内贸水运集装箱运输企业开展物流服务的研究
摘要
海运集装箱运输的价廉、量大、货损低的特点已得到公认。近10年来，我国国际集装箱港口吞吐量年均增幅在25％以上。预计在未来几年里，我国国际集装箱仍将保持强劲增长势头。但是我国国内的海运集装箱运输却是在最近几年才发展起来的。
随着沿海经济的发展，我国国内贸易中高价值货交流日趋活跃，像家用电器、装饰材料、日用百货、家具、饮料等对运输质量要求较高，集装箱专用船在运输上述货物方面具有明显的优势。
1997年我国内贸集装箱运输吞吐量完成了20万TEU。到]998年底已有7个公司的13艘全集装箱船从事沿海内贸集装箱运输，吞吐量猛增至66万TEU，吞吐量与运输量分别是97年的330％和376％。1999年底已有10多家公司相继投入沿海内贸集装箱运输市场，吞吐量达182万TEU，形成了北起大连，南至海口沿海集装箱运输的大通道和以上海为中心沟通沿海和长江的“T”型运输网络。随着运力的不断投入，2000年底，我国集装箱吞吐量超过了300万TEU，比1999年增长了近100个百分点，2001年，增长速度放缓，但全年内贸集装箱吞吐量也约达370万TEU，具惊人的发展速度引起了航运界的普遍关注。
迅速的发展理应给业内企业带来丰厚的回报。然而，由于国际集装箱运输市场长期低迷等各种原因，各大小船公司都纷纷瞄准了这一领域。随之而来的激烈的无序竞争使业内各方都受到了损失。
内贸集装箱运输的发展路在何方?有以下观点；
1、打价格战，进一步做大自身市场，直到实力较弱的对手退出市场为止；但是，这种策略对自己的伤害很大不说，还有，内贸集装箱运输市场准入门槛远低于国际集装箱运输(许多船公司就是租船经营，开停都很方便)。这样，即使小的船公司一时退出市场，他日还会卷土重来。
2、组织班轮公会，协调运价，分配市场份额；但是，目前的实践证明现在公会内部不能协调，新的船公司正源源不断地加入内贸集装箱运输市场。
3、呼吁政府出台相应法规，制止恶性竞争；这是很好的想法，但我国市场经济在不断的完善中，这方面的成熟的法典并不能在短时间内实行。
鉴于此，我们认为作为一个内贸集装箱运输企业来讲，只有以物流的思想武装自己，学习掌握物流技术，勇于改造自身弱点并发挥优势，才能在今后的激烈竞争中立于不败之地。
物流的概念最早产生于美国，欧美日等发达国家的物流业起步较早，已形成相对成熟的物流市场，传统运输业已逐步融入了现代物流。而我国物流业仍处于相对落后的状态。这同时也已说明，在中国发展物流的空间是极大的。内贸集装
饥运输企业应该把握什这个机遇。
内贸集装箱运输企业的物流冉造有以下效益：
1、有利于稳定老客广、发展新客户；对于内贸集装箱运输的客户而占，其
运输过程极少仅仅采用海运集装箱一种方式，必然是多种方式并存的。发展物流，
提供单窗日服务无疑可以使客户得到高水平的服务。
二、叮以获得新的利涧增长点；仅就海运上来讲，总的形势是运力过剩，加
卜价格大；‘戊，利润空间己经少得叶怜。而集装箱货物的陆上运输却蕴臧着丰厚的
利涧。举例来说，海L：1南青集装箱班轮公司2000年盈利250万，财务分析表明，
其主业海运只盈利 80万，而集卡方面的盈利竟有门0万之多！
3、有利于加强内部管理水平；发展物流，不是一下子发展起来的。必然是
随着条件的成熟，从一个一个的物流个项发展。公司管理，员工素质的提高可以
通过这些物流个项得到实现。
4、有利十密切掌握市场动态；日前的水运市场，各种货代繁多，这对船公
一掌握巾场信总是不利的。提供全方位的物流服务，可以减少不必要的代理，使
船公；4更加贴近巾场。
5。加强外部合作；物流项目的实施需要各环节的统一协调，这种协调往往
都是在企业仰进行的（对内贸集装箱运输企业来说）。通过物流项目的实施，以
此为载体加强行业材！关企业之问的合作。
如何进行物流冉造呢？我们认为口有以下途径：
1、时刻把握市场信恩：
把握巾场信息是指把握与市场相关的一切信恩。包括货源信息、业内其它
船公司的航线及运力信息、运价信息、公路的市场信息等等。现今没有哪家公司
从观念上忽视市场信息的作用。但现实情况往往是在信息的来源渠道方面、信息
的处理方面都没能有好的具体制度。抉策缺乏科学性。
2、充分利用现有资源；
物流足从现实的经济生活中慢慢发展起来的。内贸集装箱运输企业发展物
流问样也要有循序渐进的观念。必须要了解自己能力的优势所在，并以此为基础
进行发展。这样才可以使自己的“产品”更富竞争力，容易为客户所接受。一般
术说，船公司只有的资源有：运输网络；信息网络；现有客户；与码头、仓库、
车队的合作优势等。
3、接受、了解物流理念，掌握一定的物流技术；
简单的说，物流就是在物品的在时间和空fHJ上的位移中贯彻了一个“系统”
的观念。在一个系统中，于系统的最优并不代表着整个系统的最优，前者当然也
个足系统的最终目标。
对十内贸集装箱运输企业来讲，上要应掌握两项技术，一是?
The economy, high efficiency about maritime container liner is well known by people. In the past decade, there have been average 25% growth on international container liner each year in china. It can be expected that the increate will be hold in the future. But mentioning the civil container carrying, it has a obvious growth merely in recent several years.
According to the development of economic in inshore area, the domestic trades have been becoming active. Cargo such as electrical appliance, ornament materials, daily necessaries, furniture, beverage needed a better transportation than before. Container liner has the ability to meet this demand.
1997 in china the through put of civil container transportation was 200,000 TEU. And in 1998, 13 container vessels from 7 enterprises were put into these lines. At the end of 1998, the number of through put reached at 650,000 TEU. Compared by the numbers in 1997, the through put and the freight volume were separately 330% & 376%. In 1998 , there had been 10 enterprises in the market of civil container transportation. Prime construction of courses had started to be established. That is a net like 'T' which north from dalian, south to haikou, and with the center of shanghai contacting the inshore area and the yangzi river area. At the end of 2000, civil container through put was beyond 3,000,OOOTEU. The number of 2001 was 3,700,000TEU. The amazing speed of development had been concerned by lots of shipping enterprise.
Many shipping enterprises had got a good reward from this kind of development. Meanwhile, in the world market of international container liners was not so prosperous as before, civil container transportation got more concern. As a great number of vessels were put into this market, as the result there are keen competition, sometimes unfair competition in the market.
Several opinions on the development of the market were be brought up as below
1. price competition. Stronger enterprise absorb as much as freight by lower price till other competitor can't remain their business.
2. Establishing a liners association, control the freight price within a reasonable limits.
3. Claiming a relative legislation from the authorities to prevent the market from malignant competition.
But recently we've regretfully found, those above weren't the good ways. To exist from the keen competition, as a civil shipping enterprise, she have to recreate herself to meet the demand of supply chain or to say, the logistics.
The concept of logistics originated from U.S. developed countries had been made a great progress on logistics. And a well developed market was been established. But the situation in china was different. But on the other
side, it can be expected that logistics will make a great progress in the coming future.
Recreating will produce several good results like below:
1. holding those customers of long standing, getting new customers.
2. Gaining a new point to increase the profit. In one word, now there is a excessive capacity of vessel in this market. With the keen competition, less space was remained for the vessel teams to get more profit. Sometimes trunk teams will earn even much more than vessels. We have to recognize this fact.
3. To advance the ability of good management.
4. Helpful to make a close connection with market
5. Doing better at making a union with the other relative enterprises
But how to make this recreating? Here some suggestions will be taken forward as below:
1. Paying more attention on marketing information. No one would neglect the importance of marketing information. But there are still lots of problems at how to get information properly, how to deal information efficiently and so on.
2. Make fully use of any resource which we own now.
3. Well knowing the theorem of logistics, and put some technique into practice
4. Establishing a applicable information system
5. Have enough courage to make some changes in the framework of the existing organization
Actually, duri
随着沿海经济的发展，我国国内贸易中高价值货交流日趋活跃，像家用电器、装饰材料、日用百货、家具、饮料等对运输质量要求较高，集装箱专用船在运输上述货物方面具有明显的优势。
1997年我国内贸集装箱运输吞吐量完成了20万TEU。到]998年底已有7个公司的13艘全集装箱船从事沿海内贸集装箱运输，吞吐量猛增至66万TEU，吞吐量与运输量分别是97年的330％和376％。1999年底已有10多家公司相继投入沿海内贸集装箱运输市场，吞吐量达182万TEU，形成了北起大连，南至海口沿海集装箱运输的大通道和以上海为中心沟通沿海和长江的“T”型运输网络。随着运力的不断投入，2000年底，我国集装箱吞吐量超过了300万TEU，比1999年增长了近100个百分点，2001年，增长速度放缓，但全年内贸集装箱吞吐量也约达370万TEU，具惊人的发展速度引起了航运界的普遍关注。
迅速的发展理应给业内企业带来丰厚的回报。然而，由于国际集装箱运输市场长期低迷等各种原因，各大小船公司都纷纷瞄准了这一领域。随之而来的激烈的无序竞争使业内各方都受到了损失。
内贸集装箱运输的发展路在何方?有以下观点；
1、打价格战，进一步做大自身市场，直到实力较弱的对手退出市场为止；但是，这种策略对自己的伤害很大不说，还有，内贸集装箱运输市场准入门槛远低于国际集装箱运输(许多船公司就是租船经营，开停都很方便)。这样，即使小的船公司一时退出市场，他日还会卷土重来。
2、组织班轮公会，协调运价，分配市场份额；但是，目前的实践证明现在公会内部不能协调，新的船公司正源源不断地加入内贸集装箱运输市场。
3、呼吁政府出台相应法规，制止恶性竞争；这是很好的想法，但我国市场经济在不断的完善中，这方面的成熟的法典并不能在短时间内实行。
鉴于此，我们认为作为一个内贸集装箱运输企业来讲，只有以物流的思想武装自己，学习掌握物流技术，勇于改造自身弱点并发挥优势，才能在今后的激烈竞争中立于不败之地。
物流的概念最早产生于美国，欧美日等发达国家的物流业起步较早，已形成相对成熟的物流市场，传统运输业已逐步融入了现代物流。而我国物流业仍处于相对落后的状态。这同时也已说明，在中国发展物流的空间是极大的。内贸集装
饥运输企业应该把握什这个机遇。
内贸集装箱运输企业的物流冉造有以下效益：
1、有利于稳定老客广、发展新客户；对于内贸集装箱运输的客户而占，其
运输过程极少仅仅采用海运集装箱一种方式，必然是多种方式并存的。发展物流，
提供单窗日服务无疑可以使客户得到高水平的服务。
二、叮以获得新的利涧增长点；仅就海运上来讲，总的形势是运力过剩，加
卜价格大；‘戊，利润空间己经少得叶怜。而集装箱货物的陆上运输却蕴臧着丰厚的
利涧。举例来说，海L：1南青集装箱班轮公司2000年盈利250万，财务分析表明，
其主业海运只盈利 80万，而集卡方面的盈利竟有门0万之多！
3、有利于加强内部管理水平；发展物流，不是一下子发展起来的。必然是
随着条件的成熟，从一个一个的物流个项发展。公司管理，员工素质的提高可以
通过这些物流个项得到实现。
4、有利十密切掌握市场动态；日前的水运市场，各种货代繁多，这对船公
一掌握巾场信总是不利的。提供全方位的物流服务，可以减少不必要的代理，使
船公；4更加贴近巾场。
5。加强外部合作；物流项目的实施需要各环节的统一协调，这种协调往往
都是在企业仰进行的（对内贸集装箱运输企业来说）。通过物流项目的实施，以
此为载体加强行业材！关企业之问的合作。
如何进行物流冉造呢？我们认为口有以下途径：
1、时刻把握市场信恩：
把握巾场信息是指把握与市场相关的一切信恩。包括货源信息、业内其它
船公司的航线及运力信息、运价信息、公路的市场信息等等。现今没有哪家公司
从观念上忽视市场信息的作用。但现实情况往往是在信息的来源渠道方面、信息
的处理方面都没能有好的具体制度。抉策缺乏科学性。
2、充分利用现有资源；
物流足从现实的经济生活中慢慢发展起来的。内贸集装箱运输企业发展物
流问样也要有循序渐进的观念。必须要了解自己能力的优势所在，并以此为基础
进行发展。这样才可以使自己的“产品”更富竞争力，容易为客户所接受。一般
术说，船公司只有的资源有：运输网络；信息网络；现有客户；与码头、仓库、
车队的合作优势等。
3、接受、了解物流理念，掌握一定的物流技术；
简单的说，物流就是在物品的在时间和空fHJ上的位移中贯彻了一个“系统”
的观念。在一个系统中，于系统的最优并不代表着整个系统的最优，前者当然也
个足系统的最终目标。
对十内贸集装箱运输企业来讲，上要应掌握两项技术，一是?
The economy, high efficiency about maritime container liner is well known by people. In the past decade, there have been average 25% growth on international container liner each year in china. It can be expected that the increate will be hold in the future. But mentioning the civil container carrying, it has a obvious growth merely in recent several years.
According to the development of economic in inshore area, the domestic trades have been becoming active. Cargo such as electrical appliance, ornament materials, daily necessaries, furniture, beverage needed a better transportation than before. Container liner has the ability to meet this demand.
1997 in china the through put of civil container transportation was 200,000 TEU. And in 1998, 13 container vessels from 7 enterprises were put into these lines. At the end of 1998, the number of through put reached at 650,000 TEU. Compared by the numbers in 1997, the through put and the freight volume were separately 330% & 376%. In 1998 , there had been 10 enterprises in the market of civil container transportation. Prime construction of courses had started to be established. That is a net like 'T' which north from dalian, south to haikou, and with the center of shanghai contacting the inshore area and the yangzi river area. At the end of 2000, civil container through put was beyond 3,000,OOOTEU. The number of 2001 was 3,700,000TEU. The amazing speed of development had been concerned by lots of shipping enterprise.
Many shipping enterprises had got a good reward from this kind of development. Meanwhile, in the world market of international container liners was not so prosperous as before, civil container transportation got more concern. As a great number of vessels were put into this market, as the result there are keen competition, sometimes unfair competition in the market.
Several opinions on the development of the market were be brought up as below
1. price competition. Stronger enterprise absorb as much as freight by lower price till other competitor can't remain their business.
2. Establishing a liners association, control the freight price within a reasonable limits.
3. Claiming a relative legislation from the authorities to prevent the market from malignant competition.
But recently we've regretfully found, those above weren't the good ways. To exist from the keen competition, as a civil shipping enterprise, she have to recreate herself to meet the demand of supply chain or to say, the logistics.
The concept of logistics originated from U.S. developed countries had been made a great progress on logistics. And a well developed market was been established. But the situation in china was different. But on the other
side, it can be expected that logistics will make a great progress in the coming future.
Recreating will produce several good results like below:
1. holding those customers of long standing, getting new customers.
2. Gaining a new point to increase the profit. In one word, now there is a excessive capacity of vessel in this market. With the keen competition, less space was remained for the vessel teams to get more profit. Sometimes trunk teams will earn even much more than vessels. We have to recognize this fact.
3. To advance the ability of good management.
4. Helpful to make a close connection with market
5. Doing better at making a union with the other relative enterprises
But how to make this recreating? Here some suggestions will be taken forward as below:
1. Paying more attention on marketing information. No one would neglect the importance of marketing information. But there are still lots of problems at how to get information properly, how to deal information efficiently and so on.
2. Make fully use of any resource which we own now.
3. Well knowing the theorem of logistics, and put some technique into practice
4. Establishing a applicable information system
5. Have enough courage to make some changes in the framework of the existing organization
Actually, duri
引文
1．《集装箱化杂志》1999年第5、12期；2000年第1期
2．《水运管理》1999年第1、2期，2000年第2期
3．《中国水运》2001年第4、6期
4．《航运交易公报》2000年第45、47、50期 2001年第2、6、7期
5．《中国航务周刊》2001年第9、10、17期
6．《物流技术》2001年第4 6、10期2002年第2期
7．[日]菊池康也著 丁立信译《物流管理》 清华大学出版社1999年9月
8．[美]唐纳德 J.鲍尔索克斯 戴维 J.克劳斯 著 林国龙 等译《物流管理》—供应链过程的一体化机械工业出版社 1998
9．[加]Michiel R. Leenders [美]Harold E.Fearon著 张杰 张群 译《采购与供应管理》机械工业出版社 2001
10．苦瀬博仁《付加価值创造》 税务经理协会 1999
2．《水运管理》1999年第1、2期，2000年第2期
3．《中国水运》2001年第4、6期
4．《航运交易公报》2000年第45、47、50期 2001年第2、6、7期
5．《中国航务周刊》2001年第9、10、17期
6．《物流技术》2001年第4 6、10期2002年第2期
7．[日]菊池康也著 丁立信译《物流管理》 清华大学出版社1999年9月
8．[美]唐纳德 J.鲍尔索克斯 戴维 J.克劳斯 著 林国龙 等译《物流管理》—供应链过程的一体化机械工业出版社 1998
9．[加]Michiel R. Leenders [美]Harold E.Fearon著 张杰 张群 译《采购与供应管理》机械工业出版社 2001
10．苦瀬博仁《付加価值创造》 税务经理协会 1999