基于遥感信息的选线系统地理环境建模方法及应用研究
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摘要
根据中国铁路中长期发展规划,到2020年,中国将建成2万多公里高速客运专线和城际铁路。高速铁路和城际铁路经行地区经济发达,城镇密布,并且铁路沿线地理环境和地质环境均较复杂,选线设计更注重环境选线、景观选线和地质选线。传统的等高线地形图模型已不能满足高速铁路和城际铁路的选线需求。将遥感技术、数字摄影测量技术、虚拟现实技术、数字地质技术综合相集成,建立一个能够同时满足地质选线和环境选线要求的三维可视化选线地理模型,让工程师在一个逼真显示的三维可视化地理环境中进行选线方案设计与决策,不仅是铁路勘测设计一体化、智能化研究领域亟待解决的课题,更是现代铁路设计的需求。基于这一思想,本文以“基于遥感信息的选线系统三维地理环境建模方法和应用”为主题,对其中的所涉及的理论方法和关键技术进行了研究,从建模方法和算法方面提出了一整套方法并予以实现。主要研究内容及研究结果如下:
1.针对铁路选线带状大范围地形的特点,以航测、卫星遥感为数据源,以全数字摄影测量系统为工具,采用于数字地形分幅采集方法,以获取铁路强带状地形特点的地形数据,能够最大程度的减少构建三维地形时的数据冗余。对采集的地形数据,提出基于改进坡度RMSE与三维可视化联合的粗差检测与剔除方法,实现了对DEM粗差有效的检测与剔除,保证三维地理环境的建模精度。
2.提出矢栅一体化的选线系统三维地质环境建模方法。首次将地质对象遥感解译影像应用于铁路选线系统。根据选线系统地理环境特点,提出地质对象文化特征概念,以地质对象的名称和ID标识号作为其文化特征,将文化特征作为地质对象特殊的矢量数据,按照准确地理位置叠加到地质对象的矢量三维目标上,实现地质对象在三维地理环境中的定位和计算机内部的有效识别。基于TIN模型、约束TIN模型实现地质对象的遥感解译影像在三维空间的准确定位,以遥感解译影像直接表达地质信息。为地质对象建立矢量、栅格影像同时存在的表达和描述模式,在此基础上建立了直观的三维地质环境。
3.提出基于超地图模型的选线系统信息管理和组织方法。基于遥感正射影像图的影像环境,首次将超地图概念引入到铁路选线系统,建立了基于地理信息、地质、水文信息、地质知识的选线超地图模型。实现基于超目录结构模型对这些信息之间关系的非线性存储、组织、管理和浏览。为选线工程师提供图文并茂的地质、地理和地质知识环境。
4.提出基于多子库铁路工程地质信息库建模方法。根据选线设计涉及的地质条件的多样性,将不同类型地质对象进行分类和标引,在地质知识表示方法上,提出基于三维可视化的用户外部知识表示方法。针对选线地质知识涉及的不同地理环境,构建了河谷、冻土、风沙地区等各类三维地理环境,并在该环境中表达知识,实现知识的三维可视化表示。为选线工程师提供三维可视的铁路工程地质知识环境。针对选线设计的复杂性,以认知心理学为依据,提出基于案例推理的知识应用方法。
5.探索了基于逼真显示的三维地理环境的地质选线技术。采用三维目标与信息数据库相连接技术,解决在三维环境中直接进行选线设计的技术问题,包括在逼真显示的三维地理环境中线路局部走向选择,基于遥感地质影像环境的不良地质区域选线方法等。根据线路穿越的不良地质对象的类型和位置,实现系统自动从知识库中提取选线地质知识,并给出选线建议,以指导选线工程师在不良地质区域的选线设计。根据山区等地形地质复杂地区的选线设计特点,从地质选线角度,提出直接根据方案的设计信息获取方案评价指标值的思想,建立了基于三维地理环境的复杂地质区域线路方案评价模型,解决线路多方案的比选问题。
6.综合应用三维空间观察原理、真实感图形绘制技术、计算机动画、虚拟现实等技术,以OpenGL图形库和VC++6.0为开发工具,实现了线路三维场景的实时动态显示。并与正射和透视两种模式设计相结合,使得三维可视化技术不仅用于设计成果的直观表达,而且融入整个设计过程中,从而实现本文提出的三维虚拟环境下的选线设计思想。
7.基于所提出的理论方法,研制了一个选线地理环境建模平台。该平台实现本文提出的基于航测和卫星信息的三维可视化选线地理环境模和应用技术。并用实例对系统的主要功能进行了测试。验证和测试结果表明,本文提出的建模方法和应用技术是切实可行的。基于本文提出的方法所建立的原型系统,可较容易的开发实用的集遥感技术、虚拟现实技术、数字地质技术、空间数据库等技术的三维可视化选线系统。本文的研究虽然是针对铁路选线设计问题进行的,其研究成果可直接应用于公路路线系统的设计研究。
According to China's medium and long-term railway development plan, China will build more than 20.000 km high-speed passenger line and Inter-city Railway to 2020. The regions' economy is developed and towns are serried where high-speed railway and Inter-city Railway pass through, and geographical environment and geological environment is complex along the railway, therefore, railway location and design pay more attention to the environment, landscape and geology location. The traditional contour map model has been unable to meet high-speed rail and inter-city rail's location need. integrate Remote sensing, digital photogrammetry technology, virtual reality technology and digital geological technology, building one Three-dimensional visualization location geographical model which meet the geological location and environmental location requirements at the same time, and let engineers conduct the location scheme design and decision-making in this three-dimensional visualization of the geographical environment, It not only a railway survey and design integration, intelligent research issues to be resolved, and the more modern design requirements. Based on this thinking, the paper make "The modeling method of Three-dimensional geographical environment and application Of railway location system based on remote sensing information" as the theme, and have researched the methods and key technology which involved in. put forward a set of methods and their realization from the modeling methods and algorithms. Main research content and research results are as follows:
1. Aim at the belt shaped and arge-scale topographic features of railway location, aerial survey, satellite remote sensing data as data sources, and all-digital photography system as measuring tool bring forward intersected collection method to get the strong belt shaped terrain features of the terrain data, it can reduce Construction of the three-dimensional topographical data redundancy to the greatest degree. Put forward the method of DEM Error detection and omissions Based on the improvement of slope RMSE and three-dimensional visualization for the Collect terrain data, achieved effective detection and omissions for DEM a gross error and guarantee the modeling accuracy of three-dimensional Geographical environment.
2. Bring forward the modeling methods by the integration of vector and raster of location system's three-dimensional geological environment. Used the geological interpretation of remote sensing images in railway location system first time. Proposed the concept of geological objects of cultural identity according to the geographical environment features of the location system, make the geological object' name and ID as it's cultural features and as the special kind of vector data, overlap the Vector 3-D targets in accordance with the precise location, and realize the precise location in three-dimensional geographical environment and effective recognition in the internal computer. Proposed the Modeling method of Raster image, achieved the interpretation of remote sensing images accurate positioning in three-dimensional space of geological objects based on TIN and restrict TIN model. And directly express the geological information by remote sensing interprets images. Establish the expression and description pattern which vector, raster images presence at the same time for Geological targets, and on this base establish the Intuitive three-dimensional geological environment.
3. Bring forward the information management and organization method of location system based on Hypermap Model. The first time introduce the concept of Hypermap into railway location system based on remote sensing orthophoto map image environment; establish the railway location Hypermap Model Based on the geographic information, geological, hydrological, geological knowledge. Achieve these non-linear relationships between the information storage, organization, management and browsing Based on Hyper directory structure model. Provide the illustrated geological, geographical and geological knowledge environment for engineers.
4. Bring forward the modeling method of railway geological information database based on the multi-database. According to the geological conditions diversity of railway location and design, classing and indexing to the different types of geological targets. In geological knowledge express way, proposed the three-dimensional visualization knowledge express method of user external knowledge. For the different geographical environment of location geological knowledge involved. Construct the valley, frozen soil, sand areas, and other three-dimensional geographical environment and express knowledge in this environment, And realize the three-dimensional visualization express of the knowledge. For the complexity of the railway location and design and cognitive psychology as the basis, proposed the application method of knowledge found on the Case-based reasoning.
5. Exploration the geological railway location technology based on realistic three-dimensional geographical environment. Using three-dimensional targets connected to the database and information technology, solve the technical problems of the direct railway location and design in three-dimensional environment, including the local lines location in three-dimensional geographical environment, the location method in adverse geology regional based on remote sensing geological image and so on. According to the adverse geological targets' type and position of the lines pass through, achieve automatically extracted the geological knowledge from the knowledge base, and gives the location recommendations to guide the engineer railway location in adverse geological regions. According to geological complexity of mountain terrain, such as the location of the design characteristics, proposed the thinking of directly get scheme evaluation index from design information of scheme design result. Establish the valuation model of lines in complex geological regions Based on a three-dimensional geographical environment, and resolve the appraisal problem of multi line schemes.
6. Comprehensive Application of three-dimensional space observation of principles, realistic image mapping technology, computer animation, virtual reality technology etc. and adopting OpenGL 3D graph library and Visual C++ as development tools, Achieved the real-time dynamic 3D visualization of the three-dimensional line scenes ,And combine with the orthogonal projection and perspective projection design models, it's not only be used to livingly express design results but also merged into the whole design course, thus the ideal of combining 2D design with 3D visual design put forward in this thesis was realized.
7. Develop a geographical location modeling platform Based on the proposed theory and method. This platform achieves the modeling method and application technology which the paper proposed of three-dimensional visual location geographical environment based on aerial survey and satellite information. And tested the system's main function with an example. Verification and test results show that the proposed method of modeling and application of technology is feasible. Based on the prototype system which establish according to the paper approach, It Can be more easily develop the three-dimensional visualization location system which integrate the remote sensing technology, virtual reality technology, digital geological technology, space technology and so on. While this research is against the railway location design issues, and its research results can be directly applied to Highway route system design research..
1.针对铁路选线带状大范围地形的特点,以航测、卫星遥感为数据源,以全数字摄影测量系统为工具,采用于数字地形分幅采集方法,以获取铁路强带状地形特点的地形数据,能够最大程度的减少构建三维地形时的数据冗余。对采集的地形数据,提出基于改进坡度RMSE与三维可视化联合的粗差检测与剔除方法,实现了对DEM粗差有效的检测与剔除,保证三维地理环境的建模精度。
2.提出矢栅一体化的选线系统三维地质环境建模方法。首次将地质对象遥感解译影像应用于铁路选线系统。根据选线系统地理环境特点,提出地质对象文化特征概念,以地质对象的名称和ID标识号作为其文化特征,将文化特征作为地质对象特殊的矢量数据,按照准确地理位置叠加到地质对象的矢量三维目标上,实现地质对象在三维地理环境中的定位和计算机内部的有效识别。基于TIN模型、约束TIN模型实现地质对象的遥感解译影像在三维空间的准确定位,以遥感解译影像直接表达地质信息。为地质对象建立矢量、栅格影像同时存在的表达和描述模式,在此基础上建立了直观的三维地质环境。
3.提出基于超地图模型的选线系统信息管理和组织方法。基于遥感正射影像图的影像环境,首次将超地图概念引入到铁路选线系统,建立了基于地理信息、地质、水文信息、地质知识的选线超地图模型。实现基于超目录结构模型对这些信息之间关系的非线性存储、组织、管理和浏览。为选线工程师提供图文并茂的地质、地理和地质知识环境。
4.提出基于多子库铁路工程地质信息库建模方法。根据选线设计涉及的地质条件的多样性,将不同类型地质对象进行分类和标引,在地质知识表示方法上,提出基于三维可视化的用户外部知识表示方法。针对选线地质知识涉及的不同地理环境,构建了河谷、冻土、风沙地区等各类三维地理环境,并在该环境中表达知识,实现知识的三维可视化表示。为选线工程师提供三维可视的铁路工程地质知识环境。针对选线设计的复杂性,以认知心理学为依据,提出基于案例推理的知识应用方法。
5.探索了基于逼真显示的三维地理环境的地质选线技术。采用三维目标与信息数据库相连接技术,解决在三维环境中直接进行选线设计的技术问题,包括在逼真显示的三维地理环境中线路局部走向选择,基于遥感地质影像环境的不良地质区域选线方法等。根据线路穿越的不良地质对象的类型和位置,实现系统自动从知识库中提取选线地质知识,并给出选线建议,以指导选线工程师在不良地质区域的选线设计。根据山区等地形地质复杂地区的选线设计特点,从地质选线角度,提出直接根据方案的设计信息获取方案评价指标值的思想,建立了基于三维地理环境的复杂地质区域线路方案评价模型,解决线路多方案的比选问题。
6.综合应用三维空间观察原理、真实感图形绘制技术、计算机动画、虚拟现实等技术,以OpenGL图形库和VC++6.0为开发工具,实现了线路三维场景的实时动态显示。并与正射和透视两种模式设计相结合,使得三维可视化技术不仅用于设计成果的直观表达,而且融入整个设计过程中,从而实现本文提出的三维虚拟环境下的选线设计思想。
7.基于所提出的理论方法,研制了一个选线地理环境建模平台。该平台实现本文提出的基于航测和卫星信息的三维可视化选线地理环境模和应用技术。并用实例对系统的主要功能进行了测试。验证和测试结果表明,本文提出的建模方法和应用技术是切实可行的。基于本文提出的方法所建立的原型系统,可较容易的开发实用的集遥感技术、虚拟现实技术、数字地质技术、空间数据库等技术的三维可视化选线系统。本文的研究虽然是针对铁路选线设计问题进行的,其研究成果可直接应用于公路路线系统的设计研究。
According to China's medium and long-term railway development plan, China will build more than 20.000 km high-speed passenger line and Inter-city Railway to 2020. The regions' economy is developed and towns are serried where high-speed railway and Inter-city Railway pass through, and geographical environment and geological environment is complex along the railway, therefore, railway location and design pay more attention to the environment, landscape and geology location. The traditional contour map model has been unable to meet high-speed rail and inter-city rail's location need. integrate Remote sensing, digital photogrammetry technology, virtual reality technology and digital geological technology, building one Three-dimensional visualization location geographical model which meet the geological location and environmental location requirements at the same time, and let engineers conduct the location scheme design and decision-making in this three-dimensional visualization of the geographical environment, It not only a railway survey and design integration, intelligent research issues to be resolved, and the more modern design requirements. Based on this thinking, the paper make "The modeling method of Three-dimensional geographical environment and application Of railway location system based on remote sensing information" as the theme, and have researched the methods and key technology which involved in. put forward a set of methods and their realization from the modeling methods and algorithms. Main research content and research results are as follows:
1. Aim at the belt shaped and arge-scale topographic features of railway location, aerial survey, satellite remote sensing data as data sources, and all-digital photography system as measuring tool bring forward intersected collection method to get the strong belt shaped terrain features of the terrain data, it can reduce Construction of the three-dimensional topographical data redundancy to the greatest degree. Put forward the method of DEM Error detection and omissions Based on the improvement of slope RMSE and three-dimensional visualization for the Collect terrain data, achieved effective detection and omissions for DEM a gross error and guarantee the modeling accuracy of three-dimensional Geographical environment.
2. Bring forward the modeling methods by the integration of vector and raster of location system's three-dimensional geological environment. Used the geological interpretation of remote sensing images in railway location system first time. Proposed the concept of geological objects of cultural identity according to the geographical environment features of the location system, make the geological object' name and ID as it's cultural features and as the special kind of vector data, overlap the Vector 3-D targets in accordance with the precise location, and realize the precise location in three-dimensional geographical environment and effective recognition in the internal computer. Proposed the Modeling method of Raster image, achieved the interpretation of remote sensing images accurate positioning in three-dimensional space of geological objects based on TIN and restrict TIN model. And directly express the geological information by remote sensing interprets images. Establish the expression and description pattern which vector, raster images presence at the same time for Geological targets, and on this base establish the Intuitive three-dimensional geological environment.
3. Bring forward the information management and organization method of location system based on Hypermap Model. The first time introduce the concept of Hypermap into railway location system based on remote sensing orthophoto map image environment; establish the railway location Hypermap Model Based on the geographic information, geological, hydrological, geological knowledge. Achieve these non-linear relationships between the information storage, organization, management and browsing Based on Hyper directory structure model. Provide the illustrated geological, geographical and geological knowledge environment for engineers.
4. Bring forward the modeling method of railway geological information database based on the multi-database. According to the geological conditions diversity of railway location and design, classing and indexing to the different types of geological targets. In geological knowledge express way, proposed the three-dimensional visualization knowledge express method of user external knowledge. For the different geographical environment of location geological knowledge involved. Construct the valley, frozen soil, sand areas, and other three-dimensional geographical environment and express knowledge in this environment, And realize the three-dimensional visualization express of the knowledge. For the complexity of the railway location and design and cognitive psychology as the basis, proposed the application method of knowledge found on the Case-based reasoning.
5. Exploration the geological railway location technology based on realistic three-dimensional geographical environment. Using three-dimensional targets connected to the database and information technology, solve the technical problems of the direct railway location and design in three-dimensional environment, including the local lines location in three-dimensional geographical environment, the location method in adverse geology regional based on remote sensing geological image and so on. According to the adverse geological targets' type and position of the lines pass through, achieve automatically extracted the geological knowledge from the knowledge base, and gives the location recommendations to guide the engineer railway location in adverse geological regions. According to geological complexity of mountain terrain, such as the location of the design characteristics, proposed the thinking of directly get scheme evaluation index from design information of scheme design result. Establish the valuation model of lines in complex geological regions Based on a three-dimensional geographical environment, and resolve the appraisal problem of multi line schemes.
6. Comprehensive Application of three-dimensional space observation of principles, realistic image mapping technology, computer animation, virtual reality technology etc. and adopting OpenGL 3D graph library and Visual C++ as development tools, Achieved the real-time dynamic 3D visualization of the three-dimensional line scenes ,And combine with the orthogonal projection and perspective projection design models, it's not only be used to livingly express design results but also merged into the whole design course, thus the ideal of combining 2D design with 3D visual design put forward in this thesis was realized.
7. Develop a geographical location modeling platform Based on the proposed theory and method. This platform achieves the modeling method and application technology which the paper proposed of three-dimensional visual location geographical environment based on aerial survey and satellite information. And tested the system's main function with an example. Verification and test results show that the proposed method of modeling and application of technology is feasible. Based on the prototype system which establish according to the paper approach, It Can be more easily develop the three-dimensional visualization location system which integrate the remote sensing technology, virtual reality technology, digital geological technology, space technology and so on. While this research is against the railway location design issues, and its research results can be directly applied to Highway route system design research..
引文
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