虚拟战场环境构建技术研究
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摘要
虚拟战场环境是应用计算机技术、图形图像技术和虚拟现实技术将真实的战场空间在计算机中逼真的再现出来。随着技术的进步与发展,虚拟战场环境系统已经越来越多的应用在作战部队和作战指挥之中。虚拟战场环境仿真系统能够为指挥员提供逼真的战场环境,为指挥员理解地形、认知战场提供各种信息,在一定程度上弥补了平面二维地图的不足。在作战指挥中结合使用二维地图和虚拟战场环境,使指挥员不但能够从宏观上把握战场态势,也能够从微观上了解到战场某一细部的详细情况。
目前进行虚拟战场环境开发有底层开发和使用商业视景仿真软件两种,底层开发周期长,因此使用商业视景仿真软件进行虚拟战场环境的开发得到了广泛应用。但使用商业软件进行开发灵活性不够,软件虽能提供给用户一定的功能模块进行调用,可很多工作仍需要开发人员自己编写程序来实现。
本文对虚拟战场环境的构建技术进行了研究。从虚拟战场环境的组成出发,对虚拟战场环境中的数据转换、三维建模、场景可视化、三维空间中的地形分析和军事标图等五个方面进行了深入研究。主要内容如下:
1.研究了多种空间数据格式,包括军标数据格式、数字高程数据DED(Digital ElevationData)、属性数据DFD(Digital Feature Data)。并实现了多种数据格式之间的转换,使得虚拟战场环境系统可以充分利用多种数据源。
2.研究了地形、地物模型的构建方法和两种常用的DEM构建方法,并应用OpenFlightAPI和基于格网的分形算法构建了具有多分辨率(LOD)的地形模型。针对虚拟战场环境范围大的特点,为了提高系统的渲染速度重点研究了大范围地形数据的管理方法和解决地物模型面的可见性问题的BSP算法。并应用MultiGen Creator进行了建模实践。
3.研究虚拟战场环境特效的模拟,应用粒子系统实现了虚拟战场环境中自然现象的模拟,生成了雨、雪效果。并绘制了实体云,实现了飞行穿云效果。实现了虚拟场景的时间控制。
4.讨论了虚拟战场环境中的地形分析及分析结果的表达。
5.研究了军事标绘在虚拟战场环境中的应用与军标符号的表达方法。
本文从某系统的需求出发,设计并实现了“虚拟战场环境三维仿真系统”,本文提出的地形构建方法、实体云的模拟方法、三维空间分析和军事标图等均在系统中得到应用。
Virtual Battlefield Environment aimed to reappearance battlefield space in computers by using computer technique, graph and image technique, virtua reality technique. As techniques are progressing, Virtual Battlefield Environment Syetem is applied in many army fighting actions. Virtual Battlefield Environment Syetem could supply vivid battlefield environment for conductors, and various information which could help conductor understand terrain and congnize battlefield, so it can remedy two-dimesion map's shortage for some degrees. Combinning two-dimesion maps and virtual battlefield environment avails conductors not only in holding macroscopical battlefield situation, but also in mastering battlefield details spacificly.
At present, there are two methods to develop Virtual Battlefield Environment System, one is basic programming independently, the other is using commercial virtual since softwares. Independent basic programming need long developing term, so commercial virtual since softwares are used broadly. Though consumers can use some functions supplied by commercial softwares, they can not implement their systems flexibely, and still need to finish some works by themselves.
This paper studied the construction technique about virtual battlefield environment. The paper discussed Data-conversion, Three-dimensional Modeling, Since-visualisation, Three-dimensional Landform, Space Analyse, Military plotting and so on. The primary coments are listed below:
1. The paper studied Muilt-sorts space data formats, including Military Data Format, Elevation Data, Digital Feature Data. The paper also achieved data conversion, as a result, Virtual Battlefield Environment System can use more than one data resource.
2. The paper studied building method about terrain model and grographic entity model, two common methods of constructing DEM, and established LOD terrain model by applying OpenFlight API and Disparting-Shape arithmetic based on Grid. Considering the large range of virtual battlefield environment, The paper emphasized on the large range terrain data's managing means and BSP arithmetic which settled out surface's display. Then doing practice by using MultiGen Creator.
3. The paper discussed simulation of virtual battlefield environment, realized nature phonmenon in virtual battlefield environment by using particle system, created rains and fogs. And drew entity clouds, carried out flying across coluds. And realized virtual since's time control by using OpenGL pulverization model.
4. The paper discussed terrain analysis and it's results expression in virtual battlefield environment.
5. The paper studied the appliance of military plotting in virtual battlefield environment and the methods of military symbols' expression.
This paper designed and realized Virtual Battlefield Environment System based on a certain requriment. The techniques of building terrain method, entity coulds simulation, three-dimensional space analysis and military plotting were applied in the system, which were put forward in this paper.
目前进行虚拟战场环境开发有底层开发和使用商业视景仿真软件两种,底层开发周期长,因此使用商业视景仿真软件进行虚拟战场环境的开发得到了广泛应用。但使用商业软件进行开发灵活性不够,软件虽能提供给用户一定的功能模块进行调用,可很多工作仍需要开发人员自己编写程序来实现。
本文对虚拟战场环境的构建技术进行了研究。从虚拟战场环境的组成出发,对虚拟战场环境中的数据转换、三维建模、场景可视化、三维空间中的地形分析和军事标图等五个方面进行了深入研究。主要内容如下:
1.研究了多种空间数据格式,包括军标数据格式、数字高程数据DED(Digital ElevationData)、属性数据DFD(Digital Feature Data)。并实现了多种数据格式之间的转换,使得虚拟战场环境系统可以充分利用多种数据源。
2.研究了地形、地物模型的构建方法和两种常用的DEM构建方法,并应用OpenFlightAPI和基于格网的分形算法构建了具有多分辨率(LOD)的地形模型。针对虚拟战场环境范围大的特点,为了提高系统的渲染速度重点研究了大范围地形数据的管理方法和解决地物模型面的可见性问题的BSP算法。并应用MultiGen Creator进行了建模实践。
3.研究虚拟战场环境特效的模拟,应用粒子系统实现了虚拟战场环境中自然现象的模拟,生成了雨、雪效果。并绘制了实体云,实现了飞行穿云效果。实现了虚拟场景的时间控制。
4.讨论了虚拟战场环境中的地形分析及分析结果的表达。
5.研究了军事标绘在虚拟战场环境中的应用与军标符号的表达方法。
本文从某系统的需求出发,设计并实现了“虚拟战场环境三维仿真系统”,本文提出的地形构建方法、实体云的模拟方法、三维空间分析和军事标图等均在系统中得到应用。
Virtual Battlefield Environment aimed to reappearance battlefield space in computers by using computer technique, graph and image technique, virtua reality technique. As techniques are progressing, Virtual Battlefield Environment Syetem is applied in many army fighting actions. Virtual Battlefield Environment Syetem could supply vivid battlefield environment for conductors, and various information which could help conductor understand terrain and congnize battlefield, so it can remedy two-dimesion map's shortage for some degrees. Combinning two-dimesion maps and virtual battlefield environment avails conductors not only in holding macroscopical battlefield situation, but also in mastering battlefield details spacificly.
At present, there are two methods to develop Virtual Battlefield Environment System, one is basic programming independently, the other is using commercial virtual since softwares. Independent basic programming need long developing term, so commercial virtual since softwares are used broadly. Though consumers can use some functions supplied by commercial softwares, they can not implement their systems flexibely, and still need to finish some works by themselves.
This paper studied the construction technique about virtual battlefield environment. The paper discussed Data-conversion, Three-dimensional Modeling, Since-visualisation, Three-dimensional Landform, Space Analyse, Military plotting and so on. The primary coments are listed below:
1. The paper studied Muilt-sorts space data formats, including Military Data Format, Elevation Data, Digital Feature Data. The paper also achieved data conversion, as a result, Virtual Battlefield Environment System can use more than one data resource.
2. The paper studied building method about terrain model and grographic entity model, two common methods of constructing DEM, and established LOD terrain model by applying OpenFlight API and Disparting-Shape arithmetic based on Grid. Considering the large range of virtual battlefield environment, The paper emphasized on the large range terrain data's managing means and BSP arithmetic which settled out surface's display. Then doing practice by using MultiGen Creator.
3. The paper discussed simulation of virtual battlefield environment, realized nature phonmenon in virtual battlefield environment by using particle system, created rains and fogs. And drew entity clouds, carried out flying across coluds. And realized virtual since's time control by using OpenGL pulverization model.
4. The paper discussed terrain analysis and it's results expression in virtual battlefield environment.
5. The paper studied the appliance of military plotting in virtual battlefield environment and the methods of military symbols' expression.
This paper designed and realized Virtual Battlefield Environment System based on a certain requriment. The techniques of building terrain method, entity coulds simulation, three-dimensional space analysis and military plotting were applied in the system, which were put forward in this paper.
引文
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[20]赵沁平.DVENET分布式虚拟环境[M].北京;科学出版社 2002
[21]杨伟铭.城市战场环境三维建模与空间分析研究[D].郑州;解放军信息工程大学硕士论文,2003
[22]刘晓艳,林珲,张宏.虚拟城市建设原理与方法[M].北京;科学出版社,2003,8;3 16-317
[23]王家耀.空间信息系统原理[M].北京;科学出版社,2001
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[27]David F.Rogers著,石教英等泽.计算机图形学的算法基础[M].北京;机械工业出版社,2002;288-299
[28]Catmull.E.,Computer display of curved surfaces[J].Proc.IEEE Conf.Comput.Graphics Pattern Recognition Data Struct,1975.3;11.
[29]Fuchs H.,Kedem Z.M.,Naylor B.F.On visible surface generation by a priori tree structure[J].Computer Graphics,1980.14(3);124-133
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[31]杨国铮.虚拟地形环境建模平台的研究[D].郑州;解放军信息工程大学,2000
[32]Fuchs,H.,Abram,G.D.,and Grant.E.D.,Near real-time shaded display of rigid object[J].Comput.Graph.,1983,Vol17;65-72(SIGGRAPH 83)
[33]王乘,周均清,李利军.Creator可视化仿真建模技术[M].武汉;华中科技大学出版社,2005
[34]杨保明,朱一宁.分布式虚拟现实技术及其应用[M].北京;科学出版社,2000
[35]高俊等.虚拟现实在地形环境仿真中的应用[M].北京;解放军出版社,1999
[36]Perlin K.An Image Synthesizer[A].SIGGRAPH 1985[C],1985;287-296
[37]张芹,谢隽毅,吴慧中,张正军.火焰、烟、云等不规则物体的建模方法研究综述[J].中国图象图形学报,2000.5(3);186-190
[38]李锋,万刚,马伟.视景仿真中实体云的建模与渲染技术[J].测绘科学与技术,2007.2;76-78
[39]和平鸽工作室.OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实践(实用技术篇)[M].重庆;重庆大学出版社,清华大学出版社,2003;133
[40]谢剑斌,郝建新,蔡宣平,孙茂印.基于粒子系统的雨点和雪花降落模拟生成[J].中国图象图形学报,1999.14(9);734-737
[41]龚卓蓉.Vega程序设计[M].北京;国防工业出版社,2002
[42]李军,王绍棣,常建刚,孙知信,王汝传.基于Vega的视景驱动软件的分析与设计[J],系统仿真学报,2003,15(3);398-341
[43]MultiGen-Paradigm Inc.Vega Programmer's Guide[M].Dallas;MultiGen-Paradigm Inc,2001
[44]代丽红,尹文生,李世其.OpenGL在Vega开发环境中的应用[J].计算机应用与软件,2005,22(7);64-66
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[46]郭仁忠著.空间分析(第二版)[M].北京;高等教育出版社,2001;5
[47]周启明,刘学军著.数字地形分析[M].北京;科学出版社,2006;7-11
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[49]曾军、王飞.计算机辅助标图发展研究[J].测绘学院学报,2000.3;224
[50]武志强.军事态势可视化研究与实现[D].郑州;解放军信息工程大学硕士论文,2002
[2]军事科学院.中国人民解放军军语[M].北京;军事科学出版社,1997
[3]胡丹露.数字化战场环境研究[M].北京;解放军出版社,2000;3
[4]游雄.基于虚拟现实技术的战场环境仿真[J].测绘学报,2002,3(1);7-11
[5]刘娟.现代城市战场环境分析[D].郑州;解放军信息工程大学硕士论文,2004
[6]刘晓静.城市军事地理学[M].北京;解放军出版社,1998
[7]路文焕等.战场环境与侦察[M].北京;解放军出版社,2002
[8]郭齐胜,董志明.战场环境仿真[M].北京;国防工业出版社,2005;3
[9]胡晓峰等译.美军训练模拟[M].北京;国防大学出版社 2001;
[10]Chadha B,Welsh J.Architecture concepts forsimulation-based acquisition of complex systems[A].Proceedings of the 2000 Summer Computer Simulation Conference[C].Vancouver,Canada,2000;609-612
[11]IEEE Std 1516.IEEE standard for modeling and simulation(M &S)high level architecture(HLA)2 framework and rules[S].Simulation Interoperability Standards Committee of the IEEE Computer Society,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc,New York,USA,2000;15-17
[12]IEEE 1278.IEEE standard for information technology2 protocols for distributed interactive simulation applications[S].IEEE Computer Society,Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc,New York,USA,1993;1-52
[13]夏青.战场可视化及应用原型研究[D].郑州;解放军信息工程大学博士论文,2001
[14]Macedonia M R,Zyda M J.NPSNET;a network software architecture for large scale[J].VE Presence,1994,3(4)
[15]王子才,仿真技术发展及应用.中国工程科学[J].2003.5(2);40-44
[16]梁炳成,王恒霖,郑燕红.军用仿真技术的发展动向和展望[J].系统仿真学报,2001.13(1);18-21
[17]胡晓峰.军事仿真;概念、现状与发展[J].测控技术,2000.19(5);1-4
[18]高惠英 王恒霖.美国空军的分布式仿真训练系统[J].飞航导弹,1999.2;35-37
[19]唐凯.空间战场虚拟环境技术研究[D].西安;西北工业业大学硕士论文,2004
[20]赵沁平.DVENET分布式虚拟环境[M].北京;科学出版社 2002
[21]杨伟铭.城市战场环境三维建模与空间分析研究[D].郑州;解放军信息工程大学硕士论文,2003
[22]刘晓艳,林珲,张宏.虚拟城市建设原理与方法[M].北京;科学出版社,2003,8;3 16-317
[23]王家耀.空间信息系统原理[M].北京;科学出版社,2001
[24]孙博文.分型算法与程序设计—Java实现[M].北京;科学出版社,2004;309
[25]MultiGen Paradigm Inc.Vega 3.7 Option Guide[M].Dallas;MultiGen Paradigm,Inc.2001.
[26]龚卓荣等编著.可选模块的使用与开发[M].北京;国防工业出版社,2003;133
[27]David F.Rogers著,石教英等泽.计算机图形学的算法基础[M].北京;机械工业出版社,2002;288-299
[28]Catmull.E.,Computer display of curved surfaces[J].Proc.IEEE Conf.Comput.Graphics Pattern Recognition Data Struct,1975.3;11.
[29]Fuchs H.,Kedem Z.M.,Naylor B.F.On visible surface generation by a priori tree structure[J].Computer Graphics,1980.14(3);124-133
[30]程成,徐玉田译.计算机图形学与虚拟环境[M].北京;机械工业出版社,2004;183
[31]杨国铮.虚拟地形环境建模平台的研究[D].郑州;解放军信息工程大学,2000
[32]Fuchs,H.,Abram,G.D.,and Grant.E.D.,Near real-time shaded display of rigid object[J].Comput.Graph.,1983,Vol17;65-72(SIGGRAPH 83)
[33]王乘,周均清,李利军.Creator可视化仿真建模技术[M].武汉;华中科技大学出版社,2005
[34]杨保明,朱一宁.分布式虚拟现实技术及其应用[M].北京;科学出版社,2000
[35]高俊等.虚拟现实在地形环境仿真中的应用[M].北京;解放军出版社,1999
[36]Perlin K.An Image Synthesizer[A].SIGGRAPH 1985[C],1985;287-296
[37]张芹,谢隽毅,吴慧中,张正军.火焰、烟、云等不规则物体的建模方法研究综述[J].中国图象图形学报,2000.5(3);186-190
[38]李锋,万刚,马伟.视景仿真中实体云的建模与渲染技术[J].测绘科学与技术,2007.2;76-78
[39]和平鸽工作室.OpenGL三维图形系统开发与实践(实用技术篇)[M].重庆;重庆大学出版社,清华大学出版社,2003;133
[40]谢剑斌,郝建新,蔡宣平,孙茂印.基于粒子系统的雨点和雪花降落模拟生成[J].中国图象图形学报,1999.14(9);734-737
[41]龚卓蓉.Vega程序设计[M].北京;国防工业出版社,2002
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