 4cm to 13cm from 1000m to 1100m.the distribution of tree height centralize from 0.45m to 8m from 1100m to1200m.,diameter and tree heigh value is not in a numerical range in other altitude.
(2) The distribution fitting of diameter and tree height in different site condition.the diameter fitting by three-parameter weibull distribution has good effect,but the tree height fitting’s results is bad. diameter-frequency histogram and tree height-frequency histogram reveal the distribution that is not fit three-parameter weibull distribution and normal distribution and logistic distribution.
(3) The distribution character of Advantage shrub and grass species the results shows that: Ostryopsis davidiana, Lespedeza floribunda,Syringa tomentella,Rosa xanthina,Artemisia sacrorum,Dendranthema lavandulifolium,Carex humilis Leyss can adapt to different site environmental. Cotinus coggygria,Celastrus orbiculatus,Lespedeza bicolor,Campylotropis macrocarpa,Forsythia suspensa f. suspense,Rubus parvifolius,Artemisia lavandulaefolia,Artemisia dacunculus L are shade tolerance and pleased wetness species.Lespedeza cuneata and Bothriochloa ischcemum are drought resistance and pleased light species.
(4) The result of research on Species diversity shows that: shrub and grass species is symmetrical and steady distribution in different site condition.
(5) The relationship of quadrat and species and Terrain factor display intuitive in Two-dimensional ordination diagram of DCCA.
本文研究的主要结论如下:
(1)不同地形因子对林木胸径、树高分布的影响分析。
1)阴坡胸径值相对集中于0.5cm~8.5cm,在2.5cm~3.5cm范围胸径分布值最大;阳坡胸径值相对集中在0.5cm~15.5cm范围内,在5.5cm~6.5cm区间内胸径值最多。从阴坡、阳坡总体情况看,树高分布相对集中,在3.75m~4.25m之间树高值均最多。
2)该区的缓坡和急坡地带胸径分布比较分散,胸径值不超过22cm,在斜坡和陡坡地带胸径分布相对集中在0.5cm~16cm的范围内;在缓坡和急坡树高零星分布,偶有集中,在斜坡和陡坡树高分布集中度好,树高多分布在0.45m~8m范围内。
3)不同海拔林木胸径、树高分布。在1100m~1200m海拔高度胸径分布集中度非常明显,在此海拔内的胸径分布值大部分在0.5cm~16cm范围内。在1000m~1100m海拔高度胸径分布相对集中在4cm~13cm范围内,其它海拔高度上胸径分布比较分散与均一;在1100m~1200m之间树高分布集中度明显,多集中于0.45m~8m之间。在1000m~1100m海拔范围内树高分布较集中,在3.6m高度上值最多,其它海拔高度上树高值分散。
(2)各种立地条件下的林木胸径、树高分布拟合。该区胸径最服从于3参数weibull分布,用三种分布拟合树高效果差。胸径-频率直方图和树高-频率直方图展示了不服从三种分布的胸径、树高分布状况。
(3)研究区优势灌草种的分布特性分析。虎榛子、多花胡枝子、毛丁香、黄刺玫、铁杆蒿、矮苔草、甘菊能适应该区不同立地环境,胡枝子、连翘、杭子梢、黄栌、野艾蒿、狭叶青蒿、异叶败酱、黄芩、茅莓、南蛇藤均是耐阴喜湿润物种,截叶铁扫帚、白羊草为喜光抗旱物种。
(4)不同立地条件下研究区灌、草层物种的分布。研究表明林下灌草种较稳定、均匀的分布在各种立地环境下。在阳坡不同坡位上草本种的优势度相差不大,但是随着坡位的下降物种有越来越丰富的趋势,在中坡位时物种均匀性程度稍低。阴坡时不同坡位对物种的均匀度和优势度影响不明显。
(5)样方、物种、地形因子之间关系直观的展现在二维排序图上。
This paper takes forest and grass vegetation structure as research object in Caijiachuan Watershed of Ji County in shanxi province.Through field investigation and lab analysis to research their Quantitative Characteristics.Tree layer research focus on Diameter Structure and Tree Height Structure , shrub layer and herb layer study on the Species diversity and display the relationship of Species and environment in diagram by DCCA method.The aim of this research is to supply theoretical basis for research district’s stand sustainable management and species configuration of forest and grass in vegetation restoration and reconstruction,for low-benefit forest transformation.The conclusion show as following:
(1) The analysis of different terrain factor influence in diameter and tree height distribution.
1)Diameter value fasten on from 0.5cm to 8.5 cm and the value most from 2.5cm to 3.5cm in shady slope,focus from 0.5cm to 11.5cm in sunny slope and the value most from 5.5 cm to 6.5cm.In 3.75 to 4.25 interval has the most tree height value by overall condition of different slope direction.
2) Diameter is dispersed distribute in gentle slope and steep slope zone and the maximum is 22cm, form 0.5cm to16cm in clivus and abrupt slope.the most of tree height value is distribute from 0.45m to 8m, the value is convergence in clivus and abrupt slope.
3) Diameter and tree height distribution in different altitude condition.the distribution of diameter centralize from 0.5cm to16cm from 1100m to1200m,form 4cm to 13cm from 1000m to 1100m.the distribution of tree height centralize from 0.45m to 8m from 1100m to1200m.,diameter and tree heigh value is not in a numerical range in other altitude.
(2) The distribution fitting of diameter and tree height in different site condition.the diameter fitting by three-parameter weibull distribution has good effect,but the tree height fitting’s results is bad. diameter-frequency histogram and tree height-frequency histogram reveal the distribution that is not fit three-parameter weibull distribution and normal distribution and logistic distribution.
(3) The distribution character of Advantage shrub and grass species the results shows that: Ostryopsis davidiana, Lespedeza floribunda,Syringa tomentella,Rosa xanthina,Artemisia sacrorum,Dendranthema lavandulifolium,Carex humilis Leyss can adapt to different site environmental. Cotinus coggygria,Celastrus orbiculatus,Lespedeza bicolor,Campylotropis macrocarpa,Forsythia suspensa f. suspense,Rubus parvifolius,Artemisia lavandulaefolia,Artemisia dacunculus L are shade tolerance and pleased wetness species.Lespedeza cuneata and Bothriochloa ischcemum are drought resistance and pleased light species.
(4) The result of research on Species diversity shows that: shrub and grass species is symmetrical and steady distribution in different site condition.
(5) The relationship of quadrat and species and Terrain factor display intuitive in Two-dimensional ordination diagram of DCCA.
引文
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