深层气藏介质变形渗流机理及气藏工程应用研究
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摘要
近年来,在我国西部发现的天然气气藏多数是埋藏较深的低渗透气藏、致密气藏和异常高压气藏,这些气藏在开发过程中存在应力敏感效应、气体滑脱效应和启动压力梯度效应,使气体在储层中的渗流不同于一般的常规气藏,存在明显的非达西渗流现象。本文以实验研究为基础,综合岩石力学、材料力学、渗流力学、气藏工程等多学科的理论和方法,对此类气藏的渗流机理进行了较为深入的研究。
首先,进行了大量的介质变形实验和弹塑性变形实验,研究了岩心物性参数随有效覆压变化的规律。在此基础上,对深层低渗岩心的应力敏感机理进行了深入研究,揭示了不同应力阶段低渗岩心应力敏感的主要原因,并分析探讨了目前应力敏感评价的行业标准和理论研究中存在的不足,定义了新的应力敏感系数,采用了一个统一系数的二重乘幂式可以表达任意渗透率随有效覆压的变化关系,从而能够方便地计算储层任意渗透率在开发过程中的动态变化情况,为建立低渗气藏介质变形渗流模型奠定了基础。同时,通过实验系统地研究了影响深层低渗气藏应力敏感的各个因素。
其次,通过实验研究了低渗岩心中气体的滑脱效应及启动压力梯度效应,根据所作的理论图版分析了它们对气藏生产的影响;在实验研究及理论研究的基础上,推导出气井在考虑应力敏感效应时稳定流和拟稳定流的产能公式,并根据应力敏感对产能的动态影响程度提出了气藏应力敏感评价标准;同时针对目前气藏渗透率划分条件不明确的情况,讨论并提出渗透率的划分标准,并按照应力敏感效应、气体滑脱效应以及启动压力梯度效应对气藏生产的影响程度,对气藏进行了新的分类。
最后,在前面研究的基础上建立了考虑应力敏感、气体滑脱和启动压力梯度效应的非达西气、水两相渗流模型,编制了相应的三维两相气藏数值模拟软件,并进行了模拟计算。结果表明:气体滑脱效应和启动压力梯度效应对气藏生产的影响很小,而介质变形效应对气藏生产的影响较大,考虑渗透率变异和压缩系数变异时,气藏的稳产期变短,稳产期结束时的采出程度和最终采收率都降低,气井产量越高,这种影响越大,需要综合考虑经济因素和技术因素来确定最优气井产量,使采气速度、稳产时间和最终采收率达到最优化。
Currently, a plenty of low permeability/tight gas reservoirs with deep buried depth have been found in western China. Gas percolation in these reservoirs does not comply with the Darcy law, which is different from those of normal gas reservoirs. The reason is that gas production of these reservoirs are effected by stress sensitivity effect, gas slippage effect and starting gradient effect. Based on experimental methods, and combined with theories of rock mechanics, material mechanics, percolation mechanics and gas reservoir engineering, non-Darcy percolation mechanism and relative influence factors of low-permeability deformable gas reservoirs are studied.
First, by a great deal of core deformation experiments, the effects of deformation on rock parameters such as porosity, compressibility, permeability are studied, and the deformation characteristics of low permeability cores are obtained. Based on these results, the mechanics of stress sensitivity of deep low permeability reservoirs are studied deeply, and the evaluation standard of stress sensitivity is analyzed. A new stress sensitive coefficient is defined, and then the relationship between permeability and effective stress can be expressed by a dual-power function. By this method, core permeability in reservoir condition can be calculated conveniently, which provides a basis to establish percolation model of low-permeability deformable gas reservoir. At the same time, various influence factors of stress sensitivity are studied by experiments.
Second, by experimental methods, the gas slippage effect and starting pressure gradient effect on gas production in low permeability gas reservoir are studied. Productivity formulae of gas wells of steady state flow and pseudo-steady flow are deduced respectively. And according to the effect of stress sensitivity on gas productivity, an evaluation standard of stress sensitivity for gas reservoirs is given. Taking stress sensitivity, gas slippage and starting pressure gradient effect into account, gas reservoirs are categorized into high-medium permeability gas reservoir, low-permeability gas reservoir, extra-permeability gas reservoir and tight gas reservoir.
Finally, based on experimental and theoretical research, considering the effect of stress sensitivity, gas slippage and starting pressure gradient, a non-Darcy gas-water percolation numerical model is established, and 3-D two phases simulator is developed. Gas reservoir simulation result shows that the effect of gas slippage and starting pressure gradient on gas production is slight; however, stress sensitivity brings great effect on gas production. When taking permeability variation and rock compressibility variation into account, the stable production period and recovery percent of reserves are both reduced. The higher the daily gas production, the more serious the impact on gas production. In order to obtain optimum rate of gas production, stable production period and ultimate recovery factor, both economic factors and technical factors should be considered when determine the gas well daily production.
The research above is useful to understand the percolation characteristics of deep deformable gas reservoirs and is helpful to the reasonable development of such gas reservoirs.
首先,进行了大量的介质变形实验和弹塑性变形实验,研究了岩心物性参数随有效覆压变化的规律。在此基础上,对深层低渗岩心的应力敏感机理进行了深入研究,揭示了不同应力阶段低渗岩心应力敏感的主要原因,并分析探讨了目前应力敏感评价的行业标准和理论研究中存在的不足,定义了新的应力敏感系数,采用了一个统一系数的二重乘幂式可以表达任意渗透率随有效覆压的变化关系,从而能够方便地计算储层任意渗透率在开发过程中的动态变化情况,为建立低渗气藏介质变形渗流模型奠定了基础。同时,通过实验系统地研究了影响深层低渗气藏应力敏感的各个因素。
其次,通过实验研究了低渗岩心中气体的滑脱效应及启动压力梯度效应,根据所作的理论图版分析了它们对气藏生产的影响;在实验研究及理论研究的基础上,推导出气井在考虑应力敏感效应时稳定流和拟稳定流的产能公式,并根据应力敏感对产能的动态影响程度提出了气藏应力敏感评价标准;同时针对目前气藏渗透率划分条件不明确的情况,讨论并提出渗透率的划分标准,并按照应力敏感效应、气体滑脱效应以及启动压力梯度效应对气藏生产的影响程度,对气藏进行了新的分类。
最后,在前面研究的基础上建立了考虑应力敏感、气体滑脱和启动压力梯度效应的非达西气、水两相渗流模型,编制了相应的三维两相气藏数值模拟软件,并进行了模拟计算。结果表明:气体滑脱效应和启动压力梯度效应对气藏生产的影响很小,而介质变形效应对气藏生产的影响较大,考虑渗透率变异和压缩系数变异时,气藏的稳产期变短,稳产期结束时的采出程度和最终采收率都降低,气井产量越高,这种影响越大,需要综合考虑经济因素和技术因素来确定最优气井产量,使采气速度、稳产时间和最终采收率达到最优化。
Currently, a plenty of low permeability/tight gas reservoirs with deep buried depth have been found in western China. Gas percolation in these reservoirs does not comply with the Darcy law, which is different from those of normal gas reservoirs. The reason is that gas production of these reservoirs are effected by stress sensitivity effect, gas slippage effect and starting gradient effect. Based on experimental methods, and combined with theories of rock mechanics, material mechanics, percolation mechanics and gas reservoir engineering, non-Darcy percolation mechanism and relative influence factors of low-permeability deformable gas reservoirs are studied.
First, by a great deal of core deformation experiments, the effects of deformation on rock parameters such as porosity, compressibility, permeability are studied, and the deformation characteristics of low permeability cores are obtained. Based on these results, the mechanics of stress sensitivity of deep low permeability reservoirs are studied deeply, and the evaluation standard of stress sensitivity is analyzed. A new stress sensitive coefficient is defined, and then the relationship between permeability and effective stress can be expressed by a dual-power function. By this method, core permeability in reservoir condition can be calculated conveniently, which provides a basis to establish percolation model of low-permeability deformable gas reservoir. At the same time, various influence factors of stress sensitivity are studied by experiments.
Second, by experimental methods, the gas slippage effect and starting pressure gradient effect on gas production in low permeability gas reservoir are studied. Productivity formulae of gas wells of steady state flow and pseudo-steady flow are deduced respectively. And according to the effect of stress sensitivity on gas productivity, an evaluation standard of stress sensitivity for gas reservoirs is given. Taking stress sensitivity, gas slippage and starting pressure gradient effect into account, gas reservoirs are categorized into high-medium permeability gas reservoir, low-permeability gas reservoir, extra-permeability gas reservoir and tight gas reservoir.
Finally, based on experimental and theoretical research, considering the effect of stress sensitivity, gas slippage and starting pressure gradient, a non-Darcy gas-water percolation numerical model is established, and 3-D two phases simulator is developed. Gas reservoir simulation result shows that the effect of gas slippage and starting pressure gradient on gas production is slight; however, stress sensitivity brings great effect on gas production. When taking permeability variation and rock compressibility variation into account, the stable production period and recovery percent of reserves are both reduced. The higher the daily gas production, the more serious the impact on gas production. In order to obtain optimum rate of gas production, stable production period and ultimate recovery factor, both economic factors and technical factors should be considered when determine the gas well daily production.
The research above is useful to understand the percolation characteristics of deep deformable gas reservoirs and is helpful to the reasonable development of such gas reservoirs.
引文
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