大学生的人格倾向、自尊水平与其人际认知偏向关系的研究
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摘要
自尊具有多维度、多结构、多形式的内涵。儿童自尊的建构主要来自三个方面:生活中的成败经验、社会比较、内部标准。自尊的高低对人的心理和行为有着复杂的影响。很多研究发现,内外倾、自尊的高低均存在认知加工偏向现象。本研究为解释这种复杂的认知加工偏向现象,分别采用艾森克人格问卷简明量表(EPQ-RSC),自尊量表(SES),以及信号检测论应用于问卷测量的方法,试图来证实这种偏向在人际认知中也存在,并进一步说明产生这种现象的原因。
本研究对104名大学生进行了问卷调查,其结果显示,自尊、内外倾均存在这种人际认知偏向。即自尊越高,越偏向于积极的人际认知。而外倾性越高,人际认知的辨别能力越好,且越偏向于积极的人际认知;反之则人际认知的辨别能力越低,越偏向于消极的认知。而且自尊高低、内外倾的人格类型对人际认知存在交互作用,内倾型高自尊的人比低自尊的人的辨别力要低,而外倾型的高自尊比低自尊的人的辨别能力要好。即高自尊对内外倾的人际认知辨别能力要大于低自尊对它们的影响。研究结果说明,性格类型在自尊的人际认知加工偏向中存在影响。同时,在此基础上,还讨论了影响人际认知偏向的一些其他因素,本研究试图在认知加工偏向理论的基础上,解释这些现象,并验证这些理论。
Since the later decades of 20th century, the positive psychology has been popular with the psychologist. As its part, self-esteem was gradually attented. The nature of self-esteem is multi-dimensions, multi-structures, and multi-forms. The child’s self-esteem constructs the construction comes from three aspects: success or failure experience in the life, the social comparison, internal standards. Self-esteem has the complex influences to individual's mental and behaviors. Most of researchs discoved, the self-esteem level has the cognitive processing bias.The purpose of this study is that exploring the complex influence and confirming the bias in interpersonal cognition , by using EPQ-RSC,SES and signal detection theory method.
There are 104 undergraduates who have been selected to finish the questionnaire.The result indicated self-esteem level, personality type have interpersonal cognitive bias, respectively. The higher self-esteem, more positive they perform in interpersonal cognition; The extroversion perform more positive than the introversion. Furthermore, the interpersonal cognition has the interaction influences between self-esteem and introversion-extroversion. On the base, we also discuss the other influences about the interpersonal cognitive bias. Then the theory of cognitive bias has been discussed.
本研究对104名大学生进行了问卷调查,其结果显示,自尊、内外倾均存在这种人际认知偏向。即自尊越高,越偏向于积极的人际认知。而外倾性越高,人际认知的辨别能力越好,且越偏向于积极的人际认知;反之则人际认知的辨别能力越低,越偏向于消极的认知。而且自尊高低、内外倾的人格类型对人际认知存在交互作用,内倾型高自尊的人比低自尊的人的辨别力要低,而外倾型的高自尊比低自尊的人的辨别能力要好。即高自尊对内外倾的人际认知辨别能力要大于低自尊对它们的影响。研究结果说明,性格类型在自尊的人际认知加工偏向中存在影响。同时,在此基础上,还讨论了影响人际认知偏向的一些其他因素,本研究试图在认知加工偏向理论的基础上,解释这些现象,并验证这些理论。
Since the later decades of 20th century, the positive psychology has been popular with the psychologist. As its part, self-esteem was gradually attented. The nature of self-esteem is multi-dimensions, multi-structures, and multi-forms. The child’s self-esteem constructs the construction comes from three aspects: success or failure experience in the life, the social comparison, internal standards. Self-esteem has the complex influences to individual's mental and behaviors. Most of researchs discoved, the self-esteem level has the cognitive processing bias.The purpose of this study is that exploring the complex influence and confirming the bias in interpersonal cognition , by using EPQ-RSC,SES and signal detection theory method.
There are 104 undergraduates who have been selected to finish the questionnaire.The result indicated self-esteem level, personality type have interpersonal cognitive bias, respectively. The higher self-esteem, more positive they perform in interpersonal cognition; The extroversion perform more positive than the introversion. Furthermore, the interpersonal cognition has the interaction influences between self-esteem and introversion-extroversion. On the base, we also discuss the other influences about the interpersonal cognitive bias. Then the theory of cognitive bias has been discussed.
引文
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[2] 李金珍,王文忠,施建农.积极心理学:一种新的研究方向.心理科学进展,2003,11(3):321-327.
[3] 李怀玉.论心理学新的研究趋势:积极心理学.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版),2005,24(1):115-117.
[4] 张向葵,田录梅.自尊对失败后抑郁、焦虑反应的缓冲效应.心理学报,2005,37(2):240-245.
[5] 丛晓波.自尊的本质研究.东北师范大学博士论文,2006.
[6] PopeA.,McHaleS.,Craighead E. Self-esteem enhance men with children and adolescent. Pergamon Press,1988:2-21.
[7] 张文新著.儿童社会性发展.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1998:394-395.
[8] 张向葵,张林,赵义泉.关于自尊结构模型的理论建构.心理科学,2004,27(4):791-795.
[9] 刘毅,张华.自尊问题研究述评.西北师大学报(社会科学版),1998,35(2):60-66.
[10] Morse, S. J. & Gergen, K. J. (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency and the conceptof self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148-156. (Reprinted in M.Rosenberg and H. B. Kaplan (Eds.) (1982). Social psychology of the self-concept. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson.)
[11] 付 宗 国 , 张 承 芬 . 群 际 情 境 下 向 上 社 会 比 较 信 息 对 自 我 评 价 的 影 响 . 心 理 科 学 , 2004,27(1):84-87.
[12] Higgins E T. Self-Discrepancy: A theory relatingself and affect: Psychological Review, 1987, (3):319-340.
[13] 张丽华.3-9 岁儿童自尊结构、发展特点及其相关影响因素的研究.辽宁师范大学博士论文,2004.
[14] 康茜.中学生自尊心理控制源及主观幸福感关系的研究.东北师范大学硕士论文,2006.
[15] 布兰登著.吴齐译.自尊的六大支柱.北京:红旗出版社,1998.3-4.
[16] 倪凤琨.自尊与攻击行为的关系述评.心理科学进展,2005,13(1):66-71
[17] Baumeister R F et al. Does high self-esteem cause better performance , interpersonal success , happiness ,or healthier life-styles? A Journal of the American Psychological Society,2003,4(1):1-44.
[18] 田录梅,张向葵.高自尊的异质性研究述评.心理科学进展,2006,14(5):704-709.
[19] Story A.L.Self-esteem and memory for favorable and unfavorable personality feedback. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1998,24:51-64.
[20] Christensen T.C.,Wood J.V. Remembering everyday experience through the prism of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2003,29:51-62.
[21] 岑延远,郑雪.自尊的认知加工偏向研究述评.心理科学,2004,27(5):1184-1186.
[22] Tafarodi R.W., Tam, J.,Milne,A.B.Selective memory and the persistence of paradoxical self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2001,27:1179-1189.
[23] 郭玉菊,李国琴.认知偏差与人际交往.河南教育,2001,276(7): 44.
[24] 白洁.认知歪曲导致人际关系欠佳的探讨.研究与探讨,2006,11:32-33.
[25] 周爱保.过去经验对内隐社会知觉的影响.心理学报,1998,30(2):149-153.
[26] 朱新秤.社会认知心理学研究的新进展.心理学动态,2000,8(2):74-80.
[27] Frye, D. The Origins of Intentions in Infancy, in Frye, D. & Moore D., Theories of Mind, Lawrence Erlbum Associates Publishers, 1991:15-37.
[28] 林崇德,张文新.认知发展与社会认知发展.心理发展与教育,1996,1:50-55.
[29] 邱林.对内外倾人格与语言学习之间关系的重新审视.教育导刊,2005,5:7-10.
[30] 张秋云.外语教学中的情感因素理论研究综述及启示.吉林工程技术师范学院学报,2005,21(1):47-51.
[31] Amold,J. Affect in language learning Cambrige:CUP.1999.
[32] 王惠萍.内倾型和外倾型人格特征及其对学习的影响.烟台师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2002,19(4):94-99.
[33] Matthews,G. Extravesion In P.A.Smith ,D.M.Jones,et al.Handbook of human performance state and trait.London:Academic Press,1992.
[34] 汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版).北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,2000.
[35] 张力为,梁展鹏.运动员的生活满意感:个人自尊与集体自尊的贡献.心理学报,2002, 34(2):160-167.
[36] 钱铬怡,武国城等.艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)的修订.心理学报,2000,32(3):317-323.
[37] 郭秀艳著.实验心理学.北京:人民教育出版社,2004.276,300-301,636.
[38] 周爱保,陈晓云,刘萍.刺激属性对内隐社会知觉的影响.心理科学,1998,21(3):234-237.
[39] 周爱保.社会印象:意识,还是无意识控制.心理科学,2000,23(4):440-445.
[40] Darrell K. Adams, Z. Joseph Ulehla. Detection theory and problems of psychosocial discrimination Sociological Methodology,1971,3:34-59.
[41] Ulehla Z.J, Adams D.K. Detection theory and expectations for social reinforcers: an application to aggression.Psychological Review,1973,80(6):439-445.
[42] Erev I. Signal detection by human observers: a cut off reinforcement learning model of categorization decisions under uncertainty. Psychological Review, 1998,105(2): 280– 298.
[43] Christopher J.C.,Ivan D.B.,Alan K.C. Differences in peiceive seriousness of overt and covert road traffic offenses.Law and Human Behavior,1981,5:219-230.
[44] 高迎浩,陈永强,马云献.国外关于自尊与人际关系的研究综述.天中学刊,2005,20 (3):134-137.
[45] Rudich E A,Vallacher R R.To belong or to self-enhance? Motivational bases for choosing interaction partners.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1999, 25(1):1387-1404.
[46] Benjamin.L Hankin; Zia Lakdawalla et al. are neuroticism, cognitive vulnerbilities and self-esteem over lapping or distinct risks for depression? evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2007,26(1): 29-63.
[47] Baumeister R.F, Tice D.M., Hutton D.G. Self - presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem[J].Journal of Personality,1989,57(3):547-579.
[48] 张锋,沈模卫,何亚芸.自尊对自我确认倾向的影响:来自认知判断的证据.应用心理学,2006,12(1):43-50.
[2] 李金珍,王文忠,施建农.积极心理学:一种新的研究方向.心理科学进展,2003,11(3):321-327.
[3] 李怀玉.论心理学新的研究趋势:积极心理学.郑州航空工业管理学院学报(社会科学版),2005,24(1):115-117.
[4] 张向葵,田录梅.自尊对失败后抑郁、焦虑反应的缓冲效应.心理学报,2005,37(2):240-245.
[5] 丛晓波.自尊的本质研究.东北师范大学博士论文,2006.
[6] PopeA.,McHaleS.,Craighead E. Self-esteem enhance men with children and adolescent. Pergamon Press,1988:2-21.
[7] 张文新著.儿童社会性发展.北京:北京师范大学出版社,1998:394-395.
[8] 张向葵,张林,赵义泉.关于自尊结构模型的理论建构.心理科学,2004,27(4):791-795.
[9] 刘毅,张华.自尊问题研究述评.西北师大学报(社会科学版),1998,35(2):60-66.
[10] Morse, S. J. & Gergen, K. J. (1970). Social comparison, self-consistency and the conceptof self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 148-156. (Reprinted in M.Rosenberg and H. B. Kaplan (Eds.) (1982). Social psychology of the self-concept. Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson.)
[11] 付 宗 国 , 张 承 芬 . 群 际 情 境 下 向 上 社 会 比 较 信 息 对 自 我 评 价 的 影 响 . 心 理 科 学 , 2004,27(1):84-87.
[12] Higgins E T. Self-Discrepancy: A theory relatingself and affect: Psychological Review, 1987, (3):319-340.
[13] 张丽华.3-9 岁儿童自尊结构、发展特点及其相关影响因素的研究.辽宁师范大学博士论文,2004.
[14] 康茜.中学生自尊心理控制源及主观幸福感关系的研究.东北师范大学硕士论文,2006.
[15] 布兰登著.吴齐译.自尊的六大支柱.北京:红旗出版社,1998.3-4.
[16] 倪凤琨.自尊与攻击行为的关系述评.心理科学进展,2005,13(1):66-71
[17] Baumeister R F et al. Does high self-esteem cause better performance , interpersonal success , happiness ,or healthier life-styles? A Journal of the American Psychological Society,2003,4(1):1-44.
[18] 田录梅,张向葵.高自尊的异质性研究述评.心理科学进展,2006,14(5):704-709.
[19] Story A.L.Self-esteem and memory for favorable and unfavorable personality feedback. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,1998,24:51-64.
[20] Christensen T.C.,Wood J.V. Remembering everyday experience through the prism of self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2003,29:51-62.
[21] 岑延远,郑雪.自尊的认知加工偏向研究述评.心理科学,2004,27(5):1184-1186.
[22] Tafarodi R.W., Tam, J.,Milne,A.B.Selective memory and the persistence of paradoxical self-esteem. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,2001,27:1179-1189.
[23] 郭玉菊,李国琴.认知偏差与人际交往.河南教育,2001,276(7): 44.
[24] 白洁.认知歪曲导致人际关系欠佳的探讨.研究与探讨,2006,11:32-33.
[25] 周爱保.过去经验对内隐社会知觉的影响.心理学报,1998,30(2):149-153.
[26] 朱新秤.社会认知心理学研究的新进展.心理学动态,2000,8(2):74-80.
[27] Frye, D. The Origins of Intentions in Infancy, in Frye, D. & Moore D., Theories of Mind, Lawrence Erlbum Associates Publishers, 1991:15-37.
[28] 林崇德,张文新.认知发展与社会认知发展.心理发展与教育,1996,1:50-55.
[29] 邱林.对内外倾人格与语言学习之间关系的重新审视.教育导刊,2005,5:7-10.
[30] 张秋云.外语教学中的情感因素理论研究综述及启示.吉林工程技术师范学院学报,2005,21(1):47-51.
[31] Amold,J. Affect in language learning Cambrige:CUP.1999.
[32] 王惠萍.内倾型和外倾型人格特征及其对学习的影响.烟台师范学院学报(哲学社会科学版),2002,19(4):94-99.
[33] Matthews,G. Extravesion In P.A.Smith ,D.M.Jones,et al.Handbook of human performance state and trait.London:Academic Press,1992.
[34] 汪向东,王希林,马弘.心理卫生评定量表手册(增订版).北京:中国心理卫生杂志社,2000.
[35] 张力为,梁展鹏.运动员的生活满意感:个人自尊与集体自尊的贡献.心理学报,2002, 34(2):160-167.
[36] 钱铬怡,武国城等.艾森克人格问卷简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)的修订.心理学报,2000,32(3):317-323.
[37] 郭秀艳著.实验心理学.北京:人民教育出版社,2004.276,300-301,636.
[38] 周爱保,陈晓云,刘萍.刺激属性对内隐社会知觉的影响.心理科学,1998,21(3):234-237.
[39] 周爱保.社会印象:意识,还是无意识控制.心理科学,2000,23(4):440-445.
[40] Darrell K. Adams, Z. Joseph Ulehla. Detection theory and problems of psychosocial discrimination Sociological Methodology,1971,3:34-59.
[41] Ulehla Z.J, Adams D.K. Detection theory and expectations for social reinforcers: an application to aggression.Psychological Review,1973,80(6):439-445.
[42] Erev I. Signal detection by human observers: a cut off reinforcement learning model of categorization decisions under uncertainty. Psychological Review, 1998,105(2): 280– 298.
[43] Christopher J.C.,Ivan D.B.,Alan K.C. Differences in peiceive seriousness of overt and covert road traffic offenses.Law and Human Behavior,1981,5:219-230.
[44] 高迎浩,陈永强,马云献.国外关于自尊与人际关系的研究综述.天中学刊,2005,20 (3):134-137.
[45] Rudich E A,Vallacher R R.To belong or to self-enhance? Motivational bases for choosing interaction partners.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 1999, 25(1):1387-1404.
[46] Benjamin.L Hankin; Zia Lakdawalla et al. are neuroticism, cognitive vulnerbilities and self-esteem over lapping or distinct risks for depression? evidence from exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2007,26(1): 29-63.
[47] Baumeister R.F, Tice D.M., Hutton D.G. Self - presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem[J].Journal of Personality,1989,57(3):547-579.
[48] 张锋,沈模卫,何亚芸.自尊对自我确认倾向的影响:来自认知判断的证据.应用心理学,2006,12(1):43-50.