中国地下工程氡污染及其健康危害评价
|
摘要
氡是一种天然放射性气体,来源于分散存在的天然放射性元素铀钍的子体镭的放射性衰变。
在人的呼吸过程中,氡及其子体进入肺部并沉积下来对人体产生内照射,最终诱发肺癌。氡是导致人类肺癌的4种最主要因素之一。在其他影响因素相同的情况下,人接受氡的暴露量越大,肺癌的发病率越高,如果接受氡暴露量较大的人同时还吸烟,肺癌的发病率更会急剧升高。
在人类工作和生活的室内环境中,氡主要来源于房屋的地基和建筑及装修材料,其中,地下土壤和山体是氡的最主要来源。地壳中数十公里厚的岩石释放出来的氡通过扩散,渗析,被抽吸等方式由下向上运动。地下建筑(工程)四周紧贴地下土壤或直接建在山体里,是氡向上运移的最近通道。如果地下工程通风差,空气流动少,氡可以在室内聚集达到极高的浓度。
随着我国经济的发展和人口的增长,越来越多的地下工程被用于国民经济的生产、生活等各个方面。这样就使得越来越多的从业人员和流动人员进入地下设施工作、居住、购物和娱乐,他们承受着比广大公众更高的辐射危害。
本项目运用目前国内外最先进的环境累积测氡法——核固体径迹法(SSNTD's),对我国的北京,上海,福州,泉州,厦门,广州,汕头,阳江,温州,宁波,长沙,贵阳,桂林,呼和浩特,包头,集宁,鄂尔多斯,济南,青岛,南昌,上饶,郑州,武汉共23个城市的234个地下工程室内氡浓度分春、夏、冬三季进行了调查。全部调查共布放采样器674个,回收601个,回收率为89%,涉及234个地下工程测点,其中,属于地下工作环境的测点有87个。每季采样时间基本为三个月。探测片采用国产CR—39探测片,刻度系数为4.218tracks·cm~(-2)/(KBq·m~(-3)·h)。平行样74个,占总回收样的12%,其中,90%的平行样变异系数小于20%:空白样43个,占总回收率的7%。以三个月计算,探测下限为8.654 Bq·m~(-3)。
在用累积法测氡的同时,为预知每个城市地下工程氡浓度的基本水平及氡浓度的日变化规律,在第一次布点采样时,用Model 1027连续测氡仪对某些城市
Radon is a radioactive gas arising from the decay of radium, which is a daughter of uranium and thoron.Inhalation of radon and its daughter products can cause lung cancer when they are present in enhanced levels. Radon is one of the most reasons of the four causes to lung cancer. It is widely believed that the greater the exposure to radon, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer. If a person who is receiving radon radiation has the smoking habit, it has more chance for him to suffer lung cancer.The air radon comes mainly from the underground soil and construction materials, and the underground soil and rock are the most source of radon. Radon is distributed over the earth's crust for over ten kilometers and moves up by diffusing and permeating. The underground building is the nearest way for radon to move up because it is in contact with the soil from all around or is built in mountain, and if the underground building has poor ventilation, it is easy for radon to accumulate to higher radon level.In our country, as the economy is developing and the population is expending, more and more under ground buildings are used to every places of producing and living. So more and more people are entering underground building working or living and they are receiving higher radiation.Using solid state nuclear detectors (SSNTD'S) , a survey of the air radon concentrations in 234 underground buildings was carried out during spring, summer and winter, respectively. The survey covered 23 cities include Beijing, Shanghai,
Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shantou, Yangjiang, Wenzhou, Ningbo, Changsha, Guiynag, Guilin, Huhhot, Baotou, Jining, Erduos, Jinan, Qingdao, Nanchang, Shangrao, Zhengzhou,Wuhan.Totally 674 detectors were exposed in the survey and 601 of them were sent back to lab for obtaining radon concentration. Among these, there are 87 underground working places. The detectors were exposed in underground buildings for about three months before they were sent back. Measurements were carried out employing CR-39 detectors made in China, and the detector was calibrated and a density of 4.218 tracks *cm~2/ (KBq *m"3 *h ) was obtained for 222Rn. 74 sites were made duplicate measurements, account for 12% of total, and 90%of the variation coefficients were less than 20%. 43 detectors were measured for background, account for 7% of total. The measured limit was 8.654 Bq ? m"3 if the detectors were exposed for three month. For predicting the radon level of a certain city and studying the radon daily variation, Model 1027 continuous monitor from Sun Nuclear Corporation, U.S.A was chosen to measure the radon concentrations at some sites for over 24 hours.In the survey, the geological formation, coating level, decorating materials and ventilation condition of underground buildings were collected and analyzed according to their radon concentrations. Studied underground buildings were classified to four types in building style: saps, tunnels, basements and parking garages. After obtaining data, the radon concentration in different cities, underground building with different types and saps with different rock. The annual effective dose by, exposure to radon for people in underground working places was estimated. The seasonal radon variation in underground buildings with different construction type, as well as cities and sites with different use situation were analyzed. The main factors affecting the radon concentration in underground builds were pointed out. Some radon mitigation measures were suggested and a research for nearly a month on the reducing of radon level by ventilation in an underground space was carried out. In this paper, some conclusions were drawn below:(1) The survey covered 234 underground buildings, which included 109 in spring, 227 in summer and 193 in winter. The highest annual radon concentration
(2482 Bq to"3) was detected at a site in Fuzhou, and the lowest one (14.9 Bq in"3) was found in a underground office in Yangjiang. The average annual radon concentration of all 234 underground buildings was 247 Bq ? m"3. Among the examined underground buildings, 171 underground buildings have annual radon concentrations below 200 Bq ? m"3, counting for 73% of the total sites;200 buildings have annual radon concentrations below 400 Bq ? m3, counting for 85% of the total sites;220 buildings have annual radon concentrations below 800 Bq ? m"3, counting for 94% of the total sites. With the equilibrium factor at 0.5, 15% of these buildings would have radon concentrations beyond the safe range for type I underground buildings, and 6% would be beyond that for type II underground buildings.(2) The radon concentrations are averaged according to city. In 11 cities in which radon concentrations were measured in spring, Fuzhou has the highest radon level and Yangjiang has the lowest radon level;In 22 cities in which radon concentrations were measured in summer, Fuzhou has the highest radon level and Shanghai has the lowest radon level;In 21 cities in which radon concentrations were measured in spring, Baotou has the highest radon level and Shanghai has the lowest radon level. For annual radon concentration, Fuzhou and Baotou have higher radon level while Shanghai and Guangzhou have lower radon level (ignoring Yangjiang because of its insufficient sites). Among 23 cities, there are 74% of total cities have radon concentrations below 200 Bq ? m"3, moreover, five cities including Guangzhou, Yangjiang, Quanzhou, Shanghai, Shangrao, which radon concentrations in underground buildings are below 100 Bq ? m\(3 ) That underground buildings in which there are people stay for over 8h in workday are called underground working places. 96.6% of underground working places have radon concentration within the limit of safe level set for controlling radon in dwellings in China.
(4)Studied underground buildings were classified to four types in building style: saps, tunnels, basements and parking garages. Saps have the highest radon concentration. Parking garages have the lowest radon level.(5) saps built in mountain with different geological formation rock have different radon level. The sequence of rock in which radon concentration in saps from high to low is granite > tuff > quartz sandstone > limestone > andesitic porphyry o(6) There is some relation between radon concentration in underground buildings and that above ground in a city.(7 ) The radon concentrations in the underground buildings change through two cycle one day. The first cycle is from 12:00 to 0:00, and radon concentration in saps and tunnels start to rise and then to descend, and the highest value appears at about 19:00, while the radon variation in basements has opposite trend. The second cycle is from 0:00 to 12:00 and has a little change.(8) For different types of buildings, there is not a clear radon variation in garages, which is because of its characteristic and the way to use, while in saps, tunnels and basements, their radon concentrations in summer are higher than those in winter, and radon in spring are similar to annual radon level. Saps and tunnels have higher summer/winter ratio and it is larger in closed underground buildings than in unclosed underground buildings.(9) Comparing the radon seasonal variation in cities, it is found that there is little different of radon concentration in summer and winter in Zhengzhou. In Shangrao and Batou, radon in summer is lower than in winter. Except that, other 18 cities have higher radon in summer than in winter. In winter, the ratios of cities of radon concentration and annual radon are similar to each other, while in summer,
the higher the average radon concentration of a city is, the higher its standard deviation is.(10) People working in underground working places in Fujian province receive the highest annual effective dose of 3.35 mSv by exposure to radon, and the lowest of 0.75 mSv in Shanghai. For all studied cities, people working in underground working places receive more annual dose than people working above ground. Fujian has the largest difference of annual dose received by people between working underground and above ground, while Guizhou has the little of that.It was estimated that there would be 2-3 person among 10000 persons die of lung cancer due to the lifetime fatality risk of 2.59 X 10~4 for people working in Fujian province.( 11 ) The geological formation, coating level, decorating materials and ventilation situation of underground buildings all affect its radon concentration.(12) A research on the reducing of radon level by ventilation in an underground space was carried, and theconclusions is that ventilation by air pump and air intake blower simultaneously is the most efficient method for radon reduction and ventilation for 8 hours will reduce radon by 91.4%.
在人的呼吸过程中,氡及其子体进入肺部并沉积下来对人体产生内照射,最终诱发肺癌。氡是导致人类肺癌的4种最主要因素之一。在其他影响因素相同的情况下,人接受氡的暴露量越大,肺癌的发病率越高,如果接受氡暴露量较大的人同时还吸烟,肺癌的发病率更会急剧升高。
在人类工作和生活的室内环境中,氡主要来源于房屋的地基和建筑及装修材料,其中,地下土壤和山体是氡的最主要来源。地壳中数十公里厚的岩石释放出来的氡通过扩散,渗析,被抽吸等方式由下向上运动。地下建筑(工程)四周紧贴地下土壤或直接建在山体里,是氡向上运移的最近通道。如果地下工程通风差,空气流动少,氡可以在室内聚集达到极高的浓度。
随着我国经济的发展和人口的增长,越来越多的地下工程被用于国民经济的生产、生活等各个方面。这样就使得越来越多的从业人员和流动人员进入地下设施工作、居住、购物和娱乐,他们承受着比广大公众更高的辐射危害。
本项目运用目前国内外最先进的环境累积测氡法——核固体径迹法(SSNTD's),对我国的北京,上海,福州,泉州,厦门,广州,汕头,阳江,温州,宁波,长沙,贵阳,桂林,呼和浩特,包头,集宁,鄂尔多斯,济南,青岛,南昌,上饶,郑州,武汉共23个城市的234个地下工程室内氡浓度分春、夏、冬三季进行了调查。全部调查共布放采样器674个,回收601个,回收率为89%,涉及234个地下工程测点,其中,属于地下工作环境的测点有87个。每季采样时间基本为三个月。探测片采用国产CR—39探测片,刻度系数为4.218tracks·cm~(-2)/(KBq·m~(-3)·h)。平行样74个,占总回收样的12%,其中,90%的平行样变异系数小于20%:空白样43个,占总回收率的7%。以三个月计算,探测下限为8.654 Bq·m~(-3)。
在用累积法测氡的同时,为预知每个城市地下工程氡浓度的基本水平及氡浓度的日变化规律,在第一次布点采样时,用Model 1027连续测氡仪对某些城市
Radon is a radioactive gas arising from the decay of radium, which is a daughter of uranium and thoron.Inhalation of radon and its daughter products can cause lung cancer when they are present in enhanced levels. Radon is one of the most reasons of the four causes to lung cancer. It is widely believed that the greater the exposure to radon, the greater the risk of developing lung cancer. If a person who is receiving radon radiation has the smoking habit, it has more chance for him to suffer lung cancer.The air radon comes mainly from the underground soil and construction materials, and the underground soil and rock are the most source of radon. Radon is distributed over the earth's crust for over ten kilometers and moves up by diffusing and permeating. The underground building is the nearest way for radon to move up because it is in contact with the soil from all around or is built in mountain, and if the underground building has poor ventilation, it is easy for radon to accumulate to higher radon level.In our country, as the economy is developing and the population is expending, more and more under ground buildings are used to every places of producing and living. So more and more people are entering underground building working or living and they are receiving higher radiation.Using solid state nuclear detectors (SSNTD'S) , a survey of the air radon concentrations in 234 underground buildings was carried out during spring, summer and winter, respectively. The survey covered 23 cities include Beijing, Shanghai,
Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Xiamen, Guangzhou, Shantou, Yangjiang, Wenzhou, Ningbo, Changsha, Guiynag, Guilin, Huhhot, Baotou, Jining, Erduos, Jinan, Qingdao, Nanchang, Shangrao, Zhengzhou,Wuhan.Totally 674 detectors were exposed in the survey and 601 of them were sent back to lab for obtaining radon concentration. Among these, there are 87 underground working places. The detectors were exposed in underground buildings for about three months before they were sent back. Measurements were carried out employing CR-39 detectors made in China, and the detector was calibrated and a density of 4.218 tracks *cm~2/ (KBq *m"3 *h ) was obtained for 222Rn. 74 sites were made duplicate measurements, account for 12% of total, and 90%of the variation coefficients were less than 20%. 43 detectors were measured for background, account for 7% of total. The measured limit was 8.654 Bq ? m"3 if the detectors were exposed for three month. For predicting the radon level of a certain city and studying the radon daily variation, Model 1027 continuous monitor from Sun Nuclear Corporation, U.S.A was chosen to measure the radon concentrations at some sites for over 24 hours.In the survey, the geological formation, coating level, decorating materials and ventilation condition of underground buildings were collected and analyzed according to their radon concentrations. Studied underground buildings were classified to four types in building style: saps, tunnels, basements and parking garages. After obtaining data, the radon concentration in different cities, underground building with different types and saps with different rock. The annual effective dose by, exposure to radon for people in underground working places was estimated. The seasonal radon variation in underground buildings with different construction type, as well as cities and sites with different use situation were analyzed. The main factors affecting the radon concentration in underground builds were pointed out. Some radon mitigation measures were suggested and a research for nearly a month on the reducing of radon level by ventilation in an underground space was carried out. In this paper, some conclusions were drawn below:(1) The survey covered 234 underground buildings, which included 109 in spring, 227 in summer and 193 in winter. The highest annual radon concentration
(2482 Bq to"3) was detected at a site in Fuzhou, and the lowest one (14.9 Bq in"3) was found in a underground office in Yangjiang. The average annual radon concentration of all 234 underground buildings was 247 Bq ? m"3. Among the examined underground buildings, 171 underground buildings have annual radon concentrations below 200 Bq ? m"3, counting for 73% of the total sites;200 buildings have annual radon concentrations below 400 Bq ? m3, counting for 85% of the total sites;220 buildings have annual radon concentrations below 800 Bq ? m"3, counting for 94% of the total sites. With the equilibrium factor at 0.5, 15% of these buildings would have radon concentrations beyond the safe range for type I underground buildings, and 6% would be beyond that for type II underground buildings.(2) The radon concentrations are averaged according to city. In 11 cities in which radon concentrations were measured in spring, Fuzhou has the highest radon level and Yangjiang has the lowest radon level;In 22 cities in which radon concentrations were measured in summer, Fuzhou has the highest radon level and Shanghai has the lowest radon level;In 21 cities in which radon concentrations were measured in spring, Baotou has the highest radon level and Shanghai has the lowest radon level. For annual radon concentration, Fuzhou and Baotou have higher radon level while Shanghai and Guangzhou have lower radon level (ignoring Yangjiang because of its insufficient sites). Among 23 cities, there are 74% of total cities have radon concentrations below 200 Bq ? m"3, moreover, five cities including Guangzhou, Yangjiang, Quanzhou, Shanghai, Shangrao, which radon concentrations in underground buildings are below 100 Bq ? m\(3 ) That underground buildings in which there are people stay for over 8h in workday are called underground working places. 96.6% of underground working places have radon concentration within the limit of safe level set for controlling radon in dwellings in China.
(4)Studied underground buildings were classified to four types in building style: saps, tunnels, basements and parking garages. Saps have the highest radon concentration. Parking garages have the lowest radon level.(5) saps built in mountain with different geological formation rock have different radon level. The sequence of rock in which radon concentration in saps from high to low is granite > tuff > quartz sandstone > limestone > andesitic porphyry o(6) There is some relation between radon concentration in underground buildings and that above ground in a city.(7 ) The radon concentrations in the underground buildings change through two cycle one day. The first cycle is from 12:00 to 0:00, and radon concentration in saps and tunnels start to rise and then to descend, and the highest value appears at about 19:00, while the radon variation in basements has opposite trend. The second cycle is from 0:00 to 12:00 and has a little change.(8) For different types of buildings, there is not a clear radon variation in garages, which is because of its characteristic and the way to use, while in saps, tunnels and basements, their radon concentrations in summer are higher than those in winter, and radon in spring are similar to annual radon level. Saps and tunnels have higher summer/winter ratio and it is larger in closed underground buildings than in unclosed underground buildings.(9) Comparing the radon seasonal variation in cities, it is found that there is little different of radon concentration in summer and winter in Zhengzhou. In Shangrao and Batou, radon in summer is lower than in winter. Except that, other 18 cities have higher radon in summer than in winter. In winter, the ratios of cities of radon concentration and annual radon are similar to each other, while in summer,
the higher the average radon concentration of a city is, the higher its standard deviation is.(10) People working in underground working places in Fujian province receive the highest annual effective dose of 3.35 mSv by exposure to radon, and the lowest of 0.75 mSv in Shanghai. For all studied cities, people working in underground working places receive more annual dose than people working above ground. Fujian has the largest difference of annual dose received by people between working underground and above ground, while Guizhou has the little of that.It was estimated that there would be 2-3 person among 10000 persons die of lung cancer due to the lifetime fatality risk of 2.59 X 10~4 for people working in Fujian province.( 11 ) The geological formation, coating level, decorating materials and ventilation situation of underground buildings all affect its radon concentration.(12) A research on the reducing of radon level by ventilation in an underground space was carried, and theconclusions is that ventilation by air pump and air intake blower simultaneously is the most efficient method for radon reduction and ventilation for 8 hours will reduce radon by 91.4%.
引文
1 蔡勇明,唐文祥,陈佳慎。深圳特区公共场所Rn—222浓度调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1994,14 (5):305—307
2 常桂兰。氡与氡的危害。铀矿地质。2002,(2):122-127
3 陈爱书,邢宗祥,汕头市环境中氡钍水平及所致居民剂量得分析。职业医学,1999,26(2):20—22
4 陈迪云,陈智营,胡瑞英等.珠海市大气环境中氡浓度的测定.环境科学,1999,20(6):95—97
5 陈加慎。建筑材料中放射性与住宅空气中氡浓度的监测。中国辐射卫生。2001,10(4):219
6 陈凌,刘新华,王秀江等。北京某煤矿氡水平的调查及剂量估算。辐射防护。1998,18(1):31—37
7 陈学胜,钟蔚文,张福彩,等.海口地区环境氡及其子体浓度。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1995.15(3):192—193
8 陈智营。珠海市区环境氡的监测及研究。中山大学学报论丛。1998,6:156—159
9 陈子正。广东省土壤中放射性核素含量及分布。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(增刊):84—90
10 崔霖沛。氡气灾害调查的一些结果。地质论评。1994,40(2):157—163
11 戴鸿贵,郑正,余刚等。地下工程中的氡异常及其治理对策。南京大学学报。1999,35(3):222—229
12 邓志宏,黄兆慧,曾庆祥,等。宣威室内空气中氡暴露及地表γ辐射与肺癌关系的流行病学研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志。2001,21(5):389—391
13 杜杰,李蓉,高淑萍。17条坑道氡水平监测与分析[J] 。解放军预防医学杂志。2004,22(2):143
14 方志刚,徐绍琴,刘勇等。辽宁省部分城市室内氡浓度水平。监测与分析。1999:39—40
15 高益群,罗开训,周朝王,等。湖南省室内外环境中氡浓度及所致居民剂量。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1992,12(2):94
16 戈立新,汪名侠,李传琛。上海地区空气中氡水平的调查。辐射防护。2002,22(4): 246—252
17 耿世彬,连慧亮,氡与室内空气环境。建筑热能通风空调。2001(6):49—51
18 官庆超,陈跃,孙立亭等。山东省环境中氡及其子体浓度与所致剂量的研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1992,12(2):90—93
19 国际放射防护委员会第50号出版物
20 韩国胜,李晓戈,王庆恒。双滤膜法测氡中湿度影响得校正。辐射防护通讯。1999,19(6):26—28
21 何彬等,肖刚,路明等。气压、气温、风速对室内氡气传输影响的三维瞬态数值模拟。核技术。2003,26(10):799—803
22 胡国辉,孔令丰,张春粪。居民住房内的氡气辐射污染问题。广州环境科学。2002,17(1):28—30
23 霍云,徐友来,葛传奎,等。安徽省环境中氡浓度及对居民受照剂量的研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1993,13(1):19
24 金益和,饭田孝夫,池边幸正,等。用累积法对中国部分城市室内外~(222)Rn浓度的调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1996,16(6):363—368
25 李彬,林玉石,徐胜友。桂、湘某些岩溶洞穴氡及其子体分布特征的初步研究。中国岩溶。1995,14(4):345～351
26 李传学,于水,杨学山,等。济南军区营房和坑道氡水平调查及剂量估算。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1997,17(3):215—217
27 李素云,侯海全,李燕玲。我国某些铀矿井下氡浓度现状。辐射防护通讯。1995,15(5):10—14
28 李锁照,金益和,陈煜有,等。用静电径迹法对贵州省环境氡浓度的调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1994,14(5):302
29 李锁照,金益和。贵阳地区氡浓度的连续观测。重庆环境科学。1996,18(4):56—57
30 李锁照,喻立新,魏涛。贵阳地区建筑材料中放射性水平调查。中国辐射卫生。1997,6(3):162—164
31 李晓燕,王燕,郑宝山,王学。我国东南四省人防工程内氡的调查[J] 。地球与环境。2004,32(3—4):67—71
32 林丛,朱耀明,林辉明,等。大气氡浓度与气象条件关系的探讨。辐射防护通讯。1989, 4:31—33
33 林丹,赵时敏,陈文瑛,等。福州市部分住房室内放射性水平检测结果。海峡预防医学杂志。2001,7(2):52
34 刘德虎,张雨林,王功鹏,等。东北地区住室空气中氡浓度及氡子体α潜能值的昼夜变化规律的研究。中国公共卫生。1996,12(4):153
35 刘汉彬摘译。区域上氡的变化:基底岩石中微量元素地球化学对氡释放率的影响。世界核地质科学。2003,20(4):232—235
36 刘洪福,程小平,白春礼。测氡技术在探测地下火区范围中的应用。物探与化探。1997,21(1):77—80
37 刘庆成,陈昌礼,彭聂,等。青岛市环境氡浓度调查。华东地质学院学报。1996,19(1):86—89
38 刘荣厚,唐自强,张从力。煤矿氡气及防治。煤炭工程师。1998,3:27—31
39 刘燕敏,D L Smith。墙体装饰材料和通风对室内氡值的影响。通风除尘。1997,4:9—13
40 刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟等。《元素地球化学》。科学出版社,第一版.1984
41 卢伟,王正铤,高福清。个旧地区氡水平及其与地质特点的关系。环境科学。1994,16(2):19—22
42 卢伟。测氡仪器概述。现代仪器。2002,2:5—8
43 卢伟。个旧居民肺癌发病率与室内氡关系的探讨。中国预防医学杂志。2001,2(3):198—200
44 卢伟。居室氡气致癌与防治。北京:地质出版社,第一版.1995
45 陆玲,戴晓兰,陈敏。环境氡平衡因子的探讨。华东地质学院学报。1999,22(2):147—155
46 罗看训,袁镛龄,李植纯,等。煤渣建材住房内氡及其子体浓度与剂量估算。中国辐射卫生。2001,10(2):76
47 马文彦,周春林,陈桂英等。活性炭对氡吸附行为的研究。核电子学与探测技术。2002,22(1):84—87
48 梅水笙。测定建材氡—222发射率的方法。中国辐射卫生。1998,7(1):56
49 孟繁卿,丁华光,阳顺勤,等。河南省地下建筑内氡及其子体浓度与内剂量评价。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1991,11(2):113—115
50 孟文斌,秦长珠。辽宁部分矿山井下氡水平的测试。工业卫生与职业病。1997,23(6):334—336
51 孟文斌,张伟道,崔培超。环境氡浓度的昼夜和季节变化。环境与健康杂志。1987,4(1):17—18
52 孟文斌,张志兴,张伟道等。辽宁省地下建筑物内氡及其子体水平调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(4):247—250
53 孟宪新,刘敬周,杨昆等。滕州煤矿井内氡浓度水平调查。中国辐射卫生。1998,7(1):29-30
54 潘自强.我国空气中氡及其短寿命子体产生的照射。辐射防护。2003,23(3):129—137
55 丘寿康,有关氡危害与评价的问题,辐射防护通讯,2001(6):3—7
56 任天山,林莲卿,陈志鹏等。北京地区室内氡水平及影响因素。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1986,6(4):223—227
57 任天山,刘祖森,汤凌金等。深圳特区室内氡水平及影响因素。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(3):176—179
58 尚兵,唐莉,曾力等。北京市地下铁道环境放射性水平及其工作人员受照剂量评价。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1994,14(6):401—404
59 施敏,倪静安,等。氡—居室中的隐蔽杀手。化学教育。1998(9):1—3
60 宋妙发,强亦忠 主编。核环境学基础。高等教育试用教材。原子能出版社。第一版。1999:18
61 田得源,陈树义,贾地等。气球法测氡比对试验。核电子学与探测技术。1994,14(2):90—93
62 田德源等,何志坚。通风对室内氡浓度的影响。中国辐射卫生。1994,3(4):218—219
63 万玉松,王秀玉,曾而康,等。江西省室内、外环境中氡及其子体所致内照射居民剂量调查中华放射医学与防护杂志。1991,11(3):184—187
64 汪家兴,尚兵,熊云,等。湖北地区室内外空气中氡及氡衰变子体浓度的调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1989,9 (4):233—240
65 王汉青,李惠敏,肖德涛。建筑内氡气来源及其通风防治办法。流体机械。31(9):32—34
66 王润溪,李秀兰,刘玉琴。山西省空气中氡及其子体浓度与所致居民剂量的估算。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1990,10(6):398—403
67 王武安。氡子体与氡的平衡比(F值)的确定方法。铀矿冶。1994,13(2):126—12
68 王燮华。地热水应用中的辐射问题及有关防护标准。国外医学·放射医学核医学分册。1998,22(1):37～40
69 王燮华。环境氡的来源及其危害与治理。国外医学·放射医学核医学分册。1999,23(3):102—105
70 王燮华。环境空气中氡的水平。中国辐射卫生。1996(3):139—141
71 王燕。中国地下工程氡污染健康影响与防护——以内蒙古自治区为例。硕士论文。2005,
72 王治国,王教义,孙霖等。山东省黄金矿山氡及其子体浓度调查。劳动医学。1999,16(3):134—137
73 王作元等,Lubin JH,王陇德,等。室内氡与肺癌关系研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志。2002,22(3):209—214
74 韦继管,彭莉,赵永光,等。哈密地区环境中氡及其子体浓度所致居民剂量评价。干旱环境监测。1995,9(1):1-3
75 魏文一,柴爱民。某军事作业坑道内空气中氡浓度水平调查。职业与健康。2004,20(2):22—23
76 文世荪。安徽省环境放射性水平监测。安徽预防医学杂志。2002,8(1):28—30
77 邬剑明,吴新文。同位素测氡技术在我国煤矿的研究应用。中国煤炭。1998,24(6):22—24
78 吴慧山,林玉飞等。氡的测定方法与应用。北京原子能出版社。第一版。1995
79 吴锦海,王力,裴永法,等。常用建筑材料中辐射水平与剂量评价。复旦学报(医学版),2003,30:178—179
80 吴水龙,张玉庆,朱永康等,上海地区土壤中天然放射性核素含量及其所致居民剂量。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(增刊):46—50
81 肖德涛,左富琪,曹扬达等。空气净化器净化室内氡子体效率的检测。中南工学院学报。1997,11(2):33—37
82 肖德涛,左富琪,赵桂芝等。环保降氡涂料德研制及其降氡性能德测定。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1999,19(1):49—51
83 忻尚杰。人防地下工程平时使用内部环境氡防护标准探析。1994,《首届全国人防工程 内部环境与设备学术研讨会》论文集:22—25
84 徐东群主编,尚兵,袭著革副主编。居室环境空气污染与健康。化学工业出版社,第一版.2005
85 许正繁。CR—39探测器测量空气中氡的浓度。地质实验室。1999,15(2):140—141
86 杨娟娟,官庆超,陈跃等。山东省地下商场氡浓度的监测结果与分析。中国辐射卫生 2000,9(1):18—19
87 杨觉雄,王武芳,张富山。室内氡及其子体暴露研究近况。中华预防医学杂志。1999,33(2):125—126
88 杨守明,张浦龄。地下公共场所放射性氡及其子体的水平调查。2004,15(1):43—44
89 杨文堦,杨磊,卢玉峰,等。用固体核径迹法测定地下场所222Rn水平[J] 。中国辐射卫生。1999(2):93
90 杨亚新,吴信民,吴雅梅,等。用双滤膜法测定氡析出率的试验研究。科技通报。2002,18(1):38—41
91 杨志宽。控制地道风送风系统氡污染的方法。通风除尘。1994,2:33—35
92 姚崇德,洛桑扎巴,阿米穷,等。西藏地区环境氡及其子体浓度与所致公众内剂量调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1992,12(1):24—27
93 于水,王功鹏,骆亿生等部分住宅和地下空间氡浓度的监测及防护措施研究[J] 。辐射防护。1999,19(3):195—199
94 俞义樵,任天山。室内氡的来源和特性。重庆大学学报(自然科学版)。1999,22(3):85—91
95 俞义樵,任天山。建筑物的降氡方法。重庆建筑大学学报。1999,21(4):55—60
96 袁镛龄,森岛弥重,沈泓,等。阳江天然高本底辐射地区空气中氡钍浓度的分布特征。中国辐射卫生。2001,10(1):5—7
97 曾新元,刘汉钦,肖仁义。地下建筑物内氡和氡子体浓度。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1997,5(3):194—196
98 张洪杰,隋文力,林红。包头市城区环境大气放射性质量变化趋势及对居民剂量估算。内蒙古环境保护,1996,8(1):29—31
99 张锦由主编。放射性方法勘查实验。高等教育试用教材,原子能出版社。第一版。1992:92—93
100 张浚溶,祝刚,白聚苍,等。窑洞居室内外环境氡浓度动态观察。中国公共卫生。1995,11(8):361—362
101 张林,胡灿云,何展,等。广州地铁一号线氡浓度变化规律。中国预防医学杂志。2002,3(2):115—117
102 张书成。住宅中氡浓度的影响因素,地质与勘探。1996(6):43—44
103 张淑蓉,潘京全,李允兴,等。我国土壤中放射性核素水平及分布。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(增刊):11—15
104 张述林,罗启芳,张军,等。掺废渣墙体材料建筑物室内放射性水平研究。河南预防医学杂志。1999,10(1):11—13
105 张望英。高层建筑、建筑材料与室内氡污染。重庆环境科学。2001,24(2):33—34
106 张延安,李寿兴。地下建筑中氡对人类健康的危害及其防护。中国建筑防水。1997,6:4—6
107 张友九,俞荣生,殷文红等。苏州市部分地下商场氡及其子体水平的测定。中国辐射卫生。1997,6(3):158
108 张智慧,空气中氡及其子体的测定。原子能出版社。第一版。1994
109 章有馀,吴丽萍,环境中氡的水平及其对人体的危害。四川医学。1999(2):23—27
110 赵桂芝,肖德涛。内墙漆防氡效率测定方法德研究。核电子学与探测技术。2001,21(3):226—228
111 赵亚民等译。环境空气中氡来源及危害。北京:中国环境科学出版社。1990
112 赵中振,马兰,阿迪雅,内蒙土壤中放射性核素水平。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(曾刊2):31-35
113 钟声浩,沈勤松,张有良。上海市地下建筑物内氡及其子体浓度。核技术。1992,15(12):757—762
114 邹文良,马吉英,张聚敬。环境中氡水平及其对人体健康危害。干旱环境监测。2001(1):9—13
115 Jay H.Lubin,王作元,John D.Boice Jr,等。肺癌危险度与室内氡关系研究:中国两项研究的汇总分析结果。中国辐射卫生。2003,12(4):193—197
116 GB 6566—2001 中华人民共和国国家标准 建筑材料放射性核素限量。
117 GB/T 18198-2000 中华人民共和国国家标准 矿工氡子体个人累积暴露量估算规范
118 GB/T14582—93 中华人民共和国国家标准 环境空气中氡的标准测量方法
119 GB/T16146—1995 中华人民共和国国家标准 住房内氡浓度控制标准
120 GB/T16147-1995 中华人民共和国国家标准 空气中氡浓度的闪烁瓶测量方法
121 GB/T17216—1998 中华人民共和国国家标准 人防工程平时使用环境卫生标准
122 /T18883—2002 中华人民共和国国家标准 室内空气质量标准
123 http://www.bast/cn.net/kxmc/11/16.htm
124 http://www.xbus.cn/html/others/ziliao/216.html
125 A. Canoba, F. O. Lopez, M. I. Arnaud et al., Indoor radon measurements and methodologies in Latin American countries. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 483-486
126 A. J. Khan. A study of indoor radon level in Indian dwellings, influencing factors and lung cancer risks. Radiation Measurements. 2000, 32: 87-92
127 A. Srivastava, M. R. Zaman, K. K. Dwivedi et al., Indoor radin level in the dwellings of the Rajshahi and Chuadanga regions of Bangladesh. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 497-499
128 Ashraf E. Khater, M. A. Hussein, Mohamed I. Hussein. Occupational exposure of phosphate mine workers: airborne radioactivity measurements and dose assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 75: 47-57.
129 Bowie SHU. Radon and Leukaemia. Lancet. 1990, 335: 1336
130 C. Baoxeras, B. Erlandsson, LI. Font, G. Jonsson. Radon emanation from soil samples. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 441-443
131 C. Brofferio, A. Cesana, AA. Fascilla, et at., Characerization of an underground site in Northern Italy in view of low radioactivity measurements. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2004, 71: 159-173
132 D. MAZUR, M. JANIK, J. LOSKIEWICZ, P. OLLP AND J. SWAKON. MEASUREMENTS IF RADIN CINCENTRATION IN SOIL GAS BY CR-39 DETECTORS. Radiation Measurement. 1999, 31, 295-300
133 Dobromir Pressyanov, Jozef Buysse, Andre Poffijn et al., Integrated measurements of ~(222)Rn. by absorption in Makrofol. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. 2004, 516: 203-208
134 F. Marley, A. R. Denman, P. S. Phillips. Examination of the influence of water-heated central heating systems on the levels of radon and radon progeny in the workplace. Radiation Measurements. 2000, 32:15-25
135 Frederic Perrier, Patrick Richon, Catherine Crouzeix, Oierre Morat, Jean-Louis Le Mouel. Radon-222 signatures of natural ventilation regimes in an underground quarry. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2004, 71: 17-32.
136 G. JONSSON, C. BALXERAS, R. DEVANTIER, W. ENGE, LL. FONT, K. FREYER, R. GHOSE AND H-C. TREUTLER. SOIL RADON LEVELS MEASURED WITH SSNTD'S AND THE SOIL RADIUM CINTENTT. Radiation measurements. 1999, 31:291-294
137 G.Jonsson. Soil radon depth dependence. Radiation measurements. 2001, 34:415-418
138 G.ESPINOSA, J. I. GOLZARRI, J. RICKARDS, et al., DISTRIBUTION OF INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN MEXICO. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:355-358
139 G. JONSSON. EXPERIENCE FROM USING PLASTIC FILM IN RADIN MEASIREMENT. Radiation measurements. 1999, 31:265-270
140 H. Muramatsu, Y. Tashiro, N. Hasegawa, C. Misawa, M. Minami. Seasonal variations of ~(222)Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2002, 60:263-274
141 l.Csige, S.Csegzi The Radamon radon detector and an example of application. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:437-440
142 Indersoll J G. A survey of radionuclide contents and radon emanation rates in building materials used in U.S. Health Physics. 1983, 45(2):368
143 J. Moriizumi, M. Mori, E. Sasao, H. Yamazawa, T. Iida. Estimation of radon-222 exhalation rate and control of radon-222 concentration in ventilated underground space. International Congress Series, 2005, 1276: 287-288
144 J. Olszewski, W. Chruscielewski, J. Jankowski. Radon on underground tourist routes in Poland. International Congress Series. 2005, 1276:360-361.
145 Janja Vaupoeic, Ilona Hunyadi, Eszter Baradacs. Thorough investigation of radon in a school with elevated levels. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:477-482
146 Jon Miles. Development of maps of radon-prone areas using radon measurements in houses, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1988, 61: 53-58
147 K. N. YU, E. C. M. YOUNG, M. J. STOKES, C. H. LO. A Survey of radon properties in Underground Shopping Centers in Hong Kong. APPL. Radiat. Isot. 1997, 48: 863-866.
148 K. K . Dwicedi, R. Mishra, S. P. Tripathy, A. Kulshreshtha, D. Sinha, A. Sricastava, P. Deka, B. Bhattacharjee, T. V. Ramachandran, K. S. V. Nambi. Simulataneous determination of radon, thoron and their progeny in dwellings. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 33:7-11
149 K. M. Abumutad, M. Al-Tamimi. Emanation power of radon and its concentration in soil and rocks. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:423-426
150 L. Oufni. Determination of the radon diffusion coefficient and radon exhalation rate in Moroccan quaternary samples using the SSNTD technique. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2003, 256(3):581-586
151 L. SAJ6-B0HUS, J. PALFALVI, F. URBANI et al., ENVIRONMENTAL GAMMA AND RADIN DOSIMETRY IN VENEAUELA. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:283-286
152 LL. FOVT, C. BAIXERAS, C. DOMINGO AND F. FERNANDEZ . EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF RADON LEVELS AND ENTRY MECHANISMS IN A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE HOUSE Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:277-282.
153 Maria Karpinska, Zenon Mnich, Jacek Kapala. Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland. JOURNAL OF INVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 77:101-109
154 M. I. Al-Jarallah, F. Abu-jarad, Fazal-ur-Rehman. Determination of radon exhalation rates from tiles using active and passive techniques. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:491-495
155 M. A. Misdaq, A. Ktata, A. Bakhchi. A new method for studying the transport of radon and thoron in various building materials using CR-39 and LR-115 solid state nuclear track detectors. Radiation Measurement. 2000, 32:35-42
156 M. A. Misdaq, K. Flata. Radon and daughters in cigarette smoke measured with SSNTD and corresponding committed equivalent dose to respiratory tract. Radiation Measurement. 2003, 37:31-38
157 M. K. Kullab, B. A. Al-Bataina, A.M. Ismail, K. M. Abumurad. Seasonal variation of radon-222 concentrations in specific locations in Jordan. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 361-364
158 M. P. Chougaonkar, K. P. Eapper, T. V. Ramachandran et al., Profiles of doses to the population living in the high background radiation areas in Kerala, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 71:275-297
159 Manual of Model 1027 continuous radon monitor, U.S.A. 2001
160 N. SEGOVIA, M. MENA, P. Pe?A, E. TAMEZ et al., SOIL RADON TIME SERIES: SURVEYS IN SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC AREAS. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:307-312
161 Okamoto K et al., letter the edition. Health Phys. 1984, 47(5):789-794
162 Patrick Richon, Frederic Perrier, Jean-Christophe Sabroux, Michael Trique, Cecile Ferry, Vincent Voisin, Eric Pili. Spatial and time variations of radon-222 concentration in the atmosphere of a dead-end horizontal tunnel. JOURNAL OF INVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2005, 78: 179-198
163 R. C. Ramola, M. S. Kandari, R. B. S. Rawat, T. V. Ramachandran, C. M. Choubey. A Study of Seasonal Variations of Radon Levels in Different Types of Houses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 1998, 39:1-7
164 R. P. Chauhan, S. K. Chakarvarti. Radon diffusion through soil and flu ash: effect of compaction. Radiation Measurements. 2002, 35:143-146
165 S.A DURRANI. RADON CONCENTRATION VALUES IN THE FIELD: CORRELATION WITH UNDERLYING GEOLOGY. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:271-276
166 S.GUEDES, J. C. HADLER N., P. J. IUNES, L.M.S. NACIA, R. S. NEMAN, W. R. PAULO, C. C. RODRIGUES, W. F. SOUZA, C. A. TELLO S. AND A. ZunIGA. INDOOR RADON AND RADON DAUGHTERS SURVEY AT CAMPINAS-BRAZIL USING CR-39: FIRST RESULTS. Radiation measurements. 1999, 31:287-290
167 S. J. Denagbe, Radon-222 concentration in subsoils and its exhalation rate fron a soil sample. Radiation measurements. 2000, 32:27-34
168 St. Chibowski, A, Komosa. Radon concentration in basements of old town buildingsin the Lublin region, Poland. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2001, 247:53-56
169 Surinder Singh, Rajeev Malhotra, Jatinder Kumar, Lakhwant Singh. Indoor radon measurements in dwellings of Kulu area, Himachal Pradesh, using solid state nuclear track detectors. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34, 505-508
170 T. Anastasiou., H. Tsertosa., S. Christofides., G. Christodoulides. Indoor radon (~(222)Rn) concentration measurements in Cyprus using high-sensitivity portable detectors. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2003, 68: 159-169.
171 T. Minster, S. Ilani, J. Kronfeld, 0. Even, D. I. Godfrey-Smith. Radium contamination in the Nizzana-1 water well, Negev Desert, Israel. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 71:261-273
172 Tadeusz Andrzej Przylibski. Radon and its daughter products behavior in the air of an underground tourist route in the former arsenic and gold mine in Zloty Stok (Sudety Mountains, SW Poland). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2001, 57: 87-103.
173 United nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 1993.
174 United nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 1982.
175 V. Iannopollo, M. Licandro, M. Trimarchi et al., A "delayed" counting method to determine indoor Rn-222 levels indirectly. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2001, 469:240-243
176 Walter D' Alessandro, Fabio Vita. Groundwater radon measurements in the Mt. Etna area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2003, 65:187-201
177 X. Ortega and A. Vargas. CHARACTERISTICA AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF AIRBORNE RADON DECAY PROGENT IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IN CATALONIA (APAIN). Environment International. 1996, 22:149-159
2 常桂兰。氡与氡的危害。铀矿地质。2002,(2):122-127
3 陈爱书,邢宗祥,汕头市环境中氡钍水平及所致居民剂量得分析。职业医学,1999,26(2):20—22
4 陈迪云,陈智营,胡瑞英等.珠海市大气环境中氡浓度的测定.环境科学,1999,20(6):95—97
5 陈加慎。建筑材料中放射性与住宅空气中氡浓度的监测。中国辐射卫生。2001,10(4):219
6 陈凌,刘新华,王秀江等。北京某煤矿氡水平的调查及剂量估算。辐射防护。1998,18(1):31—37
7 陈学胜,钟蔚文,张福彩,等.海口地区环境氡及其子体浓度。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1995.15(3):192—193
8 陈智营。珠海市区环境氡的监测及研究。中山大学学报论丛。1998,6:156—159
9 陈子正。广东省土壤中放射性核素含量及分布。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(增刊):84—90
10 崔霖沛。氡气灾害调查的一些结果。地质论评。1994,40(2):157—163
11 戴鸿贵,郑正,余刚等。地下工程中的氡异常及其治理对策。南京大学学报。1999,35(3):222—229
12 邓志宏,黄兆慧,曾庆祥,等。宣威室内空气中氡暴露及地表γ辐射与肺癌关系的流行病学研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志。2001,21(5):389—391
13 杜杰,李蓉,高淑萍。17条坑道氡水平监测与分析[J] 。解放军预防医学杂志。2004,22(2):143
14 方志刚,徐绍琴,刘勇等。辽宁省部分城市室内氡浓度水平。监测与分析。1999:39—40
15 高益群,罗开训,周朝王,等。湖南省室内外环境中氡浓度及所致居民剂量。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1992,12(2):94
16 戈立新,汪名侠,李传琛。上海地区空气中氡水平的调查。辐射防护。2002,22(4): 246—252
17 耿世彬,连慧亮,氡与室内空气环境。建筑热能通风空调。2001(6):49—51
18 官庆超,陈跃,孙立亭等。山东省环境中氡及其子体浓度与所致剂量的研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1992,12(2):90—93
19 国际放射防护委员会第50号出版物
20 韩国胜,李晓戈,王庆恒。双滤膜法测氡中湿度影响得校正。辐射防护通讯。1999,19(6):26—28
21 何彬等,肖刚,路明等。气压、气温、风速对室内氡气传输影响的三维瞬态数值模拟。核技术。2003,26(10):799—803
22 胡国辉,孔令丰,张春粪。居民住房内的氡气辐射污染问题。广州环境科学。2002,17(1):28—30
23 霍云,徐友来,葛传奎,等。安徽省环境中氡浓度及对居民受照剂量的研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1993,13(1):19
24 金益和,饭田孝夫,池边幸正,等。用累积法对中国部分城市室内外~(222)Rn浓度的调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1996,16(6):363—368
25 李彬,林玉石,徐胜友。桂、湘某些岩溶洞穴氡及其子体分布特征的初步研究。中国岩溶。1995,14(4):345～351
26 李传学,于水,杨学山,等。济南军区营房和坑道氡水平调查及剂量估算。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1997,17(3):215—217
27 李素云,侯海全,李燕玲。我国某些铀矿井下氡浓度现状。辐射防护通讯。1995,15(5):10—14
28 李锁照,金益和,陈煜有,等。用静电径迹法对贵州省环境氡浓度的调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1994,14(5):302
29 李锁照,金益和。贵阳地区氡浓度的连续观测。重庆环境科学。1996,18(4):56—57
30 李锁照,喻立新,魏涛。贵阳地区建筑材料中放射性水平调查。中国辐射卫生。1997,6(3):162—164
31 李晓燕,王燕,郑宝山,王学。我国东南四省人防工程内氡的调查[J] 。地球与环境。2004,32(3—4):67—71
32 林丛,朱耀明,林辉明,等。大气氡浓度与气象条件关系的探讨。辐射防护通讯。1989, 4:31—33
33 林丹,赵时敏,陈文瑛,等。福州市部分住房室内放射性水平检测结果。海峡预防医学杂志。2001,7(2):52
34 刘德虎,张雨林,王功鹏,等。东北地区住室空气中氡浓度及氡子体α潜能值的昼夜变化规律的研究。中国公共卫生。1996,12(4):153
35 刘汉彬摘译。区域上氡的变化:基底岩石中微量元素地球化学对氡释放率的影响。世界核地质科学。2003,20(4):232—235
36 刘洪福,程小平,白春礼。测氡技术在探测地下火区范围中的应用。物探与化探。1997,21(1):77—80
37 刘庆成,陈昌礼,彭聂,等。青岛市环境氡浓度调查。华东地质学院学报。1996,19(1):86—89
38 刘荣厚,唐自强,张从力。煤矿氡气及防治。煤炭工程师。1998,3:27—31
39 刘燕敏,D L Smith。墙体装饰材料和通风对室内氡值的影响。通风除尘。1997,4:9—13
40 刘英俊,曹励明,李兆麟等。《元素地球化学》。科学出版社,第一版.1984
41 卢伟,王正铤,高福清。个旧地区氡水平及其与地质特点的关系。环境科学。1994,16(2):19—22
42 卢伟。测氡仪器概述。现代仪器。2002,2:5—8
43 卢伟。个旧居民肺癌发病率与室内氡关系的探讨。中国预防医学杂志。2001,2(3):198—200
44 卢伟。居室氡气致癌与防治。北京:地质出版社,第一版.1995
45 陆玲,戴晓兰,陈敏。环境氡平衡因子的探讨。华东地质学院学报。1999,22(2):147—155
46 罗看训,袁镛龄,李植纯,等。煤渣建材住房内氡及其子体浓度与剂量估算。中国辐射卫生。2001,10(2):76
47 马文彦,周春林,陈桂英等。活性炭对氡吸附行为的研究。核电子学与探测技术。2002,22(1):84—87
48 梅水笙。测定建材氡—222发射率的方法。中国辐射卫生。1998,7(1):56
49 孟繁卿,丁华光,阳顺勤,等。河南省地下建筑内氡及其子体浓度与内剂量评价。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1991,11(2):113—115
50 孟文斌,秦长珠。辽宁部分矿山井下氡水平的测试。工业卫生与职业病。1997,23(6):334—336
51 孟文斌,张伟道,崔培超。环境氡浓度的昼夜和季节变化。环境与健康杂志。1987,4(1):17—18
52 孟文斌,张志兴,张伟道等。辽宁省地下建筑物内氡及其子体水平调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(4):247—250
53 孟宪新,刘敬周,杨昆等。滕州煤矿井内氡浓度水平调查。中国辐射卫生。1998,7(1):29-30
54 潘自强.我国空气中氡及其短寿命子体产生的照射。辐射防护。2003,23(3):129—137
55 丘寿康,有关氡危害与评价的问题,辐射防护通讯,2001(6):3—7
56 任天山,林莲卿,陈志鹏等。北京地区室内氡水平及影响因素。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1986,6(4):223—227
57 任天山,刘祖森,汤凌金等。深圳特区室内氡水平及影响因素。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(3):176—179
58 尚兵,唐莉,曾力等。北京市地下铁道环境放射性水平及其工作人员受照剂量评价。中华放射医学与防护杂志,1994,14(6):401—404
59 施敏,倪静安,等。氡—居室中的隐蔽杀手。化学教育。1998(9):1—3
60 宋妙发,强亦忠 主编。核环境学基础。高等教育试用教材。原子能出版社。第一版。1999:18
61 田得源,陈树义,贾地等。气球法测氡比对试验。核电子学与探测技术。1994,14(2):90—93
62 田德源等,何志坚。通风对室内氡浓度的影响。中国辐射卫生。1994,3(4):218—219
63 万玉松,王秀玉,曾而康,等。江西省室内、外环境中氡及其子体所致内照射居民剂量调查中华放射医学与防护杂志。1991,11(3):184—187
64 汪家兴,尚兵,熊云,等。湖北地区室内外空气中氡及氡衰变子体浓度的调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1989,9 (4):233—240
65 王汉青,李惠敏,肖德涛。建筑内氡气来源及其通风防治办法。流体机械。31(9):32—34
66 王润溪,李秀兰,刘玉琴。山西省空气中氡及其子体浓度与所致居民剂量的估算。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1990,10(6):398—403
67 王武安。氡子体与氡的平衡比(F值)的确定方法。铀矿冶。1994,13(2):126—12
68 王燮华。地热水应用中的辐射问题及有关防护标准。国外医学·放射医学核医学分册。1998,22(1):37～40
69 王燮华。环境氡的来源及其危害与治理。国外医学·放射医学核医学分册。1999,23(3):102—105
70 王燮华。环境空气中氡的水平。中国辐射卫生。1996(3):139—141
71 王燕。中国地下工程氡污染健康影响与防护——以内蒙古自治区为例。硕士论文。2005,
72 王治国,王教义,孙霖等。山东省黄金矿山氡及其子体浓度调查。劳动医学。1999,16(3):134—137
73 王作元等,Lubin JH,王陇德,等。室内氡与肺癌关系研究。中华放射医学与防护杂志。2002,22(3):209—214
74 韦继管,彭莉,赵永光,等。哈密地区环境中氡及其子体浓度所致居民剂量评价。干旱环境监测。1995,9(1):1-3
75 魏文一,柴爱民。某军事作业坑道内空气中氡浓度水平调查。职业与健康。2004,20(2):22—23
76 文世荪。安徽省环境放射性水平监测。安徽预防医学杂志。2002,8(1):28—30
77 邬剑明,吴新文。同位素测氡技术在我国煤矿的研究应用。中国煤炭。1998,24(6):22—24
78 吴慧山,林玉飞等。氡的测定方法与应用。北京原子能出版社。第一版。1995
79 吴锦海,王力,裴永法,等。常用建筑材料中辐射水平与剂量评价。复旦学报(医学版),2003,30:178—179
80 吴水龙,张玉庆,朱永康等,上海地区土壤中天然放射性核素含量及其所致居民剂量。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(增刊):46—50
81 肖德涛,左富琪,曹扬达等。空气净化器净化室内氡子体效率的检测。中南工学院学报。1997,11(2):33—37
82 肖德涛,左富琪,赵桂芝等。环保降氡涂料德研制及其降氡性能德测定。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1999,19(1):49—51
83 忻尚杰。人防地下工程平时使用内部环境氡防护标准探析。1994,《首届全国人防工程 内部环境与设备学术研讨会》论文集:22—25
84 徐东群主编,尚兵,袭著革副主编。居室环境空气污染与健康。化学工业出版社,第一版.2005
85 许正繁。CR—39探测器测量空气中氡的浓度。地质实验室。1999,15(2):140—141
86 杨娟娟,官庆超,陈跃等。山东省地下商场氡浓度的监测结果与分析。中国辐射卫生 2000,9(1):18—19
87 杨觉雄,王武芳,张富山。室内氡及其子体暴露研究近况。中华预防医学杂志。1999,33(2):125—126
88 杨守明,张浦龄。地下公共场所放射性氡及其子体的水平调查。2004,15(1):43—44
89 杨文堦,杨磊,卢玉峰,等。用固体核径迹法测定地下场所222Rn水平[J] 。中国辐射卫生。1999(2):93
90 杨亚新,吴信民,吴雅梅,等。用双滤膜法测定氡析出率的试验研究。科技通报。2002,18(1):38—41
91 杨志宽。控制地道风送风系统氡污染的方法。通风除尘。1994,2:33—35
92 姚崇德,洛桑扎巴,阿米穷,等。西藏地区环境氡及其子体浓度与所致公众内剂量调查。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1992,12(1):24—27
93 于水,王功鹏,骆亿生等部分住宅和地下空间氡浓度的监测及防护措施研究[J] 。辐射防护。1999,19(3):195—199
94 俞义樵,任天山。室内氡的来源和特性。重庆大学学报(自然科学版)。1999,22(3):85—91
95 俞义樵,任天山。建筑物的降氡方法。重庆建筑大学学报。1999,21(4):55—60
96 袁镛龄,森岛弥重,沈泓,等。阳江天然高本底辐射地区空气中氡钍浓度的分布特征。中国辐射卫生。2001,10(1):5—7
97 曾新元,刘汉钦,肖仁义。地下建筑物内氡和氡子体浓度。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1997,5(3):194—196
98 张洪杰,隋文力,林红。包头市城区环境大气放射性质量变化趋势及对居民剂量估算。内蒙古环境保护,1996,8(1):29—31
99 张锦由主编。放射性方法勘查实验。高等教育试用教材,原子能出版社。第一版。1992:92—93
100 张浚溶,祝刚,白聚苍,等。窑洞居室内外环境氡浓度动态观察。中国公共卫生。1995,11(8):361—362
101 张林,胡灿云,何展,等。广州地铁一号线氡浓度变化规律。中国预防医学杂志。2002,3(2):115—117
102 张书成。住宅中氡浓度的影响因素,地质与勘探。1996(6):43—44
103 张淑蓉,潘京全,李允兴,等。我国土壤中放射性核素水平及分布。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(增刊):11—15
104 张述林,罗启芳,张军,等。掺废渣墙体材料建筑物室内放射性水平研究。河南预防医学杂志。1999,10(1):11—13
105 张望英。高层建筑、建筑材料与室内氡污染。重庆环境科学。2001,24(2):33—34
106 张延安,李寿兴。地下建筑中氡对人类健康的危害及其防护。中国建筑防水。1997,6:4—6
107 张友九,俞荣生,殷文红等。苏州市部分地下商场氡及其子体水平的测定。中国辐射卫生。1997,6(3):158
108 张智慧,空气中氡及其子体的测定。原子能出版社。第一版。1994
109 章有馀,吴丽萍,环境中氡的水平及其对人体的危害。四川医学。1999(2):23—27
110 赵桂芝,肖德涛。内墙漆防氡效率测定方法德研究。核电子学与探测技术。2001,21(3):226—228
111 赵亚民等译。环境空气中氡来源及危害。北京:中国环境科学出版社。1990
112 赵中振,马兰,阿迪雅,内蒙土壤中放射性核素水平。中华放射医学与防护杂志。1988,8(曾刊2):31-35
113 钟声浩,沈勤松,张有良。上海市地下建筑物内氡及其子体浓度。核技术。1992,15(12):757—762
114 邹文良,马吉英,张聚敬。环境中氡水平及其对人体健康危害。干旱环境监测。2001(1):9—13
115 Jay H.Lubin,王作元,John D.Boice Jr,等。肺癌危险度与室内氡关系研究:中国两项研究的汇总分析结果。中国辐射卫生。2003,12(4):193—197
116 GB 6566—2001 中华人民共和国国家标准 建筑材料放射性核素限量。
117 GB/T 18198-2000 中华人民共和国国家标准 矿工氡子体个人累积暴露量估算规范
118 GB/T14582—93 中华人民共和国国家标准 环境空气中氡的标准测量方法
119 GB/T16146—1995 中华人民共和国国家标准 住房内氡浓度控制标准
120 GB/T16147-1995 中华人民共和国国家标准 空气中氡浓度的闪烁瓶测量方法
121 GB/T17216—1998 中华人民共和国国家标准 人防工程平时使用环境卫生标准
122 /T18883—2002 中华人民共和国国家标准 室内空气质量标准
123 http://www.bast/cn.net/kxmc/11/16.htm
124 http://www.xbus.cn/html/others/ziliao/216.html
125 A. Canoba, F. O. Lopez, M. I. Arnaud et al., Indoor radon measurements and methodologies in Latin American countries. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 483-486
126 A. J. Khan. A study of indoor radon level in Indian dwellings, influencing factors and lung cancer risks. Radiation Measurements. 2000, 32: 87-92
127 A. Srivastava, M. R. Zaman, K. K. Dwivedi et al., Indoor radin level in the dwellings of the Rajshahi and Chuadanga regions of Bangladesh. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 497-499
128 Ashraf E. Khater, M. A. Hussein, Mohamed I. Hussein. Occupational exposure of phosphate mine workers: airborne radioactivity measurements and dose assessment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 75: 47-57.
129 Bowie SHU. Radon and Leukaemia. Lancet. 1990, 335: 1336
130 C. Baoxeras, B. Erlandsson, LI. Font, G. Jonsson. Radon emanation from soil samples. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 441-443
131 C. Brofferio, A. Cesana, AA. Fascilla, et at., Characerization of an underground site in Northern Italy in view of low radioactivity measurements. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2004, 71: 159-173
132 D. MAZUR, M. JANIK, J. LOSKIEWICZ, P. OLLP AND J. SWAKON. MEASUREMENTS IF RADIN CINCENTRATION IN SOIL GAS BY CR-39 DETECTORS. Radiation Measurement. 1999, 31, 295-300
133 Dobromir Pressyanov, Jozef Buysse, Andre Poffijn et al., Integrated measurements of ~(222)Rn. by absorption in Makrofol. NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH. 2004, 516: 203-208
134 F. Marley, A. R. Denman, P. S. Phillips. Examination of the influence of water-heated central heating systems on the levels of radon and radon progeny in the workplace. Radiation Measurements. 2000, 32:15-25
135 Frederic Perrier, Patrick Richon, Catherine Crouzeix, Oierre Morat, Jean-Louis Le Mouel. Radon-222 signatures of natural ventilation regimes in an underground quarry. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2004, 71: 17-32.
136 G. JONSSON, C. BALXERAS, R. DEVANTIER, W. ENGE, LL. FONT, K. FREYER, R. GHOSE AND H-C. TREUTLER. SOIL RADON LEVELS MEASURED WITH SSNTD'S AND THE SOIL RADIUM CINTENTT. Radiation measurements. 1999, 31:291-294
137 G.Jonsson. Soil radon depth dependence. Radiation measurements. 2001, 34:415-418
138 G.ESPINOSA, J. I. GOLZARRI, J. RICKARDS, et al., DISTRIBUTION OF INDOOR RADON LEVELS IN MEXICO. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:355-358
139 G. JONSSON. EXPERIENCE FROM USING PLASTIC FILM IN RADIN MEASIREMENT. Radiation measurements. 1999, 31:265-270
140 H. Muramatsu, Y. Tashiro, N. Hasegawa, C. Misawa, M. Minami. Seasonal variations of ~(222)Rn concentrations in the air of a tunnel located in Nagano city. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2002, 60:263-274
141 l.Csige, S.Csegzi The Radamon radon detector and an example of application. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:437-440
142 Indersoll J G. A survey of radionuclide contents and radon emanation rates in building materials used in U.S. Health Physics. 1983, 45(2):368
143 J. Moriizumi, M. Mori, E. Sasao, H. Yamazawa, T. Iida. Estimation of radon-222 exhalation rate and control of radon-222 concentration in ventilated underground space. International Congress Series, 2005, 1276: 287-288
144 J. Olszewski, W. Chruscielewski, J. Jankowski. Radon on underground tourist routes in Poland. International Congress Series. 2005, 1276:360-361.
145 Janja Vaupoeic, Ilona Hunyadi, Eszter Baradacs. Thorough investigation of radon in a school with elevated levels. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:477-482
146 Jon Miles. Development of maps of radon-prone areas using radon measurements in houses, Journal of Hazardous Materials. 1988, 61: 53-58
147 K. N. YU, E. C. M. YOUNG, M. J. STOKES, C. H. LO. A Survey of radon properties in Underground Shopping Centers in Hong Kong. APPL. Radiat. Isot. 1997, 48: 863-866.
148 K. K . Dwicedi, R. Mishra, S. P. Tripathy, A. Kulshreshtha, D. Sinha, A. Sricastava, P. Deka, B. Bhattacharjee, T. V. Ramachandran, K. S. V. Nambi. Simulataneous determination of radon, thoron and their progeny in dwellings. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 33:7-11
149 K. M. Abumutad, M. Al-Tamimi. Emanation power of radon and its concentration in soil and rocks. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:423-426
150 L. Oufni. Determination of the radon diffusion coefficient and radon exhalation rate in Moroccan quaternary samples using the SSNTD technique. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2003, 256(3):581-586
151 L. SAJ6-B0HUS, J. PALFALVI, F. URBANI et al., ENVIRONMENTAL GAMMA AND RADIN DOSIMETRY IN VENEAUELA. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:283-286
152 LL. FOVT, C. BAIXERAS, C. DOMINGO AND F. FERNANDEZ . EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDY OF RADON LEVELS AND ENTRY MECHANISMS IN A MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE HOUSE Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:277-282.
153 Maria Karpinska, Zenon Mnich, Jacek Kapala. Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland. JOURNAL OF INVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 77:101-109
154 M. I. Al-Jarallah, F. Abu-jarad, Fazal-ur-Rehman. Determination of radon exhalation rates from tiles using active and passive techniques. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34:491-495
155 M. A. Misdaq, A. Ktata, A. Bakhchi. A new method for studying the transport of radon and thoron in various building materials using CR-39 and LR-115 solid state nuclear track detectors. Radiation Measurement. 2000, 32:35-42
156 M. A. Misdaq, K. Flata. Radon and daughters in cigarette smoke measured with SSNTD and corresponding committed equivalent dose to respiratory tract. Radiation Measurement. 2003, 37:31-38
157 M. K. Kullab, B. A. Al-Bataina, A.M. Ismail, K. M. Abumurad. Seasonal variation of radon-222 concentrations in specific locations in Jordan. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34: 361-364
158 M. P. Chougaonkar, K. P. Eapper, T. V. Ramachandran et al., Profiles of doses to the population living in the high background radiation areas in Kerala, India. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 71:275-297
159 Manual of Model 1027 continuous radon monitor, U.S.A. 2001
160 N. SEGOVIA, M. MENA, P. Pe?A, E. TAMEZ et al., SOIL RADON TIME SERIES: SURVEYS IN SEISMIC AND VOLCANIC AREAS. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:307-312
161 Okamoto K et al., letter the edition. Health Phys. 1984, 47(5):789-794
162 Patrick Richon, Frederic Perrier, Jean-Christophe Sabroux, Michael Trique, Cecile Ferry, Vincent Voisin, Eric Pili. Spatial and time variations of radon-222 concentration in the atmosphere of a dead-end horizontal tunnel. JOURNAL OF INVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2005, 78: 179-198
163 R. C. Ramola, M. S. Kandari, R. B. S. Rawat, T. V. Ramachandran, C. M. Choubey. A Study of Seasonal Variations of Radon Levels in Different Types of Houses. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 1998, 39:1-7
164 R. P. Chauhan, S. K. Chakarvarti. Radon diffusion through soil and flu ash: effect of compaction. Radiation Measurements. 2002, 35:143-146
165 S.A DURRANI. RADON CONCENTRATION VALUES IN THE FIELD: CORRELATION WITH UNDERLYING GEOLOGY. Radiation Measurements. 1999, 31:271-276
166 S.GUEDES, J. C. HADLER N., P. J. IUNES, L.M.S. NACIA, R. S. NEMAN, W. R. PAULO, C. C. RODRIGUES, W. F. SOUZA, C. A. TELLO S. AND A. ZunIGA. INDOOR RADON AND RADON DAUGHTERS SURVEY AT CAMPINAS-BRAZIL USING CR-39: FIRST RESULTS. Radiation measurements. 1999, 31:287-290
167 S. J. Denagbe, Radon-222 concentration in subsoils and its exhalation rate fron a soil sample. Radiation measurements. 2000, 32:27-34
168 St. Chibowski, A, Komosa. Radon concentration in basements of old town buildingsin the Lublin region, Poland. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2001, 247:53-56
169 Surinder Singh, Rajeev Malhotra, Jatinder Kumar, Lakhwant Singh. Indoor radon measurements in dwellings of Kulu area, Himachal Pradesh, using solid state nuclear track detectors. Radiation Measurements. 2001, 34, 505-508
170 T. Anastasiou., H. Tsertosa., S. Christofides., G. Christodoulides. Indoor radon (~(222)Rn) concentration measurements in Cyprus using high-sensitivity portable detectors. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2003, 68: 159-169.
171 T. Minster, S. Ilani, J. Kronfeld, 0. Even, D. I. Godfrey-Smith. Radium contamination in the Nizzana-1 water well, Negev Desert, Israel. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2004, 71:261-273
172 Tadeusz Andrzej Przylibski. Radon and its daughter products behavior in the air of an underground tourist route in the former arsenic and gold mine in Zloty Stok (Sudety Mountains, SW Poland). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2001, 57: 87-103.
173 United nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 1993.
174 United nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. 1982.
175 V. Iannopollo, M. Licandro, M. Trimarchi et al., A "delayed" counting method to determine indoor Rn-222 levels indirectly. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A. 2001, 469:240-243
176 Walter D' Alessandro, Fabio Vita. Groundwater radon measurements in the Mt. Etna area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY. 2003, 65:187-201
177 X. Ortega and A. Vargas. CHARACTERISTICA AND TEMPORAL VARIATION OF AIRBORNE RADON DECAY PROGENT IN THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT IN CATALONIA (APAIN). Environment International. 1996, 22:149-159