激波驱动下液体与固体颗粒的抛撒研究
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摘要
气溶胶是指长时间悬浮于气体介质中的固体或液体分子团簇,它具有原介质的化学、物理特性,且有特定的运动规律。除气象和消防等民用领域之外,其广泛用于军事领域。气溶胶的形成机理及气溶胶云团形成后的特性参数是当前军事领域研究的热点。本文借助白行设计的激波管测试系统,理论和实验研究了管口激波驱动下液体和固体颗粒群的抛撒及气溶胶云团的形成过程,主要内容如下：
(1)在激波与液滴作用过程的理论和实验基础上,通过类比分析及引入We数、Oh数等无量纲参数,理论研究了激波与液膜的作用过程；从能量转换角度出发,分析了激波与固体颗粒群作用的流场状态。借助激波与多种物质作用的实验结果,理论分析了激波与不同物质作用后的激波状态和流场变化情况。
(2)实验研究了激波与液膜的相互作用及激波驱动下液膜的变形、破碎和抛撒。实验中以激波的马赫数、液膜的种类、液膜的厚度为参数,系统分析了各参数对液膜变形破碎及抛撒成气溶胶云团的影响,发现在同一马赫数激波作用下,抛撒形成云团的大小与液膜的厚度密切相关。对水和丙三醇两种液体来说,由于粘性的差异,水膜的抛撒效果要明显好于丙三醇膜。使用多普勒粒子测速仪(PDPA)装置测量了液膜抛撒后形成气溶胶云团中液滴的粒径分布和速度分布,发现在激波作用后,液滴粒子的平均直径随抛撒距离的增大而减小,而纵向和横向运动速度先减小后趋于稳定,在抛撒初期液滴的纵向运动速度要明显高于横向运动速度；对水和丙三醇混合物而言,随着丙三醇浓度的增加,形成的云团中粒子的平均直径先减小后增大,存在最小值,而粒子的纵向速度和横向速度先变小后趋于稳定。最后,结合实验数据建立了相关模型。
(3)通过压力测试和阴影照相相结合的手段,实验研究了激波与固体颗粒群的相互作用及固体颗粒在激波驱动下的抛撒轨迹。发现在同一激波马赫数作用下,固体颗粒群的抛撒效果与颗粒堆积度及粒径大小相关,通过理论计算建立了相关模型。通过数值仿真技术模拟了特定实验条件下激波驱动下固体颗粒群的抛撒,将模拟所得数据和实际实验结果进行对比,发现两者存在较好的吻合性。
(4)结合实验室内激波驱动下液体和固体抛撒的结果和规律,开展了外场实验研究,主要研究了爆炸冲击波作用下,环氧丙烷(PO)燃料和固体温压药剂的抛撒及爆燃情况。发现PO由于其自身物理特性的原因,能获得较好的抛撒效果,可以有效地提高燃料抛撒引爆后的杀伤范围；通过对比TNT和固体温压药剂的爆炸效果,发现固体温压药剂由于其抛撒及与周围空气作用效果明显,其高温区范围及高温持续时间有明显增强。
Aerosols are solid or liquid molecule clusters which suspend in gas medium for a long time. They have original chemical and physical characteristics and specific motion patterns. Besides being used in meteorology and fire protection fields, aerosols are also widely used in military field. The formation mechanism of aerosols and the parameters of aerosol cloud are main points in the investigation of aerosols in military field. Based on theoretical studies and experimental investigations, this dissertation studied the dispersal of liquid droplets and solid particles induced by shock wave and the formation processes of aerosol clouds using self-designed shock tubes. The specific contents are as follows:
(1) On the basis of theoretical and experimental investigation of the interaction processes between shock waves and liquid droplets, the interaction process between shock waves and liquid films are investigated theoretically after analogy analysis and bringing in the non-dimensional parameters, including We and Oh. The filed condition after the interaction between shock waves and solid particles was also analyzed from the energy conversion point. The change of shock wave state and flow field conditions after the interaction between shock waves and objects were also studied theoretically based on the results of several experiments.
(2) The interaction between shock waves and liquid films were investigated experimentally and the formation, breakup and dispersal of liquid films were studied together. In the experiments, Mach number, kind of liquid and the thickness of liquid film are three importance parameters. The influences of the three parameters on the breakup and formation of aerosol cloud were analyzed systematically. The results indicated that induced by the same shock wave, there existed closely relationship between the size of cloud and the thickness of film. For water and glycerol, the dispersal performance of water was better than glycerol because of the differences of their viscosities. PDPA device was used to measure the diameter distribution and velocity distribution of the aerosol cloud formed. It is found that the average diameters of water particles decreased with the increase of dispersal distance and the vertical and horizontal velocities both decreased and then remained stable. Vertical velocity is bigger than the horizontal one at the original state. For the mixture between water and glycerol, the average diameter of liquid particles decreased and then increased with the increase of glycerol content and the velocities both decreased and then remained stable. Finally, several models were established using data obtained in the experiments.
(3) Pressure measurement and shadow graphic technology were combined to study the interaction between shock waves and solid particles. The dispersal traces were also investigated. Several models are established and numerical simulation was carried out, which was in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the investigation between shock waves and particles, the interactions between shock waves and materials with different densities were performed. The results indicated that the material had different variations induced by the same shock wave for the differences of their physical parameters.
(4) A number of field experiments were carried out using the results obtained in the laboratory. The dispersal and explosion parameters of PO fuel and thermobaric explosives induced by blast shock wave were mainly investigated. Because of the physical features of PO fuel, the dispersal effect is perfect which also leads to the enlargement of damage range of PO fuel. Compared with the blast perfomance of TNT, it is found that the high temperature range and the duration of high temperature of solid thermobaric were enhanced obviously because of its dispersal behaviour and interaction with air.
(1)在激波与液滴作用过程的理论和实验基础上,通过类比分析及引入We数、Oh数等无量纲参数,理论研究了激波与液膜的作用过程；从能量转换角度出发,分析了激波与固体颗粒群作用的流场状态。借助激波与多种物质作用的实验结果,理论分析了激波与不同物质作用后的激波状态和流场变化情况。
(2)实验研究了激波与液膜的相互作用及激波驱动下液膜的变形、破碎和抛撒。实验中以激波的马赫数、液膜的种类、液膜的厚度为参数,系统分析了各参数对液膜变形破碎及抛撒成气溶胶云团的影响,发现在同一马赫数激波作用下,抛撒形成云团的大小与液膜的厚度密切相关。对水和丙三醇两种液体来说,由于粘性的差异,水膜的抛撒效果要明显好于丙三醇膜。使用多普勒粒子测速仪(PDPA)装置测量了液膜抛撒后形成气溶胶云团中液滴的粒径分布和速度分布,发现在激波作用后,液滴粒子的平均直径随抛撒距离的增大而减小,而纵向和横向运动速度先减小后趋于稳定,在抛撒初期液滴的纵向运动速度要明显高于横向运动速度；对水和丙三醇混合物而言,随着丙三醇浓度的增加,形成的云团中粒子的平均直径先减小后增大,存在最小值,而粒子的纵向速度和横向速度先变小后趋于稳定。最后,结合实验数据建立了相关模型。
(3)通过压力测试和阴影照相相结合的手段,实验研究了激波与固体颗粒群的相互作用及固体颗粒在激波驱动下的抛撒轨迹。发现在同一激波马赫数作用下,固体颗粒群的抛撒效果与颗粒堆积度及粒径大小相关,通过理论计算建立了相关模型。通过数值仿真技术模拟了特定实验条件下激波驱动下固体颗粒群的抛撒,将模拟所得数据和实际实验结果进行对比,发现两者存在较好的吻合性。
(4)结合实验室内激波驱动下液体和固体抛撒的结果和规律,开展了外场实验研究,主要研究了爆炸冲击波作用下,环氧丙烷(PO)燃料和固体温压药剂的抛撒及爆燃情况。发现PO由于其自身物理特性的原因,能获得较好的抛撒效果,可以有效地提高燃料抛撒引爆后的杀伤范围；通过对比TNT和固体温压药剂的爆炸效果,发现固体温压药剂由于其抛撒及与周围空气作用效果明显,其高温区范围及高温持续时间有明显增强。
Aerosols are solid or liquid molecule clusters which suspend in gas medium for a long time. They have original chemical and physical characteristics and specific motion patterns. Besides being used in meteorology and fire protection fields, aerosols are also widely used in military field. The formation mechanism of aerosols and the parameters of aerosol cloud are main points in the investigation of aerosols in military field. Based on theoretical studies and experimental investigations, this dissertation studied the dispersal of liquid droplets and solid particles induced by shock wave and the formation processes of aerosol clouds using self-designed shock tubes. The specific contents are as follows:
(1) On the basis of theoretical and experimental investigation of the interaction processes between shock waves and liquid droplets, the interaction process between shock waves and liquid films are investigated theoretically after analogy analysis and bringing in the non-dimensional parameters, including We and Oh. The filed condition after the interaction between shock waves and solid particles was also analyzed from the energy conversion point. The change of shock wave state and flow field conditions after the interaction between shock waves and objects were also studied theoretically based on the results of several experiments.
(2) The interaction between shock waves and liquid films were investigated experimentally and the formation, breakup and dispersal of liquid films were studied together. In the experiments, Mach number, kind of liquid and the thickness of liquid film are three importance parameters. The influences of the three parameters on the breakup and formation of aerosol cloud were analyzed systematically. The results indicated that induced by the same shock wave, there existed closely relationship between the size of cloud and the thickness of film. For water and glycerol, the dispersal performance of water was better than glycerol because of the differences of their viscosities. PDPA device was used to measure the diameter distribution and velocity distribution of the aerosol cloud formed. It is found that the average diameters of water particles decreased with the increase of dispersal distance and the vertical and horizontal velocities both decreased and then remained stable. Vertical velocity is bigger than the horizontal one at the original state. For the mixture between water and glycerol, the average diameter of liquid particles decreased and then increased with the increase of glycerol content and the velocities both decreased and then remained stable. Finally, several models were established using data obtained in the experiments.
(3) Pressure measurement and shadow graphic technology were combined to study the interaction between shock waves and solid particles. The dispersal traces were also investigated. Several models are established and numerical simulation was carried out, which was in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the investigation between shock waves and particles, the interactions between shock waves and materials with different densities were performed. The results indicated that the material had different variations induced by the same shock wave for the differences of their physical parameters.
(4) A number of field experiments were carried out using the results obtained in the laboratory. The dispersal and explosion parameters of PO fuel and thermobaric explosives induced by blast shock wave were mainly investigated. Because of the physical features of PO fuel, the dispersal effect is perfect which also leads to the enlargement of damage range of PO fuel. Compared with the blast perfomance of TNT, it is found that the high temperature range and the duration of high temperature of solid thermobaric were enhanced obviously because of its dispersal behaviour and interaction with air.
引文
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