基于人力资本视角的浙江区域经济差异统计研究
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摘要
区域经济协调发展是20世纪90年代初我国理论界提出的解决区域经济发展差异问题的新概念。本文将区域经济协调发展理解为各区域经济体间的经济差距逐渐缩小。利用新古典经济增长理论中的“收敛理论”,即在长期经济发展过程中各国的经济增长速度将趋于一致,研究人力资本积累在区域经济协调发展中的作用,也就是人力资本积累对区域经济收敛性的影响。
区域经济差异问题是一个具有普遍性和国际性的问题,保持区域经济的协调发展也是各地区、各国政府关注的焦点。浙江经济是全国经济中最为活跃的区域经济之一,也是长三角经济的重要组成部分。分析浙江区域经济差异问题,为浙江区域经济实现协调发展、对研究区域经济问题均具有典型意义。浙江是个资源贫乏的省区,持续的经济发展不能再以对自然资源的无节制掠夺和对人类生存环境的无限制破坏为代价,其增长方式必须由主要依赖物质资本向主要依赖人力资本方向转变。人力资本的积累会促进浙江经济转型的过程,将丰富的人力资源转化为人力资本要素,成为区域经济收敛的驱动要素,形成协调发展的浙江区域经济格局。
本文结合国内外区域经济差异的相关研究成果,从人力资本与区域经济差异的关系出发,重新审视和界定了区域经济协调发展的内涵,建立了基于人力资本(包含教育和健康人力资本形式)基础上的经济计量模型,以检验人力资本对区域经济收敛性的影响。在此基础上,以浙江省区域经济为例,使用区域经济差异的各种测度指标,对1990年以来浙江区域经济差距的变动格局、变动特征等问题进行了分析,描述了浙江区域经济差距的现状及趋势;并用核密度图对区域经济分布的演进特征进行了描述,通过马尔科夫的状态转移矩阵分析区域经济状态的平稳性。通过对浙江区域经济的截面数据和面板数据分析,考察了人力资本对浙江区域经济、三大核心区收敛性的影响,发现人力资本积累既是区域经济增长的重要源泉,也是影响区域经济差异的重要因素。而评价区域人力资本水平的差异性由于目前还没有可行和可信的指标度量,本文通过构建人力资本的综合评价指标体系来比较浙江区域间人力资本水平的差异性,为提高区域人力资本水平提供参考。
主要研究内容包括六部分:
第一部分在相关文献研究的基础上,界定了本文所使用的一些基本概念,并在新古典和新经济增长理论的框架下对经济增长和经济收敛性进行了解释,最后从国内外的文献研究中概括了人力资本理论对区域经济增长和区域经济差异的解释。
第二部分构建的理论模型奠定了本文实证分析的基础和框架。从卢卡斯的人力资本模型出发,分析了人力资本对经济增长的重要作用,然后介绍了各种经济收敛模型形式。在基本经济收敛模型基础上,介绍了包括人力资本的扩展Solow模型,即MRW模型,建立人力资本对经济收敛的机制模型。针对目前多数研究中多采用教育所形成的人力资本来代替人力资本形式的不足,本文建立了包含教育和健康两种人力资本形式的经济增长模型,并按照MRW模型的分析框架,建立了包含教育和健康两种形式人力资本的经济收敛计量模型。
第三部分是对浙江区域经济差异问题的现状考察和分析。这一部分使用区域经济差异的各种测度指标,对浙江区域经济差异的变动格局、变动特征等问题进行了分析,说明区域经济的差异状况和变化趋势。并用核密度图对区域经济分布的演进特征进行了描述,通过马尔科夫的状态转移矩阵分析区域经济状态的平稳性。
第四部分利用浙江省区域数据资料,实证分析了人力资本的形成及人力资本对区域经济收敛性的影响。首先从人力资本投资的角度分析浙江省人力资本的形成、人力资本存量的规模及人力资本对浙江经济增长的绩效。然后利用第二部分建立的经济计量模型对区域经济收敛性进行截面数据和面板数据分析,并考察了人力资本对三大核心区内部收敛性的影响。
第五部分建立了评价区域人力资本水平的综合指标体系,对浙江区域人力资本水平进行了评价分析。本部分从人力资源基础、人力资本投资、人力资本积累能力、人力资本效率和人力资本发展潜力五个方面,选取44个评价指标,建立了区域人力资本综合评价的指标体系。利用所建立的指标体系,运用主成分分析法,对浙江区域人力资本水平进行综合评价。最后分析了人力资本综合水平的差异性对区域经济和技术进步的影响。
第六部分总结了本文的主要研究结论并提出政策建议。针对研究结论为浙江地区经济实现协调稳定发展提供人力资本支持的相关政策建议,最后预期了本研究的后续研究工作。
通过以上研究内容,得到的主要研究结论:(1)浙江区域经济具有明显的差异性,区域经济发展不协调。具体表现为:全省地区间人均GDP的绝对差距水平在逐年扩大,杭州核心区(包括杭州、嘉兴、湖州)、宁波核心区(包括宁波、绍兴、舟山)和温州核心区(包括温州、台州、丽水、金华和衢州)三大核心区的绝对差距水平也不断扩大,且差距水平均呈现出加速扩大的趋势;区域经济的相对差异中,极值比率呈先扩大后缩小的特点,三大核心区域内部差异也是呈现先缩小后扩大的趋势;地带间的差距(三大核心区之间的差距)始终是影响总体差距的决定因素;各地区经济增长整体上呈现出单峰、偏态的分布形态;且马尔科夫链过程不存在平稳分布,故如果经济体继续按目前的发展模式运行,将难以实现区域间的协调发展。(2)人力资本是影响浙江区域经济增长的一个重要因素。从1990到2005年,人力资本对浙江经济产出的贡献率达到31.76%。(3)收敛性的计量检验结果说明,浙江区域经济不存在绝对收敛的经济特征,但表现出显著的条件收敛性特征;人力资本投资、教育和健康形式的人力资本积累均有利于提高区域经济增长,且对区域经济收敛性具有促进作用,这种效应在浙江区域经济中已表现出显著性效应,是影响区域经济收敛的一个显著因素;对三大核心区的俱乐部收敛性检验说明,三大核心区内部仍不存在绝对收敛趋势,但包括人力资本的扩展Solow模型的检验结果却均表现出显著的地区俱乐部收敛性。因此注重人力资本投资及提高人力资本积累对缩小地区经济差距有重要意义。(4)人力资本水平的综合评价结果显示,浙江人力资本水平在区域间表现为相对不平衡,区域间差异明显。以人力资本综合指数为聚类的根据变量,将浙江区域人力资本分为领先型、跟进型、追赶型和后进型4种类型,明显地区别了不同区域上的人力资本状况。区域人力资本综合水平的差异性对区域经济和技术进步均有显著的影响。
Coordinated development of regional economy put forward in the early 1990s of 20th century by experts in China, is a new concept to solve the problem of regional economic disparities. The paper considers coordinated development of regional economy as the economy gap between each economy gradually decreasing. Utilizing the "convergence theory" of Neo-Classical Economic Growth theories, that is, long-term economic growth rate in the process of national economic will be the same, paper researches the important role of human capital accumulation in the coordinated development of regional economy, and the important influence on the convergence of the regional economic.
The issue of regional economic disparities is a universal and international subject. Keeping regional economy harmoniously developing is the focus of regions and governments of all countries. The economy of Zhejiang is one of the most active regions, also is an important part of Yangtze River Delta economy. Analyzing the disparities of Zhejiang regional economy, it is of typical significance to keep Zhejiang regional economy harmoniously developing and to study the issue of regional economy. Zhejiang is a resource-poor provinces. The sustained economic development can no longer cost the uncontrolled plunder of natural resources and the unlimited destruction of environment. Its mode of growth must rely mainly on material from the capital to rely mainly on human capital. The accumulation of human capital will promote economic restructuring process, and translate human resources into human capital, which is the driving factor of regional economic convergence. At last the coordinated development pattern will be become in Zhejiang regional economic.
The paper re-examines and redefines the content of regional economy coordinated development, based on the relevant research result at home and abroad. An econometric model of human capital (including education and health forms) is established to test the impact of human capital to the convergence of the regional economic. Paper describes the current tend of regional economic disparities since 1990 in Zhejiang through measure indicators. The evolution characteristics of regional economic are described by using nuclear density distribution and the Markov transfer matrix. Through Cross Section Data and Panel Data analysis, the paper inspects the impact of human capital to the convergence of Zhejiang regional economy and the three core areas. The studies find that human capital accumulation is not only an important source of economy growth but also a vital factor that influences regional economic disparities. However there is no feasible and creditable index to evaluate the level of regional human capital. The paper establishes the comprehensive evaluation index system to compare the difference between regional human capital in Zhejiang and offers reference to raise the level of regional human capital.
The mainly studies of paper are as follows:
The first part makes a summary of the research content and issues. Firstly, based on related literature, paper clarifies some basic concepts used in the article as well as explains economy growth and economy convergence under the frame of Neo-Classical Economic Growth theory and New Growth theory. Finally it is summarized that Human Capital theory's explanations to economy growth and economy convergence by studying the literature at home and abroad.
The second part lays foundations to the article's empirical analysis. From Lucas's model of human capital, it analyses the significant impact of human capital on economy growth. Then paper introduces all forms of economy convergence model. Based on basic economy convergence model, paper introduces the Solow model included human capital, that is, MRW model, which builds convergence mechanism model about human capital to economy convergence. Directing at the shortcoming of mostly studies only adopting education human capital form to take the place of human capital form, the paper builds the pattern of economy growth including the two basic human capital form of education and health, as well as analyses the influence of education human capital and health human capital to economy convergence according to the analysis frame of MRW model.
The third part does empirical description and analysis to the issue of regional economic disparities in Zhejiang at present. In this part the paper uses all kinds of measure index of regional economic disparities to analyze the issue of alteration structure, alteration characteristic and evolution state of Zhejiang's economic disparities. All of this shows the state of disparities and the trend of alteration among region economy. The Evolution Features are described by the Kernel nuclear density groups. The stationary of regional economic state is analyzed by using Markov's state transition matrix.
The fourth part takes advantage of regions and cities data in Zhejiang to empirically analyze the form of human capital and the impact of human capital on regional economy convergence. First of all, in the respect of human capital investment, the article analyzes the form of human capital of Zhejiang, the scale of human capital stock as well as the effect of human capital on Zhejiang economy growth. It also examines and analyses the model of economy convergence including human capital using cross section data and panel data in each area and three core area.
The fifth part establishes comprehensive index system to evaluate regional human capital level in eleven regions and areas of Zhejiang. In the five aspects of human resource basis, human capital investment, human capital accumulation capability, human capital efficiency and human capital development potential, this part choose forty-four evaluation indexes, builds the basic frame of regional human capital comprehensive evaluation. Then paper compares and analyses regional human capital comprehensive level in eleven regions of Zhejiang. Finally paper analyzes the impact of the differences of human capital level on the regional economy and technological progress.
The sixth part draws the conclusion from the paper, puts forward countermeasures about human capital support to realize coordinated and stable development of regional economy. Finally, anticipates following researches.
Though the above study, we come to the following conclusions:
(1) The regional economies of Zhejiang have obvious disparities and the regions develop uncoordinatedly. The concrete is as followings: the absolute disparity level of GDP per capita over the whole province is increasing year by year. Hangzhou core area (including Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou), Ningbo core area(including Ningbo, shaoxing. Zhoushan) and Wenzhou core area( including Wenzhou, Taizhou, Lishui, Jinhua and Quzhou), three core areas's absolute disparity level are also increasing gradually, and the increase of disparity level tends to accelerate. In relative regional economies, the rate of extreme has the feature of reduce at first and expand later. Three core area internal discrepancies also have the tendency to reduce at first and expand later; regional disparities(the disparities between three core areas) throughout is the decisive factor of influencing the whole disparities; As a whole, each regional economies show Single peak and deflective distribution; And Markov chain does not have stationary distribution. As a result, if economies continue working on development pattern at present, it is difficult to realize coordinated development of regional economy.
(2) Human capital is an important factor to the economy growth of Zhejiang. From 1990 to 2005 Human capital of Zhejiang's economic output comes to the contribution rate of 31.76%.
(3) Convergence of the test results shows that the economy does not have absolute convergence of the economic characteristics, but this shows the characteristics of condition convergence; Human capital investment rate in the regional economic model have shown significant positive effects that is a notable convergence of factors of affecting the regional economy. On the three core areas of the club convergence test shows that within the three core areas still exist absolute convergence trend, but including human capital expansion of the Solow model the test results have all shown significant convergence of the regional club. Hence the human capital investment and accumulation have great significance to narrow the economic gap between regions.
(4) The result of comprehensive evaluation of human capital level shows that the levels rank of human capital situation in Zhejiang region is relatively imbalance, and the inter-regional differences are significant. Basted on the comprehensive human capital index for the clustering under variable, Zhejiang regional human capital will be divided into four types: the leading type, the follow-up type, the catch up type and the backward type, significantly differentiate the different regions of the human capital situation. Comprehensive level of human capital is significantly affect on the regional economic and technological progress
区域经济差异问题是一个具有普遍性和国际性的问题,保持区域经济的协调发展也是各地区、各国政府关注的焦点。浙江经济是全国经济中最为活跃的区域经济之一,也是长三角经济的重要组成部分。分析浙江区域经济差异问题,为浙江区域经济实现协调发展、对研究区域经济问题均具有典型意义。浙江是个资源贫乏的省区,持续的经济发展不能再以对自然资源的无节制掠夺和对人类生存环境的无限制破坏为代价,其增长方式必须由主要依赖物质资本向主要依赖人力资本方向转变。人力资本的积累会促进浙江经济转型的过程,将丰富的人力资源转化为人力资本要素,成为区域经济收敛的驱动要素,形成协调发展的浙江区域经济格局。
本文结合国内外区域经济差异的相关研究成果,从人力资本与区域经济差异的关系出发,重新审视和界定了区域经济协调发展的内涵,建立了基于人力资本(包含教育和健康人力资本形式)基础上的经济计量模型,以检验人力资本对区域经济收敛性的影响。在此基础上,以浙江省区域经济为例,使用区域经济差异的各种测度指标,对1990年以来浙江区域经济差距的变动格局、变动特征等问题进行了分析,描述了浙江区域经济差距的现状及趋势;并用核密度图对区域经济分布的演进特征进行了描述,通过马尔科夫的状态转移矩阵分析区域经济状态的平稳性。通过对浙江区域经济的截面数据和面板数据分析,考察了人力资本对浙江区域经济、三大核心区收敛性的影响,发现人力资本积累既是区域经济增长的重要源泉,也是影响区域经济差异的重要因素。而评价区域人力资本水平的差异性由于目前还没有可行和可信的指标度量,本文通过构建人力资本的综合评价指标体系来比较浙江区域间人力资本水平的差异性,为提高区域人力资本水平提供参考。
主要研究内容包括六部分:
第一部分在相关文献研究的基础上,界定了本文所使用的一些基本概念,并在新古典和新经济增长理论的框架下对经济增长和经济收敛性进行了解释,最后从国内外的文献研究中概括了人力资本理论对区域经济增长和区域经济差异的解释。
第二部分构建的理论模型奠定了本文实证分析的基础和框架。从卢卡斯的人力资本模型出发,分析了人力资本对经济增长的重要作用,然后介绍了各种经济收敛模型形式。在基本经济收敛模型基础上,介绍了包括人力资本的扩展Solow模型,即MRW模型,建立人力资本对经济收敛的机制模型。针对目前多数研究中多采用教育所形成的人力资本来代替人力资本形式的不足,本文建立了包含教育和健康两种人力资本形式的经济增长模型,并按照MRW模型的分析框架,建立了包含教育和健康两种形式人力资本的经济收敛计量模型。
第三部分是对浙江区域经济差异问题的现状考察和分析。这一部分使用区域经济差异的各种测度指标,对浙江区域经济差异的变动格局、变动特征等问题进行了分析,说明区域经济的差异状况和变化趋势。并用核密度图对区域经济分布的演进特征进行了描述,通过马尔科夫的状态转移矩阵分析区域经济状态的平稳性。
第四部分利用浙江省区域数据资料,实证分析了人力资本的形成及人力资本对区域经济收敛性的影响。首先从人力资本投资的角度分析浙江省人力资本的形成、人力资本存量的规模及人力资本对浙江经济增长的绩效。然后利用第二部分建立的经济计量模型对区域经济收敛性进行截面数据和面板数据分析,并考察了人力资本对三大核心区内部收敛性的影响。
第五部分建立了评价区域人力资本水平的综合指标体系,对浙江区域人力资本水平进行了评价分析。本部分从人力资源基础、人力资本投资、人力资本积累能力、人力资本效率和人力资本发展潜力五个方面,选取44个评价指标,建立了区域人力资本综合评价的指标体系。利用所建立的指标体系,运用主成分分析法,对浙江区域人力资本水平进行综合评价。最后分析了人力资本综合水平的差异性对区域经济和技术进步的影响。
第六部分总结了本文的主要研究结论并提出政策建议。针对研究结论为浙江地区经济实现协调稳定发展提供人力资本支持的相关政策建议,最后预期了本研究的后续研究工作。
通过以上研究内容,得到的主要研究结论:(1)浙江区域经济具有明显的差异性,区域经济发展不协调。具体表现为:全省地区间人均GDP的绝对差距水平在逐年扩大,杭州核心区(包括杭州、嘉兴、湖州)、宁波核心区(包括宁波、绍兴、舟山)和温州核心区(包括温州、台州、丽水、金华和衢州)三大核心区的绝对差距水平也不断扩大,且差距水平均呈现出加速扩大的趋势;区域经济的相对差异中,极值比率呈先扩大后缩小的特点,三大核心区域内部差异也是呈现先缩小后扩大的趋势;地带间的差距(三大核心区之间的差距)始终是影响总体差距的决定因素;各地区经济增长整体上呈现出单峰、偏态的分布形态;且马尔科夫链过程不存在平稳分布,故如果经济体继续按目前的发展模式运行,将难以实现区域间的协调发展。(2)人力资本是影响浙江区域经济增长的一个重要因素。从1990到2005年,人力资本对浙江经济产出的贡献率达到31.76%。(3)收敛性的计量检验结果说明,浙江区域经济不存在绝对收敛的经济特征,但表现出显著的条件收敛性特征;人力资本投资、教育和健康形式的人力资本积累均有利于提高区域经济增长,且对区域经济收敛性具有促进作用,这种效应在浙江区域经济中已表现出显著性效应,是影响区域经济收敛的一个显著因素;对三大核心区的俱乐部收敛性检验说明,三大核心区内部仍不存在绝对收敛趋势,但包括人力资本的扩展Solow模型的检验结果却均表现出显著的地区俱乐部收敛性。因此注重人力资本投资及提高人力资本积累对缩小地区经济差距有重要意义。(4)人力资本水平的综合评价结果显示,浙江人力资本水平在区域间表现为相对不平衡,区域间差异明显。以人力资本综合指数为聚类的根据变量,将浙江区域人力资本分为领先型、跟进型、追赶型和后进型4种类型,明显地区别了不同区域上的人力资本状况。区域人力资本综合水平的差异性对区域经济和技术进步均有显著的影响。
Coordinated development of regional economy put forward in the early 1990s of 20th century by experts in China, is a new concept to solve the problem of regional economic disparities. The paper considers coordinated development of regional economy as the economy gap between each economy gradually decreasing. Utilizing the "convergence theory" of Neo-Classical Economic Growth theories, that is, long-term economic growth rate in the process of national economic will be the same, paper researches the important role of human capital accumulation in the coordinated development of regional economy, and the important influence on the convergence of the regional economic.
The issue of regional economic disparities is a universal and international subject. Keeping regional economy harmoniously developing is the focus of regions and governments of all countries. The economy of Zhejiang is one of the most active regions, also is an important part of Yangtze River Delta economy. Analyzing the disparities of Zhejiang regional economy, it is of typical significance to keep Zhejiang regional economy harmoniously developing and to study the issue of regional economy. Zhejiang is a resource-poor provinces. The sustained economic development can no longer cost the uncontrolled plunder of natural resources and the unlimited destruction of environment. Its mode of growth must rely mainly on material from the capital to rely mainly on human capital. The accumulation of human capital will promote economic restructuring process, and translate human resources into human capital, which is the driving factor of regional economic convergence. At last the coordinated development pattern will be become in Zhejiang regional economic.
The paper re-examines and redefines the content of regional economy coordinated development, based on the relevant research result at home and abroad. An econometric model of human capital (including education and health forms) is established to test the impact of human capital to the convergence of the regional economic. Paper describes the current tend of regional economic disparities since 1990 in Zhejiang through measure indicators. The evolution characteristics of regional economic are described by using nuclear density distribution and the Markov transfer matrix. Through Cross Section Data and Panel Data analysis, the paper inspects the impact of human capital to the convergence of Zhejiang regional economy and the three core areas. The studies find that human capital accumulation is not only an important source of economy growth but also a vital factor that influences regional economic disparities. However there is no feasible and creditable index to evaluate the level of regional human capital. The paper establishes the comprehensive evaluation index system to compare the difference between regional human capital in Zhejiang and offers reference to raise the level of regional human capital.
The mainly studies of paper are as follows:
The first part makes a summary of the research content and issues. Firstly, based on related literature, paper clarifies some basic concepts used in the article as well as explains economy growth and economy convergence under the frame of Neo-Classical Economic Growth theory and New Growth theory. Finally it is summarized that Human Capital theory's explanations to economy growth and economy convergence by studying the literature at home and abroad.
The second part lays foundations to the article's empirical analysis. From Lucas's model of human capital, it analyses the significant impact of human capital on economy growth. Then paper introduces all forms of economy convergence model. Based on basic economy convergence model, paper introduces the Solow model included human capital, that is, MRW model, which builds convergence mechanism model about human capital to economy convergence. Directing at the shortcoming of mostly studies only adopting education human capital form to take the place of human capital form, the paper builds the pattern of economy growth including the two basic human capital form of education and health, as well as analyses the influence of education human capital and health human capital to economy convergence according to the analysis frame of MRW model.
The third part does empirical description and analysis to the issue of regional economic disparities in Zhejiang at present. In this part the paper uses all kinds of measure index of regional economic disparities to analyze the issue of alteration structure, alteration characteristic and evolution state of Zhejiang's economic disparities. All of this shows the state of disparities and the trend of alteration among region economy. The Evolution Features are described by the Kernel nuclear density groups. The stationary of regional economic state is analyzed by using Markov's state transition matrix.
The fourth part takes advantage of regions and cities data in Zhejiang to empirically analyze the form of human capital and the impact of human capital on regional economy convergence. First of all, in the respect of human capital investment, the article analyzes the form of human capital of Zhejiang, the scale of human capital stock as well as the effect of human capital on Zhejiang economy growth. It also examines and analyses the model of economy convergence including human capital using cross section data and panel data in each area and three core area.
The fifth part establishes comprehensive index system to evaluate regional human capital level in eleven regions and areas of Zhejiang. In the five aspects of human resource basis, human capital investment, human capital accumulation capability, human capital efficiency and human capital development potential, this part choose forty-four evaluation indexes, builds the basic frame of regional human capital comprehensive evaluation. Then paper compares and analyses regional human capital comprehensive level in eleven regions of Zhejiang. Finally paper analyzes the impact of the differences of human capital level on the regional economy and technological progress.
The sixth part draws the conclusion from the paper, puts forward countermeasures about human capital support to realize coordinated and stable development of regional economy. Finally, anticipates following researches.
Though the above study, we come to the following conclusions:
(1) The regional economies of Zhejiang have obvious disparities and the regions develop uncoordinatedly. The concrete is as followings: the absolute disparity level of GDP per capita over the whole province is increasing year by year. Hangzhou core area (including Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou), Ningbo core area(including Ningbo, shaoxing. Zhoushan) and Wenzhou core area( including Wenzhou, Taizhou, Lishui, Jinhua and Quzhou), three core areas's absolute disparity level are also increasing gradually, and the increase of disparity level tends to accelerate. In relative regional economies, the rate of extreme has the feature of reduce at first and expand later. Three core area internal discrepancies also have the tendency to reduce at first and expand later; regional disparities(the disparities between three core areas) throughout is the decisive factor of influencing the whole disparities; As a whole, each regional economies show Single peak and deflective distribution; And Markov chain does not have stationary distribution. As a result, if economies continue working on development pattern at present, it is difficult to realize coordinated development of regional economy.
(2) Human capital is an important factor to the economy growth of Zhejiang. From 1990 to 2005 Human capital of Zhejiang's economic output comes to the contribution rate of 31.76%.
(3) Convergence of the test results shows that the economy does not have absolute convergence of the economic characteristics, but this shows the characteristics of condition convergence; Human capital investment rate in the regional economic model have shown significant positive effects that is a notable convergence of factors of affecting the regional economy. On the three core areas of the club convergence test shows that within the three core areas still exist absolute convergence trend, but including human capital expansion of the Solow model the test results have all shown significant convergence of the regional club. Hence the human capital investment and accumulation have great significance to narrow the economic gap between regions.
(4) The result of comprehensive evaluation of human capital level shows that the levels rank of human capital situation in Zhejiang region is relatively imbalance, and the inter-regional differences are significant. Basted on the comprehensive human capital index for the clustering under variable, Zhejiang regional human capital will be divided into four types: the leading type, the follow-up type, the catch up type and the backward type, significantly differentiate the different regions of the human capital situation. Comprehensive level of human capital is significantly affect on the regional economic and technological progress
引文
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[1]原文中表示方法如此,该处引用原文的结果。
[2]还有一部分是人力资本水平外部性要素贡献率6.12%。
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[2]即各地区人均GDP与全省人均GDP的相对值。
[3]参见徐现祥(2003)。
[1]原文中表示方法如此,该处引用原文的结果。
[2]还有一部分是人力资本水平外部性要素贡献率6.12%。
[3]原文在计算投入要素的贡献率时,首先将回归方程中变量的弹性系数进行了正则化处理。
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