现代社会信任问题研究
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摘要
社会是无数人们交往活动的产物,而信任则渗透于一切社会交往活动中,是社会团结的基石、社会运行的润滑剂及社会整合为有机整体的重要因素。人作为社会的细胞,一方面作为个体性存在,需要维护自己的身体、财产、家庭、名誉等的安全,另一方面作为社会性存在,则必须与他人建立交往和合作的关系,需要获得他人的认同和帮助。合作和交往有利于克服个人在能力、信息等方面的局限性,但同时在社会性活动中也给个人带来一定的不确定性和风险,这就构成了信任和不信任之间的矛盾:不信任他人就无法与之交往,而信任又必然包含着一定的风险。如何解决这个矛盾就构成了人类生存过程中的一个基本性问题。随着传统社会向现代社会的转型以及全球化时代的到来,人类交往的时空约束被弱化,国家和地区间的隔离状态被打破,全方位的联系、沟通和相互影响日益增强,从而对信任提出了更高的要求,需要社会成员之间、各种社会组织之间建立基本的必要的信任。然而事与愿违,大量事实表明,社会信任资源短缺造成了人际关系紧张、社会秩序混乱、交往成本提高、效率损失严重,成为阻碍中国经济社会发展的重要原因。据保守估计,由于信任资源短缺,我国市场交易中无效成本占GDP的比重至少为10%至20%,直接和间接经济损失每年高达6000亿元,相当于中国年财政收入的37%,国民生产总值每年因此至少减少2个百分点。而且,社会信任问题已经蔓延到社会系统的各个层面和领域,有学者将中国的社会信任问题归结为商业信用危机、公共物品信誉危机、人际信任危机和价值信仰危机。
从世界范围来看,全球化使世界变成了地球村,国家交往空前频繁和多样化,而国际社会也出现了前所未有的多重信任危机。文明与文明的不信任是9?11事件的根本导火索,各种地区性冲突难以化解、民族主义势力不断膨胀、贸易保护主义又开始抬头、军备竞赛造成极大财富的浪费;企业与社会之间的信任
Society is the product of countless people exchanges, whereas trust permeatesall activities of social interaction in the life of a human society. It is the cornerstoneof social solidarity, the lubricant of social functioning and the important factor ofsocial integration as an organic whole. As the basic cell of society, People, on onehand, need preserve the security of his own health, property, family and reputation asindividual. On the other hand, as social existence, he must establish contacts andcooperation with others and require recognition and help from others. Cooperationand exchanges is conducive to overcoming the limitations of personal capacity,information and so on, but at the same time in social activities it can bring certainpersonal uncertainties and risks to person, which constitutes the paradox betweentrust and distrust, that is, distrust of others will not be able to contact them, and trustalso contains certain risks inevitably. So in the course of human existence how toresolve this contradiction poses a fundamental problem. Especially in the era of thetransition from traditional society to modern society and with the arrival ofglobalization, the restriction of human interaction by time and space was weakened,the state of separation between the state and regional was broken, omnibearingcommunication and interaction are increasing day by day, thereby these phenomenaset higher demands on trust. It become extremely urgent to establish basic necessarytrust among members of society, all members of society to society functionalorganizations and the different nationalities of the international community. However,against all expectations, a host of facts indicate the shortage of social trust causesinterpersonal tension, social disorder, exorbitant exchanges cost and efficiency losses.It has seriously hindered China's economic and social development. According toconservative estimates, due to the shortage of trust, the invalid costs of the markettransaction has a share in GDP at least 10% to 20%, the annual direct and indirecteconomic losses amounts to 600 billion yuan, equivalent to 37% of China's fiscalrevenue. For this reason, GDP reduces two percentage point annually at least.Moreover, the social trust problem has extended to the political, economic, cultural,and social systems at all levels and fields. Some scholars attribute China's social trustproblem to commercial credit crisis, credibility crisis of public goods, interpersonal
trust crisis and value beliefs crisis.In view of the whole world, globalization makes the world become a globalvillage, the exchanges among countries become unprecedentedly frequent anddiverse, and the international community has entered an unprecedented times of amultiple trust crisis. For example, the trust crisis between the civilizations is thefundamental fuse of 9?11 events. It is difficult to resolve various regional conflicts.Nationalism has been expanding, trade protectionism has begun to gain ground andthe arms race results in great wealth waste. The trust crisis between enterprises andsociety since the Enron incident, World Link scandal, results in the major stockmarket collapse in the West. In addition, internet bubble, the real estate bubble andfinancial fraud cause the chaos of economic order and loss of confidence. Even inthe sharing of ecological crisis, atmospheric pollution and other global issues of theresponsibility of controversy, disputes also can seen everywhere because of mutualdistrust.Overall, the severe shortage of trust has become the most helpless and painfulreality faced by the global community. Based on this status quo, many internal andexternal scholars regard trust as a hot issue and carry on theoretical and empiricalresearch from the disciplines of their respective traditions such as psychology,sociology, social psychology, economics, management studies and ethics. On thebasis of these studies, this article makes multidimensional an inspection of the trustproblem of modern society from the height of the philosophical history with a viewof raising the entire concern for the seriousness of the trust problem and providingtheoretical support for a correct understanding of the root causes, status andcountermeasures of our social trust.Structurally this article can be divided into six chapters. Chapter I “the basicforms and the essence of social trust” carries on preliminary clarification andanalysis to the basic forms of trust on the basis of briefly expounding its meaningand analysis angle, and further explores the nature of social trust several dimensionssuch as interaction attitude, psychological social values, cultural patterns and socialcapital.Chapter II “the social trust model and its historic change” discusses in depth thelinks between social trust model and social interaction modalities and the mappingprocess of social trust model by taking Marxist philosophy historical materialismsocial existence determines social consciousness as guiding ideology. On this basis,combining the enormous changes in social production and exchanges mannerscaused by the social transition from traditional society to modern society, thischapter proves the objective necessity of the conversion of traditional personalitytrust model into the modern system trust model.
Chapter III “social trust and the modern market economy” makes acomprehensive analysis of the mutual constructive relationship between the modernmarket economy and social trust, and points out that the modern market, as a newlease civilization, needs more social trust as its conditions and foundation ofexistence and development than any other forms of economy, that is, the marketeconomy inherently generates expectations and demands for social trust, andpromotes the development and improvement of social trust continuously. But at thesame time, decided by the nature that the market economy towards benefit and thestatus quo that our current economy system is imperfect, the market economy has acertain negative effect on social trust. Therefore, there is a need to further improveand perfect the market economic order to promote social trust and the modernmarket economy simultaneously.Chapter IV “social trust and the modern public life” appraises fully thedependence of the modern public life on social trust from the origination and specificcharacteristics of the modern public life. Particularly this chapter emphasizes that ithas become the key of constructing and maintaining the modern political order andpublic order and the core of modern public life that how public authority to establishits authority and credibility by functioning effectively. At the same time, the degreeof social trust has become a major problem that matters the normal functioning ofthe entire socio-political and economic life, that is, a major problem that matters thepeople's livelihood and social development and an important indicator of the level ofthe development of the modern society.Chapter V “International trust and the contemporary international order”, basedon the background of the era of globalization and the problems arising in theinternational exchanges, points out that the global community has entered anunprecedented times of a multiple trust crisis, even in itself constitutes a globalproblem, and further elaborates the fundamental status of strengthening internationaltrust in the reconstruction of the new just, reasonable and equal international political,economic, cultural and security order.Chapter VI “the social trust problem of China in transition”, by analyzing thebasic situation and serious damage of the social trust of China in transition of thebasic social trust situation and the serious damage, points out that the shortage oftrust has become a major pollutant and a major disease that severely affects oureconomic, political, cultural coordinated development and comprehensive socialprogress of our country. Finally, The paper explores in-depth the cause of the socialtrust problem and tries to point out some basic principles and concrete ways ofreconstructing Chinese social trust. It is noteworthy that this paper emphasizes thatgreater emphasis should be laid on establishing a universal system of social trust and
institutional arrangements commitment for members of society except for traditionalmoral education.
从世界范围来看,全球化使世界变成了地球村,国家交往空前频繁和多样化,而国际社会也出现了前所未有的多重信任危机。文明与文明的不信任是9?11事件的根本导火索,各种地区性冲突难以化解、民族主义势力不断膨胀、贸易保护主义又开始抬头、军备竞赛造成极大财富的浪费;企业与社会之间的信任
Society is the product of countless people exchanges, whereas trust permeatesall activities of social interaction in the life of a human society. It is the cornerstoneof social solidarity, the lubricant of social functioning and the important factor ofsocial integration as an organic whole. As the basic cell of society, People, on onehand, need preserve the security of his own health, property, family and reputation asindividual. On the other hand, as social existence, he must establish contacts andcooperation with others and require recognition and help from others. Cooperationand exchanges is conducive to overcoming the limitations of personal capacity,information and so on, but at the same time in social activities it can bring certainpersonal uncertainties and risks to person, which constitutes the paradox betweentrust and distrust, that is, distrust of others will not be able to contact them, and trustalso contains certain risks inevitably. So in the course of human existence how toresolve this contradiction poses a fundamental problem. Especially in the era of thetransition from traditional society to modern society and with the arrival ofglobalization, the restriction of human interaction by time and space was weakened,the state of separation between the state and regional was broken, omnibearingcommunication and interaction are increasing day by day, thereby these phenomenaset higher demands on trust. It become extremely urgent to establish basic necessarytrust among members of society, all members of society to society functionalorganizations and the different nationalities of the international community. However,against all expectations, a host of facts indicate the shortage of social trust causesinterpersonal tension, social disorder, exorbitant exchanges cost and efficiency losses.It has seriously hindered China's economic and social development. According toconservative estimates, due to the shortage of trust, the invalid costs of the markettransaction has a share in GDP at least 10% to 20%, the annual direct and indirecteconomic losses amounts to 600 billion yuan, equivalent to 37% of China's fiscalrevenue. For this reason, GDP reduces two percentage point annually at least.Moreover, the social trust problem has extended to the political, economic, cultural,and social systems at all levels and fields. Some scholars attribute China's social trustproblem to commercial credit crisis, credibility crisis of public goods, interpersonal
trust crisis and value beliefs crisis.In view of the whole world, globalization makes the world become a globalvillage, the exchanges among countries become unprecedentedly frequent anddiverse, and the international community has entered an unprecedented times of amultiple trust crisis. For example, the trust crisis between the civilizations is thefundamental fuse of 9?11 events. It is difficult to resolve various regional conflicts.Nationalism has been expanding, trade protectionism has begun to gain ground andthe arms race results in great wealth waste. The trust crisis between enterprises andsociety since the Enron incident, World Link scandal, results in the major stockmarket collapse in the West. In addition, internet bubble, the real estate bubble andfinancial fraud cause the chaos of economic order and loss of confidence. Even inthe sharing of ecological crisis, atmospheric pollution and other global issues of theresponsibility of controversy, disputes also can seen everywhere because of mutualdistrust.Overall, the severe shortage of trust has become the most helpless and painfulreality faced by the global community. Based on this status quo, many internal andexternal scholars regard trust as a hot issue and carry on theoretical and empiricalresearch from the disciplines of their respective traditions such as psychology,sociology, social psychology, economics, management studies and ethics. On thebasis of these studies, this article makes multidimensional an inspection of the trustproblem of modern society from the height of the philosophical history with a viewof raising the entire concern for the seriousness of the trust problem and providingtheoretical support for a correct understanding of the root causes, status andcountermeasures of our social trust.Structurally this article can be divided into six chapters. Chapter I “the basicforms and the essence of social trust” carries on preliminary clarification andanalysis to the basic forms of trust on the basis of briefly expounding its meaningand analysis angle, and further explores the nature of social trust several dimensionssuch as interaction attitude, psychological social values, cultural patterns and socialcapital.Chapter II “the social trust model and its historic change” discusses in depth thelinks between social trust model and social interaction modalities and the mappingprocess of social trust model by taking Marxist philosophy historical materialismsocial existence determines social consciousness as guiding ideology. On this basis,combining the enormous changes in social production and exchanges mannerscaused by the social transition from traditional society to modern society, thischapter proves the objective necessity of the conversion of traditional personalitytrust model into the modern system trust model.
Chapter III “social trust and the modern market economy” makes acomprehensive analysis of the mutual constructive relationship between the modernmarket economy and social trust, and points out that the modern market, as a newlease civilization, needs more social trust as its conditions and foundation ofexistence and development than any other forms of economy, that is, the marketeconomy inherently generates expectations and demands for social trust, andpromotes the development and improvement of social trust continuously. But at thesame time, decided by the nature that the market economy towards benefit and thestatus quo that our current economy system is imperfect, the market economy has acertain negative effect on social trust. Therefore, there is a need to further improveand perfect the market economic order to promote social trust and the modernmarket economy simultaneously.Chapter IV “social trust and the modern public life” appraises fully thedependence of the modern public life on social trust from the origination and specificcharacteristics of the modern public life. Particularly this chapter emphasizes that ithas become the key of constructing and maintaining the modern political order andpublic order and the core of modern public life that how public authority to establishits authority and credibility by functioning effectively. At the same time, the degreeof social trust has become a major problem that matters the normal functioning ofthe entire socio-political and economic life, that is, a major problem that matters thepeople's livelihood and social development and an important indicator of the level ofthe development of the modern society.Chapter V “International trust and the contemporary international order”, basedon the background of the era of globalization and the problems arising in theinternational exchanges, points out that the global community has entered anunprecedented times of a multiple trust crisis, even in itself constitutes a globalproblem, and further elaborates the fundamental status of strengthening internationaltrust in the reconstruction of the new just, reasonable and equal international political,economic, cultural and security order.Chapter VI “the social trust problem of China in transition”, by analyzing thebasic situation and serious damage of the social trust of China in transition of thebasic social trust situation and the serious damage, points out that the shortage oftrust has become a major pollutant and a major disease that severely affects oureconomic, political, cultural coordinated development and comprehensive socialprogress of our country. Finally, The paper explores in-depth the cause of the socialtrust problem and tries to point out some basic principles and concrete ways ofreconstructing Chinese social trust. It is noteworthy that this paper emphasizes thatgreater emphasis should be laid on establishing a universal system of social trust and
institutional arrangements commitment for members of society except for traditionalmoral education.
引文
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44 叶虹,“文化全球化的形成及其后果”,《浙江师大学报》(社会科学版),2000年第 1 期
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47 岳瑨、田海平,“信任研究的学术理路——对信任研究的若干路径的考查”,《南京社会科学》,2004 年第 6 期。
48 张春娜,“如何塑造良好的政府形象”,行政管理网,2001 年 12 月 7 日
49 张恒山,“法的价值之概念辨析(下)”,《中外法学》1999 年第 5 期;转载于中国人民大学报刊复印资料《法理学、法史学》,1999 年第 11 期
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13 李伟民、梁玉成,“特殊信任与普遍信任:中国人信任的结构与特征”,《社会学研究》,2002 年第 3 期
14 李玉勇、杨成,“滥用政府信用的表现、危害及治理”,《探索》,2003 年第1期
15 梁光严,“国外两种较常见的全球化定义”,中国社会科学院院网,2005 年5 月 10 日
16 刘烈龙,“我国市场经济的历史起点与发展阶段的选择”,《武汉市经济管理干部学院学报》,2002 年第 2 期
17 刘青峰、伍亚荣,“现代社会中的法律与社会秩序”,青岛法院网,2004 年12 月 15 日
18 刘毅、赖玉萍,“诚信原则在市场经济中的作用探析”,《思想理论双月刊》,2003 年第 6 期
19 刘志生,“社会发展与交往的理性审视”,《学海》,2000 年第 3 期
20 罗卫东、许彬,“社会资本、家族企业与浙江经济”,北望经济学园 2005 年9 月 13 日
21 马光川,“构筑普遍信任的四大社会支持系统”,《中共青岛市委党校 青岛行政学院学报》,2003 年第 4 期
22 马怀礼,“论社会主义市场经济的诚信体系建设”,《学术月刊》,2003 年第12 期
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27 石本惠,“现代政府信用建设研究”,《社会科学研究》,2004 年第 3 期
28 宋智勇,“关系取向社会的信用机制”,《暨南学报》(人文科学与社会科学版),2004 年第 3 期
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31 王和平,“论政府信用建设”,《政治学研究》,2003 年第 1 期
32 王飞雪、山岸俊男,“信任的中、日、美比较研究”,《社会学研究》,1999年第 2 期
33 王绍光、刘欣,“信任的基础:一种理性的解释”,《社会学研究》,2002 年第 3 期
34 王效仿,“诚信缺失的社会性原因分析”,《天府新论》,2004 年第 5 期
35 王岩,“契约理念:历史与现实的反思——兼论全球化时代的契约文明”,《哲学研究》,2004 年第 4 期
36 谢军,“论责任与信任”,《伦理学研究》,2004 年第 1 期。
37 谢威,“公民期待和行政文化的塑造”,《长沙电力学院学报》(社会科学版),1999 年第 4 期
38 徐贲,“承诺、信任和制度秩序:当今中国的信任匮乏和转化”,《当代中国研究》,2004 年第 4 期
39 徐贲,“承诺、信任和制度秩序”,《社会科学论坛》,2005 年第 2 期
40 晏贵年、管新潮,“中德信任观比较及其对企业组织管理的影响”,《德国研究》1997 年第 1 期
41 杨宜音,“‘自己人':信任建构过程的个案研究”,《社会学研究》1999 年第 2 期
42 杨玉玲,“文化认同:最坚固的国防”,《光明日报》,2004 年 4 月 28 日
43 杨中芳、彭泗清,“中国人人际信任的概念化:一个人际关系的观点”,《社会学研究》,1999 年第 2 期
44 叶虹,“文化全球化的形成及其后果”,《浙江师大学报》(社会科学版),2000年第 1 期
45 俞可平,“善政:走向善治的关键”,《文汇报》,2004 年 1 月 19 日
46 俞可平,“现代民主治理视野中的和谐社会”,人民网,2005 年 2 月 28 日
47 岳瑨、田海平,“信任研究的学术理路——对信任研究的若干路径的考查”,《南京社会科学》,2004 年第 6 期。
48 张春娜,“如何塑造良好的政府形象”,行政管理网,2001 年 12 月 7 日
49 张恒山,“法的价值之概念辨析(下)”,《中外法学》1999 年第 5 期;转载于中国人民大学报刊复印资料《法理学、法史学》,1999 年第 11 期
50 郑明珍,“政府信用是全面建设小康社会的必然要求”,《光明日报》,2003年 12 月 9 日
51 钟淑洁,“文明对话与世界文化的和谐发展”,《人民日报》,2005 年 12 月22 日
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