南海西部油田堵水技术研究
|
摘要
在南海西部油田条件下,针对海上堵水存在问题,从堵剂配方、堵剂环保性能评价、堵水工艺和配套用剂这3个方面开展研究。常用堵剂中冻胶成本低廉、封堵对油水具有选择性、可笼统注入,适合于海上油田堵水。研究建立了南海西部油田条件的堵剂系列,包括常规冻胶和环保冻胶聚乙烯亚胺冻胶(PEI冻胶)。采用基液等粘度模糊评判法,综合考虑成本、冻胶强度和稳定性筛选聚合物,通过成冻对比优选PEI交联剂。研究得到了成冻时间和冻胶强度可调的系列配方,对典型配方进行了应用性能评价。
系统考察了温度、矿化度、聚合物、交联剂、pH值对PEI冻胶成冻时间和冻胶强度(储能模量和损耗模量)的影响,研究了PEI冻胶封堵的选择性。试验测定了南海海水配制PEI冻胶的表观活化能。温度、聚合物和交联剂是缩短成冻时间,提高冻胶强度的有利因素,矿化度则是不利因素,pH值在8～10时,降低pH值,成冻时间显著延长,冻胶强度明显降低。堵后驱替速度和油水相残余阻力系数的试验结果表明PEI冻胶的封堵对油水具有明显的选择性,该现象可由膨胀/收缩机理进行解释。
建立了符合海上油田堵剂特点的环保评价方法。该方法选取海生菌明亮发光杆菌作为海洋环境的代表性受试生物,通过发光细菌急性毒性试验研究冻胶主剂、配方和产出液的环保性能。对冻胶的主剂、配方和产出液毒性进行了分级和排序,结果表明聚乙烯亚胺冻胶毒性远低于常规冻胶,冻胶的毒性主要源于交联剂,聚合物和交联剂在配方中表现的联合毒性作用为拮抗作用,冻胶因其封堵特性,产出液中毒性是逐渐缓慢释放。
根据南海西部油田的出水类型分析了其适用的堵水方式,结果表明笼统堵水是最重要的工艺形式。针对南海西部油田的主要问题即大斜度井和水平井堵水,通过物理模拟研究了其笼统堵水的封堵机理和存在问题。为了在笼统堵水中更好的保护低渗通道,提出了聚合物保护海水增孔法,研究了该方法的影响因素,物理模拟的结果表明,与常规方法相比,该方法对低渗的保护效果更明显,堵水效果更好。研究了堵水工艺相关的各种配套用剂,包括前置液、后置液、暂堵冻胶和解堵工作液,在常规后置液段塞中增加了近井保护液,氧化降解近井残留的聚合物和冻胶,进一步降低过顶替后近井地带残余阻力系数,保证堵后足够的产液能力。
Under the condition of western zone oil field in South China Sea, plugging agent formulas and their toxicity, matching technology and their support agents were researched in the paper. Because of the feature of low cost and disproportional permeability reducing for oil and water, Gel is suitable for bullheaded water shutoff. In the paper, gel formulas research mainly include common gel and polyethyleneimine(PEI) gel. Serial gel formulars were obtained, having different gel time and gel strength. Then, the formulars were assessed by application characters such as water plugging rate, shearing resistance behavior, and etc.
It was researched in detail how the factors, such as temperature, salinity, polymer, crosslinking agent, and pH value, affect gel time, loss modulus and storage modulus of PEI gel,. Apparent activation energy of South China Sea brine preparing gel was measured. Gel time power decline with the increase of polymer mass concentration. Gel time and PEI mass concentration has similar tendency. Increasing temperature, polymer and crosslinking agent mass concentration tend to shorten gel time and harden gel strength. While increasing salinity of brine for gel or decreasing pH value of base gel solution have invert tendency. Physical simulation results indicate that PEI gel can disproportionally reduce oil and water permeabilty obviously. The phenomenon can be interpreted by swelling/contracting mechanism.
Environmental behavior evaluation method for shutoff agent in offshore oil field was researched. Photosbacterium phosphoreum was chosed as the representative specie for marine environment. Environmental behavior of polymer, crosslinking agent, gel and producing fluild after gel treatment was assessed by bioluminescent bacteria bioassay. The toxicity of different gel was graded and ordered. It was found that gel toxicity mainly attributes to crosslinking agent, and toxicity of polymer and crosslinking agent in gel shows antagonistic action.
Bullheaded water shutoff was the most importand method in South China Sea western zone oil field. The mechanism of the method was researched by visual physical simulation. Polymer diverting and sea water broadening method was prososed to solve the problem discovered in the simulation, that the low permeable path was prone to be damaged in bullheaded water shutoff. The method was proven to be more effectively to protect the low permeable path and has more cheering results by physical simulation. Support agents for the matching technology of water shutoff were also researched, such as preflush fluid, overdisplacement fluid, temporary blocking gel and water block remover fluid. In the physical simulation, a little of oxidizing reagent solution was injected after overdisplacement polymer, to protect researvoir by degrading polymer and gel remaining near wellbore.
系统考察了温度、矿化度、聚合物、交联剂、pH值对PEI冻胶成冻时间和冻胶强度(储能模量和损耗模量)的影响,研究了PEI冻胶封堵的选择性。试验测定了南海海水配制PEI冻胶的表观活化能。温度、聚合物和交联剂是缩短成冻时间,提高冻胶强度的有利因素,矿化度则是不利因素,pH值在8～10时,降低pH值,成冻时间显著延长,冻胶强度明显降低。堵后驱替速度和油水相残余阻力系数的试验结果表明PEI冻胶的封堵对油水具有明显的选择性,该现象可由膨胀/收缩机理进行解释。
建立了符合海上油田堵剂特点的环保评价方法。该方法选取海生菌明亮发光杆菌作为海洋环境的代表性受试生物,通过发光细菌急性毒性试验研究冻胶主剂、配方和产出液的环保性能。对冻胶的主剂、配方和产出液毒性进行了分级和排序,结果表明聚乙烯亚胺冻胶毒性远低于常规冻胶,冻胶的毒性主要源于交联剂,聚合物和交联剂在配方中表现的联合毒性作用为拮抗作用,冻胶因其封堵特性,产出液中毒性是逐渐缓慢释放。
根据南海西部油田的出水类型分析了其适用的堵水方式,结果表明笼统堵水是最重要的工艺形式。针对南海西部油田的主要问题即大斜度井和水平井堵水,通过物理模拟研究了其笼统堵水的封堵机理和存在问题。为了在笼统堵水中更好的保护低渗通道,提出了聚合物保护海水增孔法,研究了该方法的影响因素,物理模拟的结果表明,与常规方法相比,该方法对低渗的保护效果更明显,堵水效果更好。研究了堵水工艺相关的各种配套用剂,包括前置液、后置液、暂堵冻胶和解堵工作液,在常规后置液段塞中增加了近井保护液,氧化降解近井残留的聚合物和冻胶,进一步降低过顶替后近井地带残余阻力系数,保证堵后足够的产液能力。
Under the condition of western zone oil field in South China Sea, plugging agent formulas and their toxicity, matching technology and their support agents were researched in the paper. Because of the feature of low cost and disproportional permeability reducing for oil and water, Gel is suitable for bullheaded water shutoff. In the paper, gel formulas research mainly include common gel and polyethyleneimine(PEI) gel. Serial gel formulars were obtained, having different gel time and gel strength. Then, the formulars were assessed by application characters such as water plugging rate, shearing resistance behavior, and etc.
It was researched in detail how the factors, such as temperature, salinity, polymer, crosslinking agent, and pH value, affect gel time, loss modulus and storage modulus of PEI gel,. Apparent activation energy of South China Sea brine preparing gel was measured. Gel time power decline with the increase of polymer mass concentration. Gel time and PEI mass concentration has similar tendency. Increasing temperature, polymer and crosslinking agent mass concentration tend to shorten gel time and harden gel strength. While increasing salinity of brine for gel or decreasing pH value of base gel solution have invert tendency. Physical simulation results indicate that PEI gel can disproportionally reduce oil and water permeabilty obviously. The phenomenon can be interpreted by swelling/contracting mechanism.
Environmental behavior evaluation method for shutoff agent in offshore oil field was researched. Photosbacterium phosphoreum was chosed as the representative specie for marine environment. Environmental behavior of polymer, crosslinking agent, gel and producing fluild after gel treatment was assessed by bioluminescent bacteria bioassay. The toxicity of different gel was graded and ordered. It was found that gel toxicity mainly attributes to crosslinking agent, and toxicity of polymer and crosslinking agent in gel shows antagonistic action.
Bullheaded water shutoff was the most importand method in South China Sea western zone oil field. The mechanism of the method was researched by visual physical simulation. Polymer diverting and sea water broadening method was prososed to solve the problem discovered in the simulation, that the low permeable path was prone to be damaged in bullheaded water shutoff. The method was proven to be more effectively to protect the low permeable path and has more cheering results by physical simulation. Support agents for the matching technology of water shutoff were also researched, such as preflush fluid, overdisplacement fluid, temporary blocking gel and water block remover fluid. In the physical simulation, a little of oxidizing reagent solution was injected after overdisplacement polymer, to protect researvoir by degrading polymer and gel remaining near wellbore.
引文
[1]赵福麟.油田化学[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,2000:148
[2]马宝岐.油田化学原理与技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1995:1-10
[3]韩大匡.深度开发高含水油田提高采收率问题的探讨[J].石油勘探与开发,1995,22(5):47-55
[4]俞启泰.论提高采收率的战略和方法[J].石油学报,1996,17(2):53-61
[5]黄海滨,李伟涛,何社锋.HSE在海洋石油工程中的应用[J].石油工业技术监督,2008,24(6):15-17
[6]李宜坤,胡频,冯积累,等.水平井堵水的背景、现状及发展趋势[J].石油天然气学报,2005,27(5):757-760
[7]李朝霞,雷江西.国外油井控水技术综述[J].国外油田工程,1997,13(6):29-32
[8]赵福麟.采油用剂[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1997:72-73
[9]胡艳霞,王新声.复合树脂颗粒型油井堵剂的研制与应用[J].精细石油化工进展,2002;3(2):19-21
[10]刘一江,王香增.化学调剖堵水技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999:17
[11]赵秀娟,陈铁龙,王传军.一种低温铬冻胶堵剂的研制[J].油田化学,2001,18(3):225-227
[12]杨鸿剑,乔爱新,江静.有机铬/HPAM交联体系的室内研究[J].钻采工艺,2001,24(5):94-95,98
[13]王斌,王栋,李补鱼.一种深度调剖用聚合物/有机铬冻胶体系[J].油田化学,1999,16(1):24-26,20
[14]Sydansk R D,Southwell G P.More than 12 Years' Experience with a Successful Conformance Control Polymer-gel Technology[R].SPE 66558,2000:270-278
[15]Chauveteau G,Tabary R,Renard M,et al.Controlling In-situ Gelation of Polyacrylamides by Zirconium for Water Shutoff[R].SPE 50752,1999
[16]Hardy M,Botermans W,Hamouda A,et al.The First Carbonate Field Application of a New Organically Crosslinked Water Shutoff Polymer System[R].SPE 50738,1999
[17]Vasquez J,Civan F,Shaw T M,et al.Laboratory Evaluation of High-temperature Conformance Polymer Systems[R].SPE 80904,2003
[18]AL-Muntasheri G A,Nasr-El-Din H A,Peters J A,et al.Investigation of a High Temperature Organic Water Shutoff Gel:Reaction Mechanisms[R].SPE 97530,2005
[19]Eoff L S,Dalrymple E D,Everett D M,et al.Worldwide Field Applications of a Polymeric Gel System for Conformance Applications[R].SPE 98119,2006
[20]Vasquez J,Jurado I,Santillan A,et al.Organically Crosslinked Polymer System for Water Reduction Treatments in Mexico[R].SPE 104134,2006
[21]Reddy B R,Eoff L,Dalrymple E D,et al.A Natural Polymer-based Crossliner System for Conformance Gel System[R].SPE 75163,2002
[22]Reddy B R,Eoff L,Dalrymple E D,et al.Natural Polymer-based Compositions Designed for Use in Conformance Gel Systems.SPE 84510,2003
[23]侯天江.一种成胶时间可控的无机凝胶调剖体系的研究和应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2004,26(3):117-118
[24]Altunina L K,Kuvshinov.Evolution Tendencies of Physico-chemical EOR Methods[R].SPE 65173,2000
[25]Busolo M A,Mogollon J L,Rojas F,et al.Permeability Modifications by In-situ Cations Hydrolysis[R].SPE 64990,2001
[26]Long EA,King G E.Aqueous Particulate Dispersion for Reducing the Water Influx Rate into a Wellbore:US,5709267[P],1998-01-20
[27]王任芳,李克华,戴彩丽.油田堵水剂及其新发展[J].钻采工艺,1998;21(4):67-69
[28]Romoero L,Ziritt J L,Marin A,et al.Plugging of High Permeability-fractured Zones Using Emulsions[R].SPE 35461,1996:611-621
[29]李宇乡,刘玉章,白宝君,等.体膨型颗粒类堵水调剖技术的研究[J].石油钻探工艺,1999,21(3):65-68
[30]成世全.CDG调驱技术在W95块南部油田的应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2003年6月,第25卷增刊(上)
[31]Fielding R C Jr,Gibbons D H,Legrand F P.In-depth Drive Fluid Diversion Using an Evolution of Colloidal Dispersion Gels and New Bulk Gels:an Operational Case History of North Rainbow Ranch Unit[R].SPE 27773,1994:433-444
[32]Chauveteau G,Omari A,Bordeaux U,et al.Controlling Gelation Time and Microgel Size for Water Shutoff[R].SPE 59317,2000
[33]Chauveteau G,Tabary R,Renard M,et al.Method for Preparing Microgels of Controlled Size:US,6579909[P].2003-07-17
[34]Rousseau D,Chauveteau G,Renard M,et al.Rheology and Transport in Porous Media of New Water Shutoff/conformance Control Microgels[R].SPE 93254,2005
[35]李宇乡,唐孝芬,刘双成.我国油田化学堵水调剖剂开发与应用现状[J].油田化学, 1995,12(1):88-94
[36]李朝霞,雷江西.国外油井控水技术综述[J].国外油田工程,1997,13(6):29-32
[37]朱怀江,徐占东,罗健辉,等.水平井调堵技术最新进展[J].油田化学,2004,21(1)85-90
[38]白宝君,李宇乡,刘翔鄂.国内外化学堵水调剖技术综述[J].断块油气田,1998,5(1):1-4
[39]白宝君,李宇乡,刘翔鄂.我国油田化学堵水调剖新进展[J].石油钻采工艺,199820(3):64-68
[40]肖传敏,王正良.油田化学堵水调剖综述[J].精细石油化工进展,2003;4(3):43-46
[41]郭立志,戴彩丽,王业飞,等.埕东油田东区西北部Ng32层调驱试验中驱油剂的研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(2):67-69
[42]Palmet B J,Fu D,Card R,et al.Scale Removal:US,0 055439[P]:2002-04-09
[43]魏跃进,郝明圈,王凤清,等.C1O_2复合解堵工艺技术[J].石油钻采工艺,2001,23(4):66-67
[44]韦东普,马义兵,陈世宝,孙建光.发光细菌法测定环境中金属毒性的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1413-1421
[45]黄雪静,崔茂荣,周长虹,等.钻井液生物毒性评价方法对比[J].油气田环境保护,2006,16(3):25-27
[46]国家环境保护总局,水和废水监测分析方法编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:715-740
[47]吴淑杭.发光细菌法快速检测农产品中主要污染物联合毒性技术研究[D].上海:华东师范大学环境科学专业,2007:13-22
[48]程树军,黄韧,陈燕平.海洋石油开发污染物生物监测中试验动物的筛选和应用[J].试验动物科学与管理,2004,21(2):42-44
[49]周名江,颜天.中国海洋生态毒理学的研究进展[J].环境科学研究,1997,10(3):1-5
[50]易绍金,向兴金.利用发光细菌法快速测定钻井液与完井液的生物毒性[J].钻井液与完井液,2001,18(4):1-3
[51]周名江,颜天,谭志军,等.黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性测试方法及在钻井液毒性评价 中的应用[J].海洋环境科学,2001,20(3):1-4
[52]吴长勇,梁国昌,冯宝红,等.海洋钻井液技术研究与应用现状及发展趋势[J].断块油气田,2005,12(3):69-71
[53]李秀珍,李斌莲,向兴金,等.油田化学剂和钻井液生物毒性检测新方法及毒性分级标准研究[J].钻井液与完井液,2004,21(6):44-46
[54]李长兴,王卫东.大庆油田钻井液幼鱼急性毒性试验研究[J].油气田环境保护,1997,7(3):53-57
[55]张保森,李守春,王卫东等.大庆油田钻井液对中华米虾的毒性研究[J].黑龙江省环境报,1999,23(1):18-20
[56]刘廷廷.大斜度井堵水油藏工程决策技术研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东),石油工程学院,2008:11-38
[57]戴彩丽,王业飞,冷强,等.长成冻时间的深部调剖剂研究[J].西安石油学院学报,2003,18(1):21-23
[58]唐孝芬,李红艳,刘玉章,等.交联聚合物冻胶调堵剂性能评价指标及方法[J].石油钻采工艺,2004,26f2):49-53
[59]R.D.Sydansk.A New Conformance-Improvement-Treatment Chromium(Ⅲ)[R].SPE 17329,1988
[60]符若文,李谷,冯开才.高分子物理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:101-103,224-226
[61]严思明,谷升高,莫军,等.水泥浆体系综合性能模糊评价方法[J].天然气工业,2007,27(12):89-92
[62]田钦谟.模糊综合评价中的若干问题[J].模糊系统与数学,1996,10(2):63-69
[63]余光明.有机复合交联堵剂的研制及应用[D].成都:西南石油大学石油工程学院,2003:13-14
[64]陈凯.微冻胶堵剂的制备、性能评价及应用研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院,2007:24
[65]吴其晔,巫静安.高分子材料流变学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:65-67
[66]SY/T 6296-1997采油用聚合物冻胶强度的测定流变参数法[S].北京:中国石油天然气总公司,1998
[67]Botermans C W,Van Batenburg D W,Bruining J.Relative Permeability Modifiers:Myth or Reality?[R].SPE 68973,2001
[68]Liang J,Seright R S.Wall-effect/gel-droplet Model of Disproportionate Permeability Reduction[R].SPE 74137,2001:268-272
[69]Stavland A,Nilsson S.Segregated Flow is the Governing Mechanism of Disproportionate Permeability Reduction in Water and Gas Shutoff[R].SPE 71510,2001
[70]吴其晔,巫静安.高分子材料流变学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:32-33
[71]朱文杰,汪杰,陈晓耘.发光细菌一新种—青海弧菌[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,25(3):273-278
[72]孟庆俊,肖昕.不同方法对联合毒性作用的评价[J].污染防治技术,2004,17(1):33-35
[73]Kaiser K L E,Palabrica V S.Photobacterium Phosphoreum Toxicity Data Index[J].Water Pollut Res J Can,1991,26:361-370
[74]翟丽华.部分取代苯化合物对发光细菌的急性毒性研究[D].郑州:郑州大学岩土工程专业,2003:1-5,8-11
[75]熊蔚蔚,吴淑杭,徐亚同,朱文杰.等毒性配比法研究镉、铬和铅对淡水发光细菌的联合毒性[J].生态环境,2007,16(4):1085-1087
[76]乔鸿泽,顾宗濂,谢思琴.用发光细菌测定法定量表征污染水体的毒性[J].环境导报,1993,11(5):11-13
[77]Coste J P,Zaitoun A,白宝君.法国IFP选择性堵水技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2000,27(5):93-101
[78]王雷,赵立强,刘平礼,等.暂堵与堵水配套技术实现选择性堵水研究[J].西南石油学院学报,2006,28(2):40-43
[79]许家友,郭少云,罗朝万,等.一种耐温抗盐堵剂的组成及性能研究[J].油田化学,2003,20(4):313-315
[80]张利.高强度油井封堵剂室内研究[J].油气田地面工程,2007,26(1):6-7
[2]马宝岐.油田化学原理与技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1995:1-10
[3]韩大匡.深度开发高含水油田提高采收率问题的探讨[J].石油勘探与开发,1995,22(5):47-55
[4]俞启泰.论提高采收率的战略和方法[J].石油学报,1996,17(2):53-61
[5]黄海滨,李伟涛,何社锋.HSE在海洋石油工程中的应用[J].石油工业技术监督,2008,24(6):15-17
[6]李宜坤,胡频,冯积累,等.水平井堵水的背景、现状及发展趋势[J].石油天然气学报,2005,27(5):757-760
[7]李朝霞,雷江西.国外油井控水技术综述[J].国外油田工程,1997,13(6):29-32
[8]赵福麟.采油用剂[M].山东东营:石油大学出版社,1997:72-73
[9]胡艳霞,王新声.复合树脂颗粒型油井堵剂的研制与应用[J].精细石油化工进展,2002;3(2):19-21
[10]刘一江,王香增.化学调剖堵水技术[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999:17
[11]赵秀娟,陈铁龙,王传军.一种低温铬冻胶堵剂的研制[J].油田化学,2001,18(3):225-227
[12]杨鸿剑,乔爱新,江静.有机铬/HPAM交联体系的室内研究[J].钻采工艺,2001,24(5):94-95,98
[13]王斌,王栋,李补鱼.一种深度调剖用聚合物/有机铬冻胶体系[J].油田化学,1999,16(1):24-26,20
[14]Sydansk R D,Southwell G P.More than 12 Years' Experience with a Successful Conformance Control Polymer-gel Technology[R].SPE 66558,2000:270-278
[15]Chauveteau G,Tabary R,Renard M,et al.Controlling In-situ Gelation of Polyacrylamides by Zirconium for Water Shutoff[R].SPE 50752,1999
[16]Hardy M,Botermans W,Hamouda A,et al.The First Carbonate Field Application of a New Organically Crosslinked Water Shutoff Polymer System[R].SPE 50738,1999
[17]Vasquez J,Civan F,Shaw T M,et al.Laboratory Evaluation of High-temperature Conformance Polymer Systems[R].SPE 80904,2003
[18]AL-Muntasheri G A,Nasr-El-Din H A,Peters J A,et al.Investigation of a High Temperature Organic Water Shutoff Gel:Reaction Mechanisms[R].SPE 97530,2005
[19]Eoff L S,Dalrymple E D,Everett D M,et al.Worldwide Field Applications of a Polymeric Gel System for Conformance Applications[R].SPE 98119,2006
[20]Vasquez J,Jurado I,Santillan A,et al.Organically Crosslinked Polymer System for Water Reduction Treatments in Mexico[R].SPE 104134,2006
[21]Reddy B R,Eoff L,Dalrymple E D,et al.A Natural Polymer-based Crossliner System for Conformance Gel System[R].SPE 75163,2002
[22]Reddy B R,Eoff L,Dalrymple E D,et al.Natural Polymer-based Compositions Designed for Use in Conformance Gel Systems.SPE 84510,2003
[23]侯天江.一种成胶时间可控的无机凝胶调剖体系的研究和应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2004,26(3):117-118
[24]Altunina L K,Kuvshinov.Evolution Tendencies of Physico-chemical EOR Methods[R].SPE 65173,2000
[25]Busolo M A,Mogollon J L,Rojas F,et al.Permeability Modifications by In-situ Cations Hydrolysis[R].SPE 64990,2001
[26]Long EA,King G E.Aqueous Particulate Dispersion for Reducing the Water Influx Rate into a Wellbore:US,5709267[P],1998-01-20
[27]王任芳,李克华,戴彩丽.油田堵水剂及其新发展[J].钻采工艺,1998;21(4):67-69
[28]Romoero L,Ziritt J L,Marin A,et al.Plugging of High Permeability-fractured Zones Using Emulsions[R].SPE 35461,1996:611-621
[29]李宇乡,刘玉章,白宝君,等.体膨型颗粒类堵水调剖技术的研究[J].石油钻探工艺,1999,21(3):65-68
[30]成世全.CDG调驱技术在W95块南部油田的应用[J].江汉石油学院学报,2003年6月,第25卷增刊(上)
[31]Fielding R C Jr,Gibbons D H,Legrand F P.In-depth Drive Fluid Diversion Using an Evolution of Colloidal Dispersion Gels and New Bulk Gels:an Operational Case History of North Rainbow Ranch Unit[R].SPE 27773,1994:433-444
[32]Chauveteau G,Omari A,Bordeaux U,et al.Controlling Gelation Time and Microgel Size for Water Shutoff[R].SPE 59317,2000
[33]Chauveteau G,Tabary R,Renard M,et al.Method for Preparing Microgels of Controlled Size:US,6579909[P].2003-07-17
[34]Rousseau D,Chauveteau G,Renard M,et al.Rheology and Transport in Porous Media of New Water Shutoff/conformance Control Microgels[R].SPE 93254,2005
[35]李宇乡,唐孝芬,刘双成.我国油田化学堵水调剖剂开发与应用现状[J].油田化学, 1995,12(1):88-94
[36]李朝霞,雷江西.国外油井控水技术综述[J].国外油田工程,1997,13(6):29-32
[37]朱怀江,徐占东,罗健辉,等.水平井调堵技术最新进展[J].油田化学,2004,21(1)85-90
[38]白宝君,李宇乡,刘翔鄂.国内外化学堵水调剖技术综述[J].断块油气田,1998,5(1):1-4
[39]白宝君,李宇乡,刘翔鄂.我国油田化学堵水调剖新进展[J].石油钻采工艺,199820(3):64-68
[40]肖传敏,王正良.油田化学堵水调剖综述[J].精细石油化工进展,2003;4(3):43-46
[41]郭立志,戴彩丽,王业飞,等.埕东油田东区西北部Ng32层调驱试验中驱油剂的研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2003,27(2):67-69
[42]Palmet B J,Fu D,Card R,et al.Scale Removal:US,0 055439[P]:2002-04-09
[43]魏跃进,郝明圈,王凤清,等.C1O_2复合解堵工艺技术[J].石油钻采工艺,2001,23(4):66-67
[44]韦东普,马义兵,陈世宝,孙建光.发光细菌法测定环境中金属毒性的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(8):1413-1421
[45]黄雪静,崔茂荣,周长虹,等.钻井液生物毒性评价方法对比[J].油气田环境保护,2006,16(3):25-27
[46]国家环境保护总局,水和废水监测分析方法编委会.水和废水监测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:715-740
[47]吴淑杭.发光细菌法快速检测农产品中主要污染物联合毒性技术研究[D].上海:华东师范大学环境科学专业,2007:13-22
[48]程树军,黄韧,陈燕平.海洋石油开发污染物生物监测中试验动物的筛选和应用[J].试验动物科学与管理,2004,21(2):42-44
[49]周名江,颜天.中国海洋生态毒理学的研究进展[J].环境科学研究,1997,10(3):1-5
[50]易绍金,向兴金.利用发光细菌法快速测定钻井液与完井液的生物毒性[J].钻井液与完井液,2001,18(4):1-3
[51]周名江,颜天,谭志军,等.黑褐新糠虾的急性毒性测试方法及在钻井液毒性评价 中的应用[J].海洋环境科学,2001,20(3):1-4
[52]吴长勇,梁国昌,冯宝红,等.海洋钻井液技术研究与应用现状及发展趋势[J].断块油气田,2005,12(3):69-71
[53]李秀珍,李斌莲,向兴金,等.油田化学剂和钻井液生物毒性检测新方法及毒性分级标准研究[J].钻井液与完井液,2004,21(6):44-46
[54]李长兴,王卫东.大庆油田钻井液幼鱼急性毒性试验研究[J].油气田环境保护,1997,7(3):53-57
[55]张保森,李守春,王卫东等.大庆油田钻井液对中华米虾的毒性研究[J].黑龙江省环境报,1999,23(1):18-20
[56]刘廷廷.大斜度井堵水油藏工程决策技术研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东),石油工程学院,2008:11-38
[57]戴彩丽,王业飞,冷强,等.长成冻时间的深部调剖剂研究[J].西安石油学院学报,2003,18(1):21-23
[58]唐孝芬,李红艳,刘玉章,等.交联聚合物冻胶调堵剂性能评价指标及方法[J].石油钻采工艺,2004,26f2):49-53
[59]R.D.Sydansk.A New Conformance-Improvement-Treatment Chromium(Ⅲ)[R].SPE 17329,1988
[60]符若文,李谷,冯开才.高分子物理[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005:101-103,224-226
[61]严思明,谷升高,莫军,等.水泥浆体系综合性能模糊评价方法[J].天然气工业,2007,27(12):89-92
[62]田钦谟.模糊综合评价中的若干问题[J].模糊系统与数学,1996,10(2):63-69
[63]余光明.有机复合交联堵剂的研制及应用[D].成都:西南石油大学石油工程学院,2003:13-14
[64]陈凯.微冻胶堵剂的制备、性能评价及应用研究[D].东营:中国石油大学(华东)石油工程学院,2007:24
[65]吴其晔,巫静安.高分子材料流变学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:65-67
[66]SY/T 6296-1997采油用聚合物冻胶强度的测定流变参数法[S].北京:中国石油天然气总公司,1998
[67]Botermans C W,Van Batenburg D W,Bruining J.Relative Permeability Modifiers:Myth or Reality?[R].SPE 68973,2001
[68]Liang J,Seright R S.Wall-effect/gel-droplet Model of Disproportionate Permeability Reduction[R].SPE 74137,2001:268-272
[69]Stavland A,Nilsson S.Segregated Flow is the Governing Mechanism of Disproportionate Permeability Reduction in Water and Gas Shutoff[R].SPE 71510,2001
[70]吴其晔,巫静安.高分子材料流变学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2002:32-33
[71]朱文杰,汪杰,陈晓耘.发光细菌一新种—青海弧菌[J].海洋与湖沼,1994,25(3):273-278
[72]孟庆俊,肖昕.不同方法对联合毒性作用的评价[J].污染防治技术,2004,17(1):33-35
[73]Kaiser K L E,Palabrica V S.Photobacterium Phosphoreum Toxicity Data Index[J].Water Pollut Res J Can,1991,26:361-370
[74]翟丽华.部分取代苯化合物对发光细菌的急性毒性研究[D].郑州:郑州大学岩土工程专业,2003:1-5,8-11
[75]熊蔚蔚,吴淑杭,徐亚同,朱文杰.等毒性配比法研究镉、铬和铅对淡水发光细菌的联合毒性[J].生态环境,2007,16(4):1085-1087
[76]乔鸿泽,顾宗濂,谢思琴.用发光细菌测定法定量表征污染水体的毒性[J].环境导报,1993,11(5):11-13
[77]Coste J P,Zaitoun A,白宝君.法国IFP选择性堵水技术[J].石油勘探与开发,2000,27(5):93-101
[78]王雷,赵立强,刘平礼,等.暂堵与堵水配套技术实现选择性堵水研究[J].西南石油学院学报,2006,28(2):40-43
[79]许家友,郭少云,罗朝万,等.一种耐温抗盐堵剂的组成及性能研究[J].油田化学,2003,20(4):313-315
[80]张利.高强度油井封堵剂室内研究[J].油气田地面工程,2007,26(1):6-7