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基于N-烷基吡啶和1,3-二烷基咪唑类离子液体为溶剂和模板剂的金属磷酸盐的离子热合成、结构与表征
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摘要
近年来,人们对微孔化合物进行了系统的研究,合成得到了大量的开放式框架金属磷酸盐和亚磷酸盐,且它们在催化、分离和离子交换等领域表现出了潜在的应用价值。这些化合物一般都是在水热或溶剂热(反应介质完全为分子溶剂)反应条件下来制备的,实验中经常被使用的模板剂包括有机胺、碱土金属阳离子和金属络合物等。2004年,Morris等人报道了一种全新的微孔材料合成方法-离子热合成法。这种方法以室温离子液体或低共熔混合物为反应溶剂和模板剂,完全摆脱了原来分子溶剂的约束,化学反应环境完全是离子的。离子液体本身的优良溶解性能,低蒸汽压、高热力学稳定性和作为绿色反应溶剂的可循环性,使这种合成方法倍受化学工作者的关注。更为重要的是,离子液体同时作为反应溶剂和模板剂,有效的消除了传统微孔材料合成中不可避免的溶剂-框架和模板剂-框架之间的竞争问题。离子热体系特殊的化学反应环境,为具有新颖结构和特殊性质的新型微孔材料的合成设计带来了新的契机。
     本论文在离子热条件下,合成得到十一种金属(亚)磷酸盐化合物,并通过单晶X-射线衍射、粉末X-射线衍射、ICP和元素分析、红外光谱及热重分析等手段对化合物的结构和性质进行了表征。研究成果主要包括以下四个方面:
     (1)以N-甲基吡啶碘离子液体为反应溶剂和模板剂,合成得到具有低框架密度的手性三维开放式框架磷酸锌NIS-1(NENU Ionothermal Synthesis-1)及具有二维层结构的磷酸锌NIS-2;以N-乙基吡啶溴离子液体为反应溶剂和模板剂,合成得到二维层结构的磷酸锌NIS-3;以N-丙基吡啶溴离子液体为反应溶剂和模板剂,合成得到二维层结构的磷酸锌NIS-4。
     (2)以1,3-二甲基咪唑碘离子液体为反应溶剂和模板剂,合成得到二维层结构的磷酸锌NIS-5;以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴离子液体为反应溶剂和模板剂,合成得到具有非心空间群和超低框架密度结构的三维开放式框架磷酸锌NIS-6和一维链状结构的磷酸铝NIS-7,及与其同构的一维链状磷酸镓NIS-8。
     (3)以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴离子液体和咪唑的适量比混合物为反应溶剂和模板剂,合成得到与咪唑配位的零维钒磷酸盐簇NIS-9和手性三维开放式框架磷酸镓NIS-10。
     (4)以1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴离子液体为反应溶剂和模板剂,合成得到具有低框架密度和螺旋结构的三维开放式框架亚磷酸锌NIS-11。
In recent years, microporous materials have been intensively studied. Among these microporous materials, metal phosphates and phosphites are quite attractive due to their rich structural chemistry and potential applications in catalysis, separation, adsorption, and ion-exchanging. These materials have been synthesized under hydrothermal or solvothermal conditions, by using organic amine, alkali metallic cations, metalic complexes as structure-directing agents. In 2004, Morris and coworkers reported a new type of solvothermal synthesis in which an ionic liquid or eutectic mixture was used as both the solvent and structure-directing agent in the preparation of zeotype aluminum phosphates. This new synthetic method has been termed ionothermal synthesis and the reactional media is completely ionic circumstance. To date, more and more attention has been paid to the ionothermal method due to the excellent solvating properties, vanishingly small vapor pressure, high thermal stability, and recyclability of ionic liquids as“green”solvent. Furthermore, the application of an ionic liquid as solvent and template can effectively remove the competition between template-framework and solvent-framework interactions that occurs inevitably in traditional preparation. The different chemistry of ionothermal solvent system produces conditions under which novel structures may be accessible.
     In this dissertation, we focus our study on the synthesis of metal phosphate and phosphite by ionothermal reactions. Eleven new compounds have been ionothermally prepared by using N-alkyl pyridinium- and 1, 3-dialkyl imidazolium-based ionic liquids as solvents and templates. These compounds have been characterized by single crystal X-ray diffractions, PXRD, elemental analyses, ICP analyses, IR spectra and TG analyses. These results will be introduced from the following four issues:
     1. A novel 3D chiral open-framework zinc phosphate, NIS-1 (Northeast Normal Univesity Ionothermal Synthesis-1), with low framework density and fascinating helical channels, has been ionothermally synthesized by using N-methyl pyridinium iodide as solvent and template. Meanwhile, three 2D layered zinc phosphates, NIS-2, NIS-3, NIS-4, have been ionothermally prepared in N-methyl pyridinium iodide, N-ethyl pyridinium bromide, N-propyl pyridinium bromide, respectively.
     2. A new layered zinc phosphate, NIS-5, was synthesized by using 1, 3-dimethyl imidazolium iodide as solvent and template. Meanwhile, a novel 3D non-centrosymmetric open-framework zinc phosphate, NIS-6, which exhibits remarkably low framework density and interesting helical channels, has been ionothermally synthesized by using 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide as solvent and template. Furthermore, a 1D aluminum phosphate, NIS-7,and its isostructural gallium phosphate,NIS-8,have been both prepared in 1-ethyl 3-methyl imidazolium bromide.
     3. A vanadium-phosphorus oxide cluster,NIS-9 and a novel 3D chiral open-framework gallium phosphate,NIS-10,have been ionothermally synthesized in the presence of metal oxide,phosphoric acid, imidazole and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide. For NIS-9, each V atom is chelated by one imidazole molecule, the negative charge of framework is balanced by three ionic liquid cations; while for NIS-10, only Ga(3) atom is chelated by one imidazole molecule, the negative charge of framework is balanced by one protonated imidazole and half of an ionic liquid cation.
     4. A novel 3D open-framework zinc phosphite, NIS-11, possessing low framework density and helices, has been ionothermally synthesized and characterized by using 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium bromide as solvent and template.
引文
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    [2]Davis M E. Ordered porous materials for emerging applications [J]. Nature,2002,417(6891):813-821.
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