我国地方政府资助专利费用机制研究
|
摘要
地方政府对专利费用的资助是我国专利费用政策的内容之一。在广为地方政府实施的过程中,也受到来至于理论界的批评,但理论界的批评并没有减弱该政策的推广速度和实施强度。本文以地方政府对专利费用的资助为研究对象,具体研究了以下几个方面的内容。
首先,本文梳理了我国及其他主要国家或地区的专利费用及其资助政策现状和发展。然后,从资助对象、资助范围、资助额度和资助程序四个方面总结了我国地方政府专利费用政策的现状,并探讨其发展趋势。在此基础上,本文对地方政府资助专利费用的动因进行了分析,认为地方政府利益与社会公共利益的双重作用加速了专利费用资助政策的产生和推广。同时,本文对该政策的合法性进行分析,认为该政策的实施并未违反国际贸易规则。
其次,本文在研究了地方政府资助专利费用对专利制度的作用机制后认为,该政策在市场失灵和制度失灵时有其存在的必要性和合理性。但地方利益导向性导致了该政策过于注重专利申请量的增长,产生了专利泡沫效应和对专利制度功能的扭曲效应,危害专利制度的运行。以此为基础,本文重点研究了因资助专利费用引发的专利申请者对专利制度的滥用,并具体分析了资助专利费用可能诱发对专利制度的滥用,即诱发垃圾专利的各种政策性因素。
再次,本文在研究了地方政府资助专利费用对技术创新的作用机制后认为,该政策通过直接作用于专利制度而对技术创新产生间接影响。专利申请行为的双重外部性特征,导致地方政府对专利费用的资助在激励其正外部性的同时,也对其负外部性产生了激励效应。对专利申请行为正外部性的激励促进了技术创新,而对专利申请行为负外部性的激励阻碍了技术创新。
最后,本文在研究了地方政府资助专利费用对社会福利产生的影响后认为,该政策事实上降低了专利申请者的费用成本,专利费用成本的降低会吸引价值低的项目申请专利,这会导致专利申请等待授权时间的延长,进而对价值高的项目申请专利具有了排斥效应。此时,该政策可能会因排斥了价值高的项目申请专利而减损社会福利。基于这种矛盾,本文提出了在提高我国专利费用标准的同时,从资助对象、范围、额度和程序四个方面对该政策进行改革的若干具体建议。
The subsidy policy to patent fees implemented by local government constitutes the content of patent fees policy in China as one part. In fact, this subsidy has been criticized by some scholars during being implemented widely, though the criticism from academic filed did not bate the trend of its implementation. This paper takes the subsidy policy to patent fees implemented by local government as the object of study, mainly including some aspects as follows:
First of all, this paper has analyzed the present situation and development of the patent policy of the fee implemented in China, other countries and regions, then summarized the current situation of the subsidy policy to patent fees implemented by local government from four aspects covering the object, the scope, the amount and the procedure of the subsidy policy, exploring its developing trend. On the basis of those, this paper holds that dual enforcement impacts resulted from the benefits of both local government and social public accelerate generation and extension of the subsidy policy to patent fees through the analysis on the motivation of local government towards the patent fees. Additionally, with full analysis on the validity of the subsidy policy, this paper possesses that implementation of subsidy policy to patent fees does not infringe the rules of the international trade.
Secondly, based on the study on the operating mechanism of subsidy policy to patent fees raised by local government, this paper holds that the subsidy policy should essentially and rationally exist, while it faces market and system failure. However, because of the effect of local benefit-oriented tendency, the subsidy policy has paid too much attention on the growing quantities of patent application, resulting in the lather effect on the patent and distorting effect towards the function of patent system. Furthermore, the operation of patent system has been damaged. On the basis of those, this paper has focused on patent applicants' abuse on the patent system resulted from the subsidy policy to patent fees. Additionally, this paper in details analyzes the possibility that subsidy fees to patents induce patent abuse. That is to say, the content of the analysis includes different policy factors.
Thirdly, based on the study on the operating mechanism of subsidy policy to patent fees raised by local government, this paper considers that this subsidy policy brings indirect influence upon technological innovation through affecting the patent system directly. The dual external characteristics of patent application lead one phenomenon that the subsidy policy to patent fees operated by local government motivates positive external characteristic of patent application, the negative external characteristic as well. Consequently, the stimulation towards the positive external characteristic of the patent application facilitates technological innovation, to the contrary to block technological innovation.
Lastly, with the research on the influence resulted from subsidy policy to patent fees raised by local government towards social welfare, this paper holds that the subsidy policy actually reduces cost the patent applicants undertake, with which the more low value items will be motivated to apply patents. In this situation, the granting time patent application will be extended. Furthermore, repulsive effect on the patent application towards high value items will be brought out. In this time, it may highly probably be that the subsidy policy will reduce the social welfare for the reason of the high value items being rejected. As to this sort of the contradiction, this paper advises some suggestions on the reform of the subsidy policy from the views of the substance and the procedure, while it raises the standard of patent fees.
首先,本文梳理了我国及其他主要国家或地区的专利费用及其资助政策现状和发展。然后,从资助对象、资助范围、资助额度和资助程序四个方面总结了我国地方政府专利费用政策的现状,并探讨其发展趋势。在此基础上,本文对地方政府资助专利费用的动因进行了分析,认为地方政府利益与社会公共利益的双重作用加速了专利费用资助政策的产生和推广。同时,本文对该政策的合法性进行分析,认为该政策的实施并未违反国际贸易规则。
其次,本文在研究了地方政府资助专利费用对专利制度的作用机制后认为,该政策在市场失灵和制度失灵时有其存在的必要性和合理性。但地方利益导向性导致了该政策过于注重专利申请量的增长,产生了专利泡沫效应和对专利制度功能的扭曲效应,危害专利制度的运行。以此为基础,本文重点研究了因资助专利费用引发的专利申请者对专利制度的滥用,并具体分析了资助专利费用可能诱发对专利制度的滥用,即诱发垃圾专利的各种政策性因素。
再次,本文在研究了地方政府资助专利费用对技术创新的作用机制后认为,该政策通过直接作用于专利制度而对技术创新产生间接影响。专利申请行为的双重外部性特征,导致地方政府对专利费用的资助在激励其正外部性的同时,也对其负外部性产生了激励效应。对专利申请行为正外部性的激励促进了技术创新,而对专利申请行为负外部性的激励阻碍了技术创新。
最后,本文在研究了地方政府资助专利费用对社会福利产生的影响后认为,该政策事实上降低了专利申请者的费用成本,专利费用成本的降低会吸引价值低的项目申请专利,这会导致专利申请等待授权时间的延长,进而对价值高的项目申请专利具有了排斥效应。此时,该政策可能会因排斥了价值高的项目申请专利而减损社会福利。基于这种矛盾,本文提出了在提高我国专利费用标准的同时,从资助对象、范围、额度和程序四个方面对该政策进行改革的若干具体建议。
The subsidy policy to patent fees implemented by local government constitutes the content of patent fees policy in China as one part. In fact, this subsidy has been criticized by some scholars during being implemented widely, though the criticism from academic filed did not bate the trend of its implementation. This paper takes the subsidy policy to patent fees implemented by local government as the object of study, mainly including some aspects as follows:
First of all, this paper has analyzed the present situation and development of the patent policy of the fee implemented in China, other countries and regions, then summarized the current situation of the subsidy policy to patent fees implemented by local government from four aspects covering the object, the scope, the amount and the procedure of the subsidy policy, exploring its developing trend. On the basis of those, this paper holds that dual enforcement impacts resulted from the benefits of both local government and social public accelerate generation and extension of the subsidy policy to patent fees through the analysis on the motivation of local government towards the patent fees. Additionally, with full analysis on the validity of the subsidy policy, this paper possesses that implementation of subsidy policy to patent fees does not infringe the rules of the international trade.
Secondly, based on the study on the operating mechanism of subsidy policy to patent fees raised by local government, this paper holds that the subsidy policy should essentially and rationally exist, while it faces market and system failure. However, because of the effect of local benefit-oriented tendency, the subsidy policy has paid too much attention on the growing quantities of patent application, resulting in the lather effect on the patent and distorting effect towards the function of patent system. Furthermore, the operation of patent system has been damaged. On the basis of those, this paper has focused on patent applicants' abuse on the patent system resulted from the subsidy policy to patent fees. Additionally, this paper in details analyzes the possibility that subsidy fees to patents induce patent abuse. That is to say, the content of the analysis includes different policy factors.
Thirdly, based on the study on the operating mechanism of subsidy policy to patent fees raised by local government, this paper considers that this subsidy policy brings indirect influence upon technological innovation through affecting the patent system directly. The dual external characteristics of patent application lead one phenomenon that the subsidy policy to patent fees operated by local government motivates positive external characteristic of patent application, the negative external characteristic as well. Consequently, the stimulation towards the positive external characteristic of the patent application facilitates technological innovation, to the contrary to block technological innovation.
Lastly, with the research on the influence resulted from subsidy policy to patent fees raised by local government towards social welfare, this paper holds that the subsidy policy actually reduces cost the patent applicants undertake, with which the more low value items will be motivated to apply patents. In this situation, the granting time patent application will be extended. Furthermore, repulsive effect on the patent application towards high value items will be brought out. In this time, it may highly probably be that the subsidy policy will reduce the social welfare for the reason of the high value items being rejected. As to this sort of the contradiction, this paper advises some suggestions on the reform of the subsidy policy from the views of the substance and the procedure, while it raises the standard of patent fees.
引文
[1]Griliches,Z.Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators:a Survey,Journal of Economic Literature.1990(28):1661-707
[2]Francesca Comelli & Mark Schankerman,Patent Renewals and R&D Incentive,RAND Journal of Economics.1999(30):197-213
[3]浦根祥.试论专利维护成本对企业技术创新的抑制效应.科学管理研究,1999(1):30
[4]Ove Granstrand,The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property.Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.2000.
[5]Adam B.Jaffe,Innovation and Its Discontents:How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress and What To Do About It.Princeton University Press,2004
[6]Joshua S.Gans,Stephen P.King and Ryan Lampe,Patent Renewal Fees and Self-Funding Patent Offices.Topics in Theoretical Economics,2004(4):6
[7]中央政府门户网站.国家知识产权局负责人就专利费用有关问题答中国政府网问.http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2007-04/04/content_571807.htm 2008-9-1
[8]Lester C.Thurow,Needed:A New System of Intellectual Property Right,Harvard Business Review.1997.
[9]Commission on Intellectual Property Rights,Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy,Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights.London.September 2002.
[10]刘华.知识产权制度的理性与绩效分析.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.113-131
[11]吴欣望.专利经济学.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005.143
[12]Plasmans J.,Pauwels W.Strategic R&D and patent behaviour in some EU-countries,TEW Research Paper 99,1999(5):54-77
[13]Nancy T.Gallini,The Economics of Patents:Lessons from Recent U.S.Patent Reform,Journal of Economic Perspectives,2002(16):88-109
[14]朱雪忠,戚昌文,邵洋.论专利申请战略.科研管理,1994(3):1-8
[15]David C.Mowery & Arvids A.Ziedonis,Academic patent quality and quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole act in the United States,Research Policy,2002(31):399-418
[16]Bronwyn H.Hall & Stuart J.H.Graham,Prospects for Improving U.S.Patent Quality via Post-grant Opposition,NBER Working Paper,2003(5):41-83
[17]Jean O.Lanjouw,& Mark Schankerman,Patent Quality and Research Productivity:Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators,The Economic Journal,2004(4):441-465
[18]程良友,汤珊芬.我国专利质量现状、成因及对策探讨.科技与经济,2006(6):33-36
[19]吴红.专利工作应由追求数量向调整结构和提高质量转变.科技管理研究,2006(2):22-25
[20]魏衍亮.垃圾专利问题与防御垃圾专利的对策.电子知识产权,2007(12):18-21
[21]钮京晖.垃圾专利问题的进化论视角.电子知识产权,2008(1):3
[22]吴欣望,席丹.中外企业专利申请的差距.经济学信息报,2003-4-18
[23]江宏庆,张希华,南雁.垃圾专利问题的一些思考.科技信息,2007(25):18
[24]袁真富.中国专利竞赛:理性指引与策略调整.电子知识产权,2006(11):33
[25]戴玉斌.政府资助专利并非公益.科技日报,2000-3-23
[26]姜胜建.专利资助机制的分析与思考.今日科技,2006(5):32
[27]江镇华.专利申请资助办法如是说.中国发明与专利.2004(1):28
[28]吴欣望,石杰..强化知识产权保护及其对策.山东社会科学,2007(1):53
[29]姚军.企业专利申请少的症结及对策.杭州科技,2002(3):24
[30]管煜武,地方政府知识产权管理战略研究——以上海为例,同济大学博士学位论文,2007:147-167
[31]娄正涛.某咨询公司要求市知产局发放专利转向资助费案评析.法学,2007(1):53
[32]曾陈汝明.美国专利制度之理论与实践.专利商标法选论.国立台湾大学法学论丛(13),国立台湾大学法学丛书编辑委员会编辑,1977.9
[33]Christine MacLeod,Inventing the Industrial Revolution:The English Patent System,1660-1800.Cambridge University Press,1988.137
[34]P Moser,How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century World Fairs,National Bureau of Economic Research 2003(3):167
[35]W,M.Hindmarch,Observation on the Defects of the Patent Laws of this Country;With Suggestions for the Reform of Them,Berkeley Technology Law Journal,2002(8):162
[36]张韬略.英美和东亚专利制度历史及其启示.科技与法律,2003(4):51
[37]M Kremer,Patent Buyouts:A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation,Quarterly Journal of Economics.1998(3):173
[38]Ove Granstrand,The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property,Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2000.199
[39]夏佩娟.日本将大幅下调专利商标费用,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo2008/dtxx/gw/2008/200804/t20080401_353839.html 2008-3-6
[40]谢静.日本加大专利费用减免力度,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo2008/dtxx/gw/2006/200804/t20080401_353223.html 2008-3-6
[41]谢静.日本专利代理人协会推出专利申请援助制度,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo2008/dtxx/gw/2005/200804/t20080401_353032.html 2008-3-7
[42]Todd Dickinson.21世纪知识产权与经济发展的关系.面向21世纪知识产权制度国际研讨会论文集,1998(10):21
[43]Griliches,Z.,Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators:a Survey,Journal of Economic Literature.1990(28):661-707
[44]许永兵,徐圣银.长波、创新及美国的新经济.经济科学,2001(2):93
[45]United States Patent and Trademark Office,Revision of Patent Fees for Fiscal Year 2007,http://www1.uspto.gov/go/notices/72fr46899.pdf.2008-4-20.
[46]Cliff Davidson,Esq,U.S.Patent Filings and the Pitfalls of Claiming Small Entity Status,http://www.ddkpatent.com/pubs/SmallEntityStatusArticle.pdf 2008-4-20.
[47]Dominique Guellec,Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Pottede,The Economics of the European Patent System:IP Policy for Innovation and Competition.Oxford University Press,2007.18
[48]NJ Akers,The European Patent System:an introduction for patent searchers.World Patent Information,1999(5):138
[49]LW Henderson,The European community patent,Antennas and Propagation Magazine,IEEE,2003(11):217
[50]Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea:"VISION 2025:Korea's Long-term Plan for S&T Development",2001.
[51][韩]权五甲.韩国的高技术发展战略和政策.走向2020年的中国科技—国际中长期科学和技术发展规划国际论坛资料汇编.2003.129
[52]殷钟鹤,吴贵生.发展中国家的专利战略—韩国的启示.科研管理,2003(4):34
[53]确保完成专利申请量的年度任务.安徽省知识产权局网站,http://www.ahipo.gov.cn/News_Show.asp?NewsID=531 2008-6-12
[54]新华网,http://www.sx.xinhuanet.com/szjj/2007-03/29/content_9646844.htm 2008-6-12
[55]黄勇兵,谭义勋.我国发明专利申请授权现状分析.法治与社会,2007(1):73
[56]中国信息产业部.信息技术领域专利态势分析报告.电子知识产权,2007(9):16
[57]陈昌柏.知识产权经济学.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.55
[58]Branstetter,Lee G.,Raymond Fisman & C.Fritz Foley,Do Stonger Intellectual Property Rights Increase International Technology Transfer? Empirical Evidence from U.S.Firm-Level Panel Data,NBER Working Paper,2005(11):56
[59]Mitsuo Matsushita,Thomas J.Schoenbaum & Petros C.Mavroidis,The World Trade Organization-Law.Practice and Policy,Oxford University Press.2003.266
[60]William K.Wilcox,GATT-Based Protectionism and the Definition of a Subsidy. Boston University of International Law Journal,Spring 2004.138
[61]Subsidies and Countervailing Measures:Overview,available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/scm_e/subs_e.htm 2008-4-6
[62]United States—Tax Treatment for Foreign Sales Corporations-Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Communities,WT/DS108/AB/RW,Appellate Body Report,adopted on 14 Jan.2002,88
[63]Candace Carmihael,Foreign Sales Corporations—Subsidies,Sanctions,and Trade Wars,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,Jan.2002
[64]Terry Collins-Williams and Gerry Salembier,Intemational Disciplines on Subsidies—The GATT,WTO and the Future Agenda,Journal of World Trade,1996(1):30
[65]George Kleinfeld & David Kaye,Red Light,Green Light?-The 1994 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,Research and Development Assistance,and US Policy,Journal of World Trade,1994(6):28
[66]Gaetan Verhoose,National Treatment and Wto Dispute Settlement:Adjudicating the Boundaries of Regulatory Autonomy,Hart Publishing Ltd.2002
[67]Henrik Horn,National Treatment in the GATT/WTO,Institute for International Economic Studies,Stockholm University,London,http://www.noits.org/noits04/pdf/hom.pdf.2008-3-5
[68]余劲松.TRIPS协议研究.法学评论,2001(2):46
[69]N Davenport,The United Kingdom Patent System:A Brief History with Bibliography,Rand Journal of Economics,2004(10):251
[70]Adam B.Jaffe,The U.S.patent system in transition:policy innovation and the innovation process.Research Policy.2000(29):531-557
[71]Joshua S.Gans,Stephen P.King and Ryan Lampe,Patent Renewal Fees and Self-Funding Patent Offices.Topics in Theoretical Economics,2004(4):19
[72]BH Hall,D Harhoff,.Post Grant Review Systems at the US Patent Office-Design Parameters and Expected Impact,Berkeley Law Technology Journal,2008(2):47
[73]HG Grabowski,JM Vernon.Effective patent life in pharmaceuticals.International Journal of Technology Management,2004(9):172
[74]E Kaufer,Economics of the Patent System:Harwood Fundamentals of Applied Economics,Routledge,2002.72
[75]R Gilbert,C.,Shapiro.Optimal Patent Length and Breadth,RAND Journal of Economics,1990(11):78
[76]NT Gallini,Patent Policy and Costly Imitation,RAND Joumal of Economics,2002(7):183
[77]Commission on Intellectual Property Rights.Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy.Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights,London,September 2002.
[78]MK Berkowitz,Y.,Kotowitz.Patent Policy in an Open Economy.Journal of Economics,2003(9):164
[79]马秀山.提高专利收费:非关税壁垒的新形式.中国企业报,2002-8-19
[80]Nathan Rosenberg.Exploring the Black Box:Technology,Economics,and History.Cambridge University Press,2004.211
[81]吴汉东.利弊之间:知识产权制度的政策科学分析.法商研究,2006(5):36
[82]Adam B.Jaffe,Innovation and Its Discontents:How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress and What To Do About It.Princeton University Press,2004
[83]S Jung,KY Imm.The patent activities of Korea and Taiwan:a comparative case study of patent statistics.World Patent Information,2006(5):150
[84]弗里曼,苏特.工业创新经济学.北京:北京大学出版社,2004.转引自:吴红.专利工作应由追求数量向调整结构和提高质量转变.科技管理研究.2006(2):27-29
[85]JF Reinganum.A Dynamic Game of R&D:Patent Protection and Competitive Behavior,Econometrica,1982.213
[86]戴焰.我国专利战略的政府政策研究——以浙江省为例.浙江大学博士学位论文,2006:153-177
[87]M Baudry.B Dumont,Patent Renewals as Options:Improving the Mechanism for Weeding Out Lousy Patents.Review of Industrial Organization.2006,Springer
[88]Jay P.Kesan.A comparative appraisal of patent invalidation process in Japan.日 本特许厅委托平成15年度产业财产权研究推进事业报告书.日本知识产权研究所出版,2004.175
[89]赖院根,朱东华,刘玉琴.专利法律状态信息分析的理论研究及其实证.情报杂志,,2007(8):56-59
[90]梅夏英.财产权构造的基础分析.人民法院出版社,2002.84
[91]Mark A.Lemley,Rational Ignorance at t he Patent Office,Nw.U.L.Rev.2001(12):150
[92]John R.Allison & Mark A.Lemley,Empirical Evidence on t he Validity of Litigated Patents,AIPLA Q.J.1998(11):185
[93]Pui,Wing Tam,More Patents,Please! Teeh Companies Urge Staffers to Submit Innovative Ideas;Cash Awards,Plaques at H-P,Wall Street Journal,2002(10):3
[94]"To Promote Innovation:The Proper Balance of Competition and Patent Law and Policy",http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2003/10/cpre2port.htm 2008-3-5
[95]Arrow,K.J.The External Costs of Voting Rules:A Note on Guttman,Buchanan,and Tullock,European Journal of Political Economy,1998(14):219-222
[96]Baarsma,B.E.&J.G Lambooy.Valuation of Externalities through Noe-elassical Methods by Including Institutional Variables,Transportation Reseach Part D,2005(10):459-475
[97]Alison Young:"The Polities of Regulation Privatized Utilities in Britain",St.martin'Press,2001
[98]S Das.Externalities,and Technology Transfer Through Multinational Corporations:A Theoretical Analysis,Technology Transfer to Developing Countries,2004(4):95
[99]张建英.专利文献在技术创新中的应用.图书馆学研究,2003(8):33
[100]S Baker,C Mezzetti.Disclosure as a Strategy in the Patent Race.The Journal of Law and Economics,2005(7):225
[101]巍衍亮.垃圾专利的法律规制.今日科技.2006,(2):8.
[102]Duysters,Geert & Vanhaverbeke,Wim & Beerkens,Bonnie.Technological capability building through networking strategies within high-tech industries.UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series,2007(5):18
[103]Besley,T.J.&S.Coate.Centralized Versus Decentralized Provision of Local Public Goods:A Political Economy Approach.Journal of Public Economics,2003(87):2611-2637
[104]Josh.Lerner.Patent Protection and Innovation Over 150 Years.American Economic Review,2002(2):48
[105]王峰.专利申请基金政府作用的体现.河南科技,2003(3):10-12
[106]袁真富.中国专利竞赛:理性指引与策略调整.电子知识产权,2006(11):23-26
[107]寇宗来.专利制度的功能和绩效.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.78
[108]Cowan,R.and D.Foray.The Economics of Codification and the Diffusion of Knowledge.Industrial and Corporate Change,1999(6):595-622
[109]Arrow,K.Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention,in R.Nelson eds.The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activities:Economic and Social Factors.Princeton University Press,1962.620
[110]Lee,T.and L.Wilde,Market Structure and Innovation:A ReformLluation,Quarterly and Journal of Economics,1980(94):429-436
[111]寇宗来.专利知识的低效使用和最优专利设计.世界经济文汇,2004(4):53
[112]KO Nil,Stability in the patent race contest of Lee and Wilde.Economic Theory,1999(4):57
[113]P Desrochers,Excludability,Creativity and the Case Against the Patent System.Economic Affairs,2000(8):149
[114]JL King,Wesley M.Cohen and Stephen A.Merrill eds,Patent Examination Procedures and Patent Quality.National Academies Press,2003.340
[115]Chris Dent,Decision-Making and Quality in the Patent Examination Process:An Australian Exploration.Intellectual Property Research Institute of Australia Working Paper,No.01.2006
[116]Wright,B.,The Economics of Invention Incentives:Patent,Prizes and Research Contracts.American Economic Review,2004(73):691-707
[117]刘小明.财政转移支付制度研究.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2001.163
[118]杨志勇,张馨.公共经济学.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.243
[119]Gallini,N.and S.Scotchmer,Intellectual Property:When is it the Best Incentive Mechanism? Innovation Policy and the Economy,MIT Press,1993.51-78
[120]刘娅.对我国科技创新主体获得国外知识产权进行资助的几点思考.科技进步与对策,2007(6):38
[2]Francesca Comelli & Mark Schankerman,Patent Renewals and R&D Incentive,RAND Journal of Economics.1999(30):197-213
[3]浦根祥.试论专利维护成本对企业技术创新的抑制效应.科学管理研究,1999(1):30
[4]Ove Granstrand,The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property.Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.2000.
[5]Adam B.Jaffe,Innovation and Its Discontents:How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress and What To Do About It.Princeton University Press,2004
[6]Joshua S.Gans,Stephen P.King and Ryan Lampe,Patent Renewal Fees and Self-Funding Patent Offices.Topics in Theoretical Economics,2004(4):6
[7]中央政府门户网站.国家知识产权局负责人就专利费用有关问题答中国政府网问.http://www.gov.cn/zwhd/2007-04/04/content_571807.htm 2008-9-1
[8]Lester C.Thurow,Needed:A New System of Intellectual Property Right,Harvard Business Review.1997.
[9]Commission on Intellectual Property Rights,Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy,Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights.London.September 2002.
[10]刘华.知识产权制度的理性与绩效分析.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2004.113-131
[11]吴欣望.专利经济学.北京:中国社会科学出版社,2005.143
[12]Plasmans J.,Pauwels W.Strategic R&D and patent behaviour in some EU-countries,TEW Research Paper 99,1999(5):54-77
[13]Nancy T.Gallini,The Economics of Patents:Lessons from Recent U.S.Patent Reform,Journal of Economic Perspectives,2002(16):88-109
[14]朱雪忠,戚昌文,邵洋.论专利申请战略.科研管理,1994(3):1-8
[15]David C.Mowery & Arvids A.Ziedonis,Academic patent quality and quantity before and after the Bayh-Dole act in the United States,Research Policy,2002(31):399-418
[16]Bronwyn H.Hall & Stuart J.H.Graham,Prospects for Improving U.S.Patent Quality via Post-grant Opposition,NBER Working Paper,2003(5):41-83
[17]Jean O.Lanjouw,& Mark Schankerman,Patent Quality and Research Productivity:Measuring Innovation with Multiple Indicators,The Economic Journal,2004(4):441-465
[18]程良友,汤珊芬.我国专利质量现状、成因及对策探讨.科技与经济,2006(6):33-36
[19]吴红.专利工作应由追求数量向调整结构和提高质量转变.科技管理研究,2006(2):22-25
[20]魏衍亮.垃圾专利问题与防御垃圾专利的对策.电子知识产权,2007(12):18-21
[21]钮京晖.垃圾专利问题的进化论视角.电子知识产权,2008(1):3
[22]吴欣望,席丹.中外企业专利申请的差距.经济学信息报,2003-4-18
[23]江宏庆,张希华,南雁.垃圾专利问题的一些思考.科技信息,2007(25):18
[24]袁真富.中国专利竞赛:理性指引与策略调整.电子知识产权,2006(11):33
[25]戴玉斌.政府资助专利并非公益.科技日报,2000-3-23
[26]姜胜建.专利资助机制的分析与思考.今日科技,2006(5):32
[27]江镇华.专利申请资助办法如是说.中国发明与专利.2004(1):28
[28]吴欣望,石杰..强化知识产权保护及其对策.山东社会科学,2007(1):53
[29]姚军.企业专利申请少的症结及对策.杭州科技,2002(3):24
[30]管煜武,地方政府知识产权管理战略研究——以上海为例,同济大学博士学位论文,2007:147-167
[31]娄正涛.某咨询公司要求市知产局发放专利转向资助费案评析.法学,2007(1):53
[32]曾陈汝明.美国专利制度之理论与实践.专利商标法选论.国立台湾大学法学论丛(13),国立台湾大学法学丛书编辑委员会编辑,1977.9
[33]Christine MacLeod,Inventing the Industrial Revolution:The English Patent System,1660-1800.Cambridge University Press,1988.137
[34]P Moser,How Do Patent Laws Influence Innovation? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century World Fairs,National Bureau of Economic Research 2003(3):167
[35]W,M.Hindmarch,Observation on the Defects of the Patent Laws of this Country;With Suggestions for the Reform of Them,Berkeley Technology Law Journal,2002(8):162
[36]张韬略.英美和东亚专利制度历史及其启示.科技与法律,2003(4):51
[37]M Kremer,Patent Buyouts:A Mechanism for Encouraging Innovation,Quarterly Journal of Economics.1998(3):173
[38]Ove Granstrand,The Economics and Management of Intellectual Property,Edward Elgar Publishing Limited,2000.199
[39]夏佩娟.日本将大幅下调专利商标费用,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo2008/dtxx/gw/2008/200804/t20080401_353839.html 2008-3-6
[40]谢静.日本加大专利费用减免力度,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo2008/dtxx/gw/2006/200804/t20080401_353223.html 2008-3-6
[41]谢静.日本专利代理人协会推出专利申请援助制度,http://www.sipo.gov.cn/sipo2008/dtxx/gw/2005/200804/t20080401_353032.html 2008-3-7
[42]Todd Dickinson.21世纪知识产权与经济发展的关系.面向21世纪知识产权制度国际研讨会论文集,1998(10):21
[43]Griliches,Z.,Patent Statistics as Economic Indicators:a Survey,Journal of Economic Literature.1990(28):661-707
[44]许永兵,徐圣银.长波、创新及美国的新经济.经济科学,2001(2):93
[45]United States Patent and Trademark Office,Revision of Patent Fees for Fiscal Year 2007,http://www1.uspto.gov/go/notices/72fr46899.pdf.2008-4-20.
[46]Cliff Davidson,Esq,U.S.Patent Filings and the Pitfalls of Claiming Small Entity Status,http://www.ddkpatent.com/pubs/SmallEntityStatusArticle.pdf 2008-4-20.
[47]Dominique Guellec,Bruno van Pottelsberghe de la Pottede,The Economics of the European Patent System:IP Policy for Innovation and Competition.Oxford University Press,2007.18
[48]NJ Akers,The European Patent System:an introduction for patent searchers.World Patent Information,1999(5):138
[49]LW Henderson,The European community patent,Antennas and Propagation Magazine,IEEE,2003(11):217
[50]Ministry of Science and Technology of Korea:"VISION 2025:Korea's Long-term Plan for S&T Development",2001.
[51][韩]权五甲.韩国的高技术发展战略和政策.走向2020年的中国科技—国际中长期科学和技术发展规划国际论坛资料汇编.2003.129
[52]殷钟鹤,吴贵生.发展中国家的专利战略—韩国的启示.科研管理,2003(4):34
[53]确保完成专利申请量的年度任务.安徽省知识产权局网站,http://www.ahipo.gov.cn/News_Show.asp?NewsID=531 2008-6-12
[54]新华网,http://www.sx.xinhuanet.com/szjj/2007-03/29/content_9646844.htm 2008-6-12
[55]黄勇兵,谭义勋.我国发明专利申请授权现状分析.法治与社会,2007(1):73
[56]中国信息产业部.信息技术领域专利态势分析报告.电子知识产权,2007(9):16
[57]陈昌柏.知识产权经济学.北京:北京大学出版社,2003.55
[58]Branstetter,Lee G.,Raymond Fisman & C.Fritz Foley,Do Stonger Intellectual Property Rights Increase International Technology Transfer? Empirical Evidence from U.S.Firm-Level Panel Data,NBER Working Paper,2005(11):56
[59]Mitsuo Matsushita,Thomas J.Schoenbaum & Petros C.Mavroidis,The World Trade Organization-Law.Practice and Policy,Oxford University Press.2003.266
[60]William K.Wilcox,GATT-Based Protectionism and the Definition of a Subsidy. Boston University of International Law Journal,Spring 2004.138
[61]Subsidies and Countervailing Measures:Overview,available at http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/scm_e/subs_e.htm 2008-4-6
[62]United States—Tax Treatment for Foreign Sales Corporations-Recourse to Article 21.5 of the DSU by the European Communities,WT/DS108/AB/RW,Appellate Body Report,adopted on 14 Jan.2002,88
[63]Candace Carmihael,Foreign Sales Corporations—Subsidies,Sanctions,and Trade Wars,Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law,Jan.2002
[64]Terry Collins-Williams and Gerry Salembier,Intemational Disciplines on Subsidies—The GATT,WTO and the Future Agenda,Journal of World Trade,1996(1):30
[65]George Kleinfeld & David Kaye,Red Light,Green Light?-The 1994 Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures,Research and Development Assistance,and US Policy,Journal of World Trade,1994(6):28
[66]Gaetan Verhoose,National Treatment and Wto Dispute Settlement:Adjudicating the Boundaries of Regulatory Autonomy,Hart Publishing Ltd.2002
[67]Henrik Horn,National Treatment in the GATT/WTO,Institute for International Economic Studies,Stockholm University,London,http://www.noits.org/noits04/pdf/hom.pdf.2008-3-5
[68]余劲松.TRIPS协议研究.法学评论,2001(2):46
[69]N Davenport,The United Kingdom Patent System:A Brief History with Bibliography,Rand Journal of Economics,2004(10):251
[70]Adam B.Jaffe,The U.S.patent system in transition:policy innovation and the innovation process.Research Policy.2000(29):531-557
[71]Joshua S.Gans,Stephen P.King and Ryan Lampe,Patent Renewal Fees and Self-Funding Patent Offices.Topics in Theoretical Economics,2004(4):19
[72]BH Hall,D Harhoff,.Post Grant Review Systems at the US Patent Office-Design Parameters and Expected Impact,Berkeley Law Technology Journal,2008(2):47
[73]HG Grabowski,JM Vernon.Effective patent life in pharmaceuticals.International Journal of Technology Management,2004(9):172
[74]E Kaufer,Economics of the Patent System:Harwood Fundamentals of Applied Economics,Routledge,2002.72
[75]R Gilbert,C.,Shapiro.Optimal Patent Length and Breadth,RAND Journal of Economics,1990(11):78
[76]NT Gallini,Patent Policy and Costly Imitation,RAND Joumal of Economics,2002(7):183
[77]Commission on Intellectual Property Rights.Integrating Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy.Report of the Commission on Intellectual Property Rights,London,September 2002.
[78]MK Berkowitz,Y.,Kotowitz.Patent Policy in an Open Economy.Journal of Economics,2003(9):164
[79]马秀山.提高专利收费:非关税壁垒的新形式.中国企业报,2002-8-19
[80]Nathan Rosenberg.Exploring the Black Box:Technology,Economics,and History.Cambridge University Press,2004.211
[81]吴汉东.利弊之间:知识产权制度的政策科学分析.法商研究,2006(5):36
[82]Adam B.Jaffe,Innovation and Its Discontents:How Our Broken Patent System is Endangering Innovation and Progress and What To Do About It.Princeton University Press,2004
[83]S Jung,KY Imm.The patent activities of Korea and Taiwan:a comparative case study of patent statistics.World Patent Information,2006(5):150
[84]弗里曼,苏特.工业创新经济学.北京:北京大学出版社,2004.转引自:吴红.专利工作应由追求数量向调整结构和提高质量转变.科技管理研究.2006(2):27-29
[85]JF Reinganum.A Dynamic Game of R&D:Patent Protection and Competitive Behavior,Econometrica,1982.213
[86]戴焰.我国专利战略的政府政策研究——以浙江省为例.浙江大学博士学位论文,2006:153-177
[87]M Baudry.B Dumont,Patent Renewals as Options:Improving the Mechanism for Weeding Out Lousy Patents.Review of Industrial Organization.2006,Springer
[88]Jay P.Kesan.A comparative appraisal of patent invalidation process in Japan.日 本特许厅委托平成15年度产业财产权研究推进事业报告书.日本知识产权研究所出版,2004.175
[89]赖院根,朱东华,刘玉琴.专利法律状态信息分析的理论研究及其实证.情报杂志,,2007(8):56-59
[90]梅夏英.财产权构造的基础分析.人民法院出版社,2002.84
[91]Mark A.Lemley,Rational Ignorance at t he Patent Office,Nw.U.L.Rev.2001(12):150
[92]John R.Allison & Mark A.Lemley,Empirical Evidence on t he Validity of Litigated Patents,AIPLA Q.J.1998(11):185
[93]Pui,Wing Tam,More Patents,Please! Teeh Companies Urge Staffers to Submit Innovative Ideas;Cash Awards,Plaques at H-P,Wall Street Journal,2002(10):3
[94]"To Promote Innovation:The Proper Balance of Competition and Patent Law and Policy",http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2003/10/cpre2port.htm 2008-3-5
[95]Arrow,K.J.The External Costs of Voting Rules:A Note on Guttman,Buchanan,and Tullock,European Journal of Political Economy,1998(14):219-222
[96]Baarsma,B.E.&J.G Lambooy.Valuation of Externalities through Noe-elassical Methods by Including Institutional Variables,Transportation Reseach Part D,2005(10):459-475
[97]Alison Young:"The Polities of Regulation Privatized Utilities in Britain",St.martin'Press,2001
[98]S Das.Externalities,and Technology Transfer Through Multinational Corporations:A Theoretical Analysis,Technology Transfer to Developing Countries,2004(4):95
[99]张建英.专利文献在技术创新中的应用.图书馆学研究,2003(8):33
[100]S Baker,C Mezzetti.Disclosure as a Strategy in the Patent Race.The Journal of Law and Economics,2005(7):225
[101]巍衍亮.垃圾专利的法律规制.今日科技.2006,(2):8.
[102]Duysters,Geert & Vanhaverbeke,Wim & Beerkens,Bonnie.Technological capability building through networking strategies within high-tech industries.UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series,2007(5):18
[103]Besley,T.J.&S.Coate.Centralized Versus Decentralized Provision of Local Public Goods:A Political Economy Approach.Journal of Public Economics,2003(87):2611-2637
[104]Josh.Lerner.Patent Protection and Innovation Over 150 Years.American Economic Review,2002(2):48
[105]王峰.专利申请基金政府作用的体现.河南科技,2003(3):10-12
[106]袁真富.中国专利竞赛:理性指引与策略调整.电子知识产权,2006(11):23-26
[107]寇宗来.专利制度的功能和绩效.上海:上海人民出版社,2005.78
[108]Cowan,R.and D.Foray.The Economics of Codification and the Diffusion of Knowledge.Industrial and Corporate Change,1999(6):595-622
[109]Arrow,K.Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention,in R.Nelson eds.The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activities:Economic and Social Factors.Princeton University Press,1962.620
[110]Lee,T.and L.Wilde,Market Structure and Innovation:A ReformLluation,Quarterly and Journal of Economics,1980(94):429-436
[111]寇宗来.专利知识的低效使用和最优专利设计.世界经济文汇,2004(4):53
[112]KO Nil,Stability in the patent race contest of Lee and Wilde.Economic Theory,1999(4):57
[113]P Desrochers,Excludability,Creativity and the Case Against the Patent System.Economic Affairs,2000(8):149
[114]JL King,Wesley M.Cohen and Stephen A.Merrill eds,Patent Examination Procedures and Patent Quality.National Academies Press,2003.340
[115]Chris Dent,Decision-Making and Quality in the Patent Examination Process:An Australian Exploration.Intellectual Property Research Institute of Australia Working Paper,No.01.2006
[116]Wright,B.,The Economics of Invention Incentives:Patent,Prizes and Research Contracts.American Economic Review,2004(73):691-707
[117]刘小明.财政转移支付制度研究.北京:中国财政经济出版社,2001.163
[118]杨志勇,张馨.公共经济学.北京:清华大学出版社,2004.243
[119]Gallini,N.and S.Scotchmer,Intellectual Property:When is it the Best Incentive Mechanism? Innovation Policy and the Economy,MIT Press,1993.51-78
[120]刘娅.对我国科技创新主体获得国外知识产权进行资助的几点思考.科技进步与对策,2007(6):38