复合绝缘子直流覆冰试验方法
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摘要
绝缘子覆冰闪络严重威胁输电线路安全运行,是电力系统安全运行亟待解决的关键技术之一。复合绝缘子具有重量轻、强度高、耐污性好、运行维护方便等特点,在输电线路中得到越来越广泛的应用,但目前在覆冰地区使用较少,国内外对其覆冰试验方法和闪络特性进行的研究也很少。绝缘子覆冰试验目前尚无统一的标准,因此研究绝缘子覆冰试验方法有重要的意义。
本文试验在重庆大学输配电装备及系统安全国家重点实验室的两个人工气候室内进行。对复合绝缘子直流覆冰试验中的预染污方法、带电覆冰和不带电覆冰方法及其差异性进行了研究,分别采用最大耐受法、恒压升降法、均匀升压法和“U”形曲线法对覆冰绝缘子串电气特性进行了对比研究,对均匀升压法和50%耐受电压法中试验次数进行了分析。采用高速摄像机拍摄绝缘子表面电弧发展过程,并分析影响电弧发展的因素。
①研究了覆冰绝缘子表面污秽的模拟方法,分析了固体涂层法和覆冰水电导率法对覆冰绝缘子电气特性和闪络过程的影响,并提出了两者模拟染污的等价性关系。但固体涂层法染污的试验结果的标准偏差大于覆冰水电导率法,且试验过程复杂不易控制,建议试验时采用覆冰水电导率法。
②本文在人工气候室内对复合绝缘子进行了带电与不带电覆冰的对比研究,并分析两种覆冰条件的试验结果的差异性。影响绝缘子人工覆冰的因素主要有环境温度、风速、水滴直径大小和空气中液态水含量,此外带电覆冰还受电场力、粗糙度、泄露电流及表面局部放电、水分子极化作用等的影响。
③带电覆冰对绝缘子的覆冰状况、覆冰密度和闪络电压均有影响。绝缘子带电时覆冰的密度比不带电时低,且密度的差异与覆冰水电导率有关,即覆冰水电导率越小,差异越明显。带电覆冰的绝缘子闪络电压比不带电覆冰情况下要高15%左右。在实验室采用不带电覆冰代替带电覆冰是可行的。
④在复合绝缘子直流覆冰试验中,不同试验方法得到的绝缘子冰闪电压值有明显的差异,但它们之间存在一定的等价性。不同试验方法下,覆冰水电导率对绝缘子冰闪电压影响指数b变化很小,b值可认为与试验方法无关。
⑤基于本文的研究工作,提出了复合绝缘子人工覆冰试验方法及程序。
Flashover problems caused by icing insulator have a serious threat to the safe operation of transmission lines, It is the key technologies for the safe operation of power systems which should be solved as soon as possible. Composite insulators have been more and more widely used in the transmission line with advantages of light weight, high strength, good tolerance to contamination, easy operation and maintenance, etc., but it is used less in cold regions, the test methods and icing flashover characteristics of composite insulators are reported less both at home and abroad. There is no accordant international standard at insulators icing test methods, so it is necessary to investigate.
In this paper, large tests about artificial icing test methods of composite insulators are carried in two artificial climate rooms of State Key Laboratory of Power transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University. Pre-pollution methods, the differences between icing with energized and icing without energized are studied; the maximum withstand method, up and down method average flashover voltage method and U curve method are used to researched on comparison of electrical characteristics of the iced insulator string; and analyze the test times of 50% withstand voltage method and average flashover voltage method. The process of use of arc development is screened though high-speed camera, and factors which inflenced arc development process on icing insulators surface are discussed.
①The differences between pre-pollution methods and procedures are discussed in the paper. In order to analyze the influence of pre-pollution methods on electrical characteristics of icing insulators and the impact on the process of arc propagation, the equivalence relations between solid layer pollution manner and ice water conductivity manner is presented.
②The differences between icing with energized and icing without energized are discussed, icing methods will affect test results of icing insulators.The main factors which impact on insulator artificial icing include the ambient temperature, wind velocity, water droplet diameter and liquid water content, additionally, icing with-energized is also influenced by the electric field strength, roughness, leakage current and surface partial discharge, the polarization of water molecules, etc..
③For energized icing, icing state, ice density and flashover voltage are affected. The ice density of is lower than without-energized, and the differences is relation with ice water conductivity, that is to say, the smaller the ice conductivity, the more obvious in differences. The flashover voltage of composite insulator is higher about 15% than those icing insulators without-energized.
④In the icing test of DC composite insulators icing, different test methods has obvious impact on insulator flashover voltage. There is some certain equivalence between the test results though different test methods for composite insulators. For different test methods, the value of factor b which reflects the ice water conductivity on insulators flashover voltage varies insignificant, it can be considered there is nothing to do with the test methods.
⑤Based on large researches in the paper, the DC icing test methods and procedures of composite insulators are presented.
本文试验在重庆大学输配电装备及系统安全国家重点实验室的两个人工气候室内进行。对复合绝缘子直流覆冰试验中的预染污方法、带电覆冰和不带电覆冰方法及其差异性进行了研究,分别采用最大耐受法、恒压升降法、均匀升压法和“U”形曲线法对覆冰绝缘子串电气特性进行了对比研究,对均匀升压法和50%耐受电压法中试验次数进行了分析。采用高速摄像机拍摄绝缘子表面电弧发展过程,并分析影响电弧发展的因素。
①研究了覆冰绝缘子表面污秽的模拟方法,分析了固体涂层法和覆冰水电导率法对覆冰绝缘子电气特性和闪络过程的影响,并提出了两者模拟染污的等价性关系。但固体涂层法染污的试验结果的标准偏差大于覆冰水电导率法,且试验过程复杂不易控制,建议试验时采用覆冰水电导率法。
②本文在人工气候室内对复合绝缘子进行了带电与不带电覆冰的对比研究,并分析两种覆冰条件的试验结果的差异性。影响绝缘子人工覆冰的因素主要有环境温度、风速、水滴直径大小和空气中液态水含量,此外带电覆冰还受电场力、粗糙度、泄露电流及表面局部放电、水分子极化作用等的影响。
③带电覆冰对绝缘子的覆冰状况、覆冰密度和闪络电压均有影响。绝缘子带电时覆冰的密度比不带电时低,且密度的差异与覆冰水电导率有关,即覆冰水电导率越小,差异越明显。带电覆冰的绝缘子闪络电压比不带电覆冰情况下要高15%左右。在实验室采用不带电覆冰代替带电覆冰是可行的。
④在复合绝缘子直流覆冰试验中,不同试验方法得到的绝缘子冰闪电压值有明显的差异,但它们之间存在一定的等价性。不同试验方法下,覆冰水电导率对绝缘子冰闪电压影响指数b变化很小,b值可认为与试验方法无关。
⑤基于本文的研究工作,提出了复合绝缘子人工覆冰试验方法及程序。
Flashover problems caused by icing insulator have a serious threat to the safe operation of transmission lines, It is the key technologies for the safe operation of power systems which should be solved as soon as possible. Composite insulators have been more and more widely used in the transmission line with advantages of light weight, high strength, good tolerance to contamination, easy operation and maintenance, etc., but it is used less in cold regions, the test methods and icing flashover characteristics of composite insulators are reported less both at home and abroad. There is no accordant international standard at insulators icing test methods, so it is necessary to investigate.
In this paper, large tests about artificial icing test methods of composite insulators are carried in two artificial climate rooms of State Key Laboratory of Power transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, Chongqing University. Pre-pollution methods, the differences between icing with energized and icing without energized are studied; the maximum withstand method, up and down method average flashover voltage method and U curve method are used to researched on comparison of electrical characteristics of the iced insulator string; and analyze the test times of 50% withstand voltage method and average flashover voltage method. The process of use of arc development is screened though high-speed camera, and factors which inflenced arc development process on icing insulators surface are discussed.
①The differences between pre-pollution methods and procedures are discussed in the paper. In order to analyze the influence of pre-pollution methods on electrical characteristics of icing insulators and the impact on the process of arc propagation, the equivalence relations between solid layer pollution manner and ice water conductivity manner is presented.
②The differences between icing with energized and icing without energized are discussed, icing methods will affect test results of icing insulators.The main factors which impact on insulator artificial icing include the ambient temperature, wind velocity, water droplet diameter and liquid water content, additionally, icing with-energized is also influenced by the electric field strength, roughness, leakage current and surface partial discharge, the polarization of water molecules, etc..
③For energized icing, icing state, ice density and flashover voltage are affected. The ice density of is lower than without-energized, and the differences is relation with ice water conductivity, that is to say, the smaller the ice conductivity, the more obvious in differences. The flashover voltage of composite insulator is higher about 15% than those icing insulators without-energized.
④In the icing test of DC composite insulators icing, different test methods has obvious impact on insulator flashover voltage. There is some certain equivalence between the test results though different test methods for composite insulators. For different test methods, the value of factor b which reflects the ice water conductivity on insulators flashover voltage varies insignificant, it can be considered there is nothing to do with the test methods.
⑤Based on large researches in the paper, the DC icing test methods and procedures of composite insulators are presented.
引文
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[11]蒋兴良,马俊,王少华.输电线路冰害事故及原因分析[J].中国电力, 2005, 38(11): 27-30.
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[22] N.Sugawara, K.Takayama and so on. Withstand Voltage and Flashover Performance of iced insulators Depending on the density of accreted Ice.. IWAIS, 1993, 116-119
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[2]舒印彪.我国特高压输电的发展与实施[J].中国电力, 2005, 38(11): 1-8.
[3] Imai I. Studies of ice accretion[J]. Res. Snow Ice, 1953, 1: 35-44.
[4] Daisuke Kuroiwa. Icing and snow accretion[J]. Monograph Series of The Research Institute of Applied Electricity, 1958, 6: 1-30.
[5]王守礼,李家垣.云南高海拔地区电线覆冰问题研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社, 1993.
[6] Chameski M.D. Flashover Tests of Artificially Insulator[J]. IEEE Trans. PAS-101, 1982, 8: 2429-2433.
[7]蒋兴良,易辉.输电线路覆冰及防护[M].北京:中国电力出版社, 2002.
[8] Chen Xing. Modeling of Electrical Arc on Polluted Ice Surface[M]. Canada: PH.D Dissertation, 2000
[9] Farzaneh M, Melo O.T. Properties and effect of freezing and winter fog on outline insulators[J]. Journal of Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1990, (19): 33-46.
[10] Jiang Xingliang, Shu Lichun. Chinese transmission lines’icing characteristics and analysis of severe ice accidents[J]. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering, 2004, 14(3): 196-201.
[11]蒋兴良,马俊,王少华.输电线路冰害事故及原因分析[J].中国电力, 2005, 38(11): 27-30.
[12] Farzaneh M, Melo O.T. Properties and effect of freezing and winter fog on outline insulators [J]. Journal of Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1990, 23(19): 33-46.
[13] Kuroiwa D. Icing and snow accretion on electric wires[J], U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 1965: 1-10.
[14]蒋兴良,输电线路导线覆冰机理和三峡地区覆冰规律及影响因素研究[D].四川:重庆大学, 1997.
[15] Phan L C, Matsuo H. Minimum flashover voltage of iced insulators[J]. IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, 1983, EI-18(6): 605-618.
[16] Farzaneh M and J.Kiernicki.Flashover problems caused by ice built-up on insulators[J].IEEE Electr Insul.Mag.,vol.11,1995:5-17
[17]谢述教,蒋兴良等.覆冰绝缘子直流闪络特性研究现状[J].高电压技术,2004,30(1):16-18
[18]孙才新,蒋兴良等.导线覆冰及其干湿增长临界条件分析[J].中国电机工程学报, 2003, 23(3): 141-145.
[19] Farzaneh M, BakerT.Insulator icing test methods and procedures:aposition paper preparedby the IEEE task force on insulator icing test methods[J]. IEEE Trans Power Delivery, 2002,18(10) 4:1503 -1515.
[20] Farzaneh M,etc.Dynamic modeling of DC arc discharge on ice surfaces. IEEE transactions on electrical Insulation, 2003, EI-10(3): 463-474.
[21] M.Farzaneh and J.Kiernicki. Flashover Performance of ice-covered Insulators. Canadian Journal of Electrical and computer Engineering, Vol 22 No.3, 1997, 95-109,.
[22] N.Sugawara, K.Takayama and so on. Withstand Voltage and Flashover Performance of iced insulators Depending on the density of accreted Ice.. IWAIS, 1993, 116-119
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