SAR影像配准方法研究
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摘要
近年来,合成孔径雷达干涉测量技术(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, InSAR)在获取地表的三维信息和形变信息等方面比传统观测手段具有快速、大区域、全天候、全天时的突出优势,已成为最有潜力的对地观测新技术之一。配准是干涉测量数据处理中的一个关键步骤,探讨针对SAR复影像特点的匹配算法,对于提高InSAR干涉条纹图的质量、实现InSAR数据处理的自动化和缩短InSAR数据处理周期等有重要意义。
论文首先介绍了SAR影像近距离压缩、透视收缩等几何特性和复型数据的数据存储格式,指出影响SAR影像配准的主要因素。本文着重分析了目前常用的配准算法和流程,针对SAR影像特点,重点研究了两种多级配准策略,即基于相关系数和重采样的多级配准策略、基于相关系数和插值相关系数的多级配准策略。为了验证两种策略的有效性,选取我国西藏那曲地区SAR影像进行试验,在粗配准过程中,两种策略都选取基于窗口的相关系数法得到粗配准结果,为后续精配准提供初始偏移量,在精配准中分别选取重采样和插值相关系数法实现SAR影像的精配准,并从配准的精度、可靠性、运算时间等方面进行对比分析。
水平集方法在图像处理中适用于对拓扑结构变化的处理,计算精度高,算法稳定,本文探讨将水平集理论应用于SAR影像配准中。构建函数模型和数据处理流程,通过试验证明算法的有效性。
In recent years, comparing to traditional means, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR) has more salient advantage of speediness, large area observation, full weather, and full time in deriving three-dimensional and deformation information of earth surface, and has became one of the most potential earth observation. Coregistration is a key step of Interferometric data processing. It has important significance in improving the quality of interferogram, realizing the automation of InSAR data processing, and shortening the cycle of data processing by investigating coregistration algorithm against the characters of SAR complex images.
Firstly, this thesis introduced the image geometric properties of close compression foreshortening, etc, the storage format of complex data, and indicated the main factors of affecting SAR image coregistration. This thesis emphatically analyzed the conventional coregistration algorithm and process. Based on the characteristics of SAR image, it studied two multi-step coregistration methods, which were integrating correlation and oversampling method and integrating correlation and interpolation of correlation. To test and verify the effectiveness of the two tactics, this thesis chose the SAR image from Naqu, Tibet to perform tests. In the process of coarse coregistration, both the two multi-step methods chose the correlation algorithm based on patches, and provided the initial offset for the follow-up precise coregistration. In the following step of precise coregistration, it respectively chose oversampling and interpolation of correlation to realize the precise coregistration for SAR image, and then compared the precision, reliability, and computing time, etc of the two multi-step coregistration methods.
In image processing field, the level set method is applicable to process the change of topology, and it has the advantages of high accuracy, and stable algorithm. This thesis preliminarily discussed the feasibility of applying the level set method to SAR image coregistration. It constructed the function model and data processing, and proved the effectiveness of this method.
论文首先介绍了SAR影像近距离压缩、透视收缩等几何特性和复型数据的数据存储格式,指出影响SAR影像配准的主要因素。本文着重分析了目前常用的配准算法和流程,针对SAR影像特点,重点研究了两种多级配准策略,即基于相关系数和重采样的多级配准策略、基于相关系数和插值相关系数的多级配准策略。为了验证两种策略的有效性,选取我国西藏那曲地区SAR影像进行试验,在粗配准过程中,两种策略都选取基于窗口的相关系数法得到粗配准结果,为后续精配准提供初始偏移量,在精配准中分别选取重采样和插值相关系数法实现SAR影像的精配准,并从配准的精度、可靠性、运算时间等方面进行对比分析。
水平集方法在图像处理中适用于对拓扑结构变化的处理,计算精度高,算法稳定,本文探讨将水平集理论应用于SAR影像配准中。构建函数模型和数据处理流程,通过试验证明算法的有效性。
In recent years, comparing to traditional means, Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar(InSAR) has more salient advantage of speediness, large area observation, full weather, and full time in deriving three-dimensional and deformation information of earth surface, and has became one of the most potential earth observation. Coregistration is a key step of Interferometric data processing. It has important significance in improving the quality of interferogram, realizing the automation of InSAR data processing, and shortening the cycle of data processing by investigating coregistration algorithm against the characters of SAR complex images.
Firstly, this thesis introduced the image geometric properties of close compression foreshortening, etc, the storage format of complex data, and indicated the main factors of affecting SAR image coregistration. This thesis emphatically analyzed the conventional coregistration algorithm and process. Based on the characteristics of SAR image, it studied two multi-step coregistration methods, which were integrating correlation and oversampling method and integrating correlation and interpolation of correlation. To test and verify the effectiveness of the two tactics, this thesis chose the SAR image from Naqu, Tibet to perform tests. In the process of coarse coregistration, both the two multi-step methods chose the correlation algorithm based on patches, and provided the initial offset for the follow-up precise coregistration. In the following step of precise coregistration, it respectively chose oversampling and interpolation of correlation to realize the precise coregistration for SAR image, and then compared the precision, reliability, and computing time, etc of the two multi-step coregistration methods.
In image processing field, the level set method is applicable to process the change of topology, and it has the advantages of high accuracy, and stable algorithm. This thesis preliminarily discussed the feasibility of applying the level set method to SAR image coregistration. It constructed the function model and data processing, and proved the effectiveness of this method.
引文
1.王超,张红,刘智.星载合成孔径雷达干涉测量[M].北京：科学出版社,2002,14
2.孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康,徐锡伟.汶川MS 8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析[J],地震地质,2008,30(3)：789-795
3.李毅,柳林涛,薛怀平,郝晓光.用D-InSAR研究巴姆地震形变场[J],大地测量与地球动力学,2008,28(1)：32-35
4. Massonnet D, Briole P, Arnaue A. Deflation of Mount Etna Monitoredby Spaceborne Radar Interometry[J], Nature,1995,375:567-570
5. Goldstein R M, Englehardt H, Kamb B, et al. Satellne Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Ice Sheet Motion:Application to an Antarctic Ice Stream[J], Science,1993, 262(5139):1525-1530
6.李德仁,杨杰.从卫星雷达提取地面高程信息的原理与应用[J],大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(2)：1-6
7.陈煜,田裕鹏.图像融合中的图像配准方法研究[J],激光与红外,2004,34(1)：34-36
8.俞亚青,田学隆,闫春红.医学图像配准方法分类及现状[J],重庆大学学报,2003,26(8)：114-118
9.梁洪有,余涛,顾行发.基于MATLAB图像处理工具箱IPT函数的遥感图像配准[J],测绘与空间地理信息,2008,31(5)：8-11
10.肖如珀,杨信男.物理学史中的四月[J],现代物理知识,2007,19(2)：62-63
11. Zisk, S. H. Lunar topography:First radar-interferometer measurements of the Alphonsus-Ptolemaeus-Arzachel region[J], Science,1972,178:977-980
12. Zisk,S. H. A new Earth-based radar technique for the measurement of lunar topography, Moon,1972,4:296-300
13. Graham L C. Synthetic Interferometer Radar for Topographic Mapping[J], Proceedings of the IEEE,1974,62(6):763-768
14. Gabriel A K, Goldstein R M, Zebker H A. Mapping small elevation changes over large areas:differential radar interferometry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1989, 94(B7):9183-9191
15. D. Massonnet et, The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry[J], Nature,1993,364:138-142
16. D. Massonnet, Briole P, Arnaud A. Deflation of Mount Etna monitored by spaceborne radar interferometry [J]. Nature,1995,375:567-570
17. Zebker H A, Rosen P A, Goldstein R M, et al. On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry:The Landers Earthquake [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(B10):9617-9634
18. Alessandro Ferretti, Claudio Prati, Fabio Rocca. Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry[J], IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing,2001,39(1): 8-20
19.王超,刘智,张红,单新建.张北-尚义地震同震形变场雷达差分干涉测量[J],科学通报,2000,45(23)：2550-2553
20.王超,张红,刘智.苏州地区地面沉降的星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量监测[J].自然科学进展,2002,12(6)：621-624
21.汤益先,张红,王超.基于永久散射体雷达干涉测量的苏州地区沉降研究[J].自然科学进展,2006,18(8)：1015-1020
22. V. N. Dvorchenko, Bounds on (deterministic) correlation functions with applications to registration[J], IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine IntlL,1983, PAMI-5(2):206-213
23. A. K. Gabriel, R. M. Goldstein, Crossed orbit interferometry:theory and experimental results from SIR-B[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1988,9(5):857-872
24. QianLin, J. F. Vesecky and H. A. Zebker. New approaches interferometric SAR Data Processing[J]. IEEE Transaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,1992,30(3):560-567
25.刘国祥,丁晓利,李志林等.星载SAR复数图像的配准[J].测绘学报,2001,30(1)：60-65
26.汪鲁才,王耀南,毛建旭.基于相关匹配和最大谱图像配准相结合的InSAR复图像配准方法[J].测绘学报,2003,23(4)：320-324
27.刘小军,周越,凌建国等.基于轮廓特征的SAR图像自动配准[J].计算机工程,2007,33(4)：176-178
28.舒宁.雷达影像干涉测量原理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003,33-34
29.宦若虹,杨汝良,岳晋.水平集分割方法在合成孔径雷达图像目标识别中的应用[J],遥感技术与应用,2007,22(6)：681-684
30.曹宗杰,闵锐,庞伶俐,皮亦鸣.基于统计模型的变法水平集SAR图像分割方法[J],2008,30(12),2862-2866
31. Jinfeng Wang, Yiming Pi and Zongjie Cao. Level Set Method for SAR Image Coregistration[J]. IEEE Transaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,2008,5(4):615-619
32.朱述龙,朱宝山,王红卫.遥感图像处理与应用[M],北京,科学出版社,2006,135
33.杨杰.星载SAR影像定位和从星载InSAR影像自动提取高程信息的研究[D],湖北武汉：武汉大学,2004
34. O. Grabak, ERS SAR.SLC/SLC-I CCT and EXABYTE FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS, ESA Document No:ER-IS-EPO-GS-5902.3,1998, (ERS SLC格式说明)http://earth.esa.int
35.靳国旺.InSAR获取高精度DEM关键处理技术研究[D].河南郑州：信息工程大学,2007
36.曾琪明,解学通.基于谱运算的复相关函数法在干涉复图像配准中的应用[J],测绘学报,2004,33(2)：127-131
37. Prati C., Rocco F., Guarnieri A M, et al. Report on ERS-1 SAR interferometric techniques and applications[A]. Dipartimento di Eletronica, Politecnico di Milano.1994.
38. Prati C., Rocco F., Guarnieri A M, et al. ERS-1 SAR Interferometric techniques and Applications. Tutorial for Microwaves Sensors, Calibration and Data Processing[A]. ISPRS, Common. I Symposium, Olmo Como Italy.1994
39.魏志强.星载干涉合成孔径雷达若干关键技术的算法研究[D],上海：复旦大学,2008
40.刘方坚.星载雷达影像配准方法的研究与实现[D],北京：中国地质大学,2006
41.牛瑞.InSAR复影像配准方法与实践[D],河南郑州：信息工程大学,2005
42.王志勇.星载雷达干涉测量技术在地面沉降监测中的应用[D],山东青岛：山东科技大学,2007
43.孙家柄.遥感原理与应用[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003,121-123
44.杨新,李俊,杜啸晓.图像偏微分方程的原理与应用[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2003,80-87
45.庞伶俐.基于水平集的SAR图像分割方法研究[D],四川成都：电子科技大学,2005
46.宗士伟.基于集的图像去噪与分割算法研究[D].湖南长沙：中南大学,2009
47.李志斌.基于曲线演化的图像分割技术及其应用研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2006
48. Sethian J A. An analysis of flame propagation. Ph. D Thesis, Dept. of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA,1982
49.曹宗杰,庞伶俐,皮亦鸣.融合区域和边界信息的水平集SAR图像分割方法[J],电子科技大学学报,2008,37(3)：325-327
2.孙建宝,梁芳,沈正康,徐锡伟.汶川MS 8.0地震InSAR形变观测及初步分析[J],地震地质,2008,30(3)：789-795
3.李毅,柳林涛,薛怀平,郝晓光.用D-InSAR研究巴姆地震形变场[J],大地测量与地球动力学,2008,28(1)：32-35
4. Massonnet D, Briole P, Arnaue A. Deflation of Mount Etna Monitoredby Spaceborne Radar Interometry[J], Nature,1995,375:567-570
5. Goldstein R M, Englehardt H, Kamb B, et al. Satellne Radar Interferometry for Monitoring Ice Sheet Motion:Application to an Antarctic Ice Stream[J], Science,1993, 262(5139):1525-1530
6.李德仁,杨杰.从卫星雷达提取地面高程信息的原理与应用[J],大地测量与地球动力学,2002,22(2)：1-6
7.陈煜,田裕鹏.图像融合中的图像配准方法研究[J],激光与红外,2004,34(1)：34-36
8.俞亚青,田学隆,闫春红.医学图像配准方法分类及现状[J],重庆大学学报,2003,26(8)：114-118
9.梁洪有,余涛,顾行发.基于MATLAB图像处理工具箱IPT函数的遥感图像配准[J],测绘与空间地理信息,2008,31(5)：8-11
10.肖如珀,杨信男.物理学史中的四月[J],现代物理知识,2007,19(2)：62-63
11. Zisk, S. H. Lunar topography:First radar-interferometer measurements of the Alphonsus-Ptolemaeus-Arzachel region[J], Science,1972,178:977-980
12. Zisk,S. H. A new Earth-based radar technique for the measurement of lunar topography, Moon,1972,4:296-300
13. Graham L C. Synthetic Interferometer Radar for Topographic Mapping[J], Proceedings of the IEEE,1974,62(6):763-768
14. Gabriel A K, Goldstein R M, Zebker H A. Mapping small elevation changes over large areas:differential radar interferometry[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1989, 94(B7):9183-9191
15. D. Massonnet et, The displacement field of the Landers earthquake mapped by radar interferometry[J], Nature,1993,364:138-142
16. D. Massonnet, Briole P, Arnaud A. Deflation of Mount Etna monitored by spaceborne radar interferometry [J]. Nature,1995,375:567-570
17. Zebker H A, Rosen P A, Goldstein R M, et al. On the derivation of coseismic displacement fields using differential radar interferometry:The Landers Earthquake [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(B10):9617-9634
18. Alessandro Ferretti, Claudio Prati, Fabio Rocca. Permanent Scatterers in SAR Interferometry[J], IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote sensing,2001,39(1): 8-20
19.王超,刘智,张红,单新建.张北-尚义地震同震形变场雷达差分干涉测量[J],科学通报,2000,45(23)：2550-2553
20.王超,张红,刘智.苏州地区地面沉降的星载合成孔径雷达差分干涉测量监测[J].自然科学进展,2002,12(6)：621-624
21.汤益先,张红,王超.基于永久散射体雷达干涉测量的苏州地区沉降研究[J].自然科学进展,2006,18(8)：1015-1020
22. V. N. Dvorchenko, Bounds on (deterministic) correlation functions with applications to registration[J], IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine IntlL,1983, PAMI-5(2):206-213
23. A. K. Gabriel, R. M. Goldstein, Crossed orbit interferometry:theory and experimental results from SIR-B[J]. Int. J. Remote Sensing,1988,9(5):857-872
24. QianLin, J. F. Vesecky and H. A. Zebker. New approaches interferometric SAR Data Processing[J]. IEEE Transaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,1992,30(3):560-567
25.刘国祥,丁晓利,李志林等.星载SAR复数图像的配准[J].测绘学报,2001,30(1)：60-65
26.汪鲁才,王耀南,毛建旭.基于相关匹配和最大谱图像配准相结合的InSAR复图像配准方法[J].测绘学报,2003,23(4)：320-324
27.刘小军,周越,凌建国等.基于轮廓特征的SAR图像自动配准[J].计算机工程,2007,33(4)：176-178
28.舒宁.雷达影像干涉测量原理[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003,33-34
29.宦若虹,杨汝良,岳晋.水平集分割方法在合成孔径雷达图像目标识别中的应用[J],遥感技术与应用,2007,22(6)：681-684
30.曹宗杰,闵锐,庞伶俐,皮亦鸣.基于统计模型的变法水平集SAR图像分割方法[J],2008,30(12),2862-2866
31. Jinfeng Wang, Yiming Pi and Zongjie Cao. Level Set Method for SAR Image Coregistration[J]. IEEE Transaction Geoscience Remote Sensing,2008,5(4):615-619
32.朱述龙,朱宝山,王红卫.遥感图像处理与应用[M],北京,科学出版社,2006,135
33.杨杰.星载SAR影像定位和从星载InSAR影像自动提取高程信息的研究[D],湖北武汉：武汉大学,2004
34. O. Grabak, ERS SAR.SLC/SLC-I CCT and EXABYTE FORMAT SPECIFICATIONS, ESA Document No:ER-IS-EPO-GS-5902.3,1998, (ERS SLC格式说明)http://earth.esa.int
35.靳国旺.InSAR获取高精度DEM关键处理技术研究[D].河南郑州：信息工程大学,2007
36.曾琪明,解学通.基于谱运算的复相关函数法在干涉复图像配准中的应用[J],测绘学报,2004,33(2)：127-131
37. Prati C., Rocco F., Guarnieri A M, et al. Report on ERS-1 SAR interferometric techniques and applications[A]. Dipartimento di Eletronica, Politecnico di Milano.1994.
38. Prati C., Rocco F., Guarnieri A M, et al. ERS-1 SAR Interferometric techniques and Applications. Tutorial for Microwaves Sensors, Calibration and Data Processing[A]. ISPRS, Common. I Symposium, Olmo Como Italy.1994
39.魏志强.星载干涉合成孔径雷达若干关键技术的算法研究[D],上海：复旦大学,2008
40.刘方坚.星载雷达影像配准方法的研究与实现[D],北京：中国地质大学,2006
41.牛瑞.InSAR复影像配准方法与实践[D],河南郑州：信息工程大学,2005
42.王志勇.星载雷达干涉测量技术在地面沉降监测中的应用[D],山东青岛：山东科技大学,2007
43.孙家柄.遥感原理与应用[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社,2003,121-123
44.杨新,李俊,杜啸晓.图像偏微分方程的原理与应用[M].上海：上海交通大学出版社,2003,80-87
45.庞伶俐.基于水平集的SAR图像分割方法研究[D],四川成都：电子科技大学,2005
46.宗士伟.基于集的图像去噪与分割算法研究[D].湖南长沙：中南大学,2009
47.李志斌.基于曲线演化的图像分割技术及其应用研究[D].上海：华东师范大学,2006
48. Sethian J A. An analysis of flame propagation. Ph. D Thesis, Dept. of Mathematics, University of California, Berkeley, CA,1982
49.曹宗杰,庞伶俐,皮亦鸣.融合区域和边界信息的水平集SAR图像分割方法[J],电子科技大学学报,2008,37(3)：325-327
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