基于生态链网的沙产业集群化研究
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摘要
库布其沙漠位于内蒙古鄂尔多斯市北部,地处中国北方农牧交错带,它以广阔的沙漠和多变的自然环境条件,成为我国干旱、半干旱地区中最具典型性和代表性的地区之一；它既是生态脆弱带、荒漠化发展严重带,又是我国西北沙漠与东部农业的生态屏障；既有黄河三面环绕,又是黄河泥沙带；既是商品粮生产基地,又是沙尘源区。经过60年的治理,库布其沙漠治理率已达到23%,沙漠趋于稳定；通过发展沙产业带动沙漠治理和生态恢复是库布其沙漠治理的基本经验和突出特色,只有通过发展沙产业而不仅仅依靠单纯治理才能真正推动防沙治沙,实现生态与经济双赢。
库布其沙漠沙产业发展规模较大,发展状况较好,但沙产业链条短,联结机制不健全,产业化程度低,产业聚集区较少,交易成本较高,难以实现规模经济和沙漠稀缺资源循环利用。随着沙产业逐步向集群化方向发展,急需找到一套推进和保障沙产业集群化发展的模式,从整体上实现沙产业由专业化集群向产业链集群转变。
本文依据库布其沙漠TM影像资料和实地测量数据对库布其沙漠土地利用类型、植被类型和植被覆盖度进行划分和计算；并运用生态足迹与承载力分析法、SWOT分析法以及温湿风寒指数法研究沙产业集群发展条件；采用区位熵和灰色关联分析法识别和测算库布其沙漠沙产业集群及产业关联度。
论文在集群发展条件、集群与关联度分析基础上构建基于生态链网的沙产业集群发展模式,并运用模糊综合评价法推断出库布其沙漠沙产业集群面临的主要风险,即自然环境风险、外部竞争风险和结构性风险；文章以相关地区和企业为例提出沙产业集群风险控制和防范的具体方法,为指导库布其沙漠集群化发展提供了理论依据。
本文通过对库布其沙漠沙产业集群化研究,得出以下主要结论：
(1)沙漠仅仅依靠治单纯的治理是没有出路的,只有通过发展沙产业才能真正推动防沙治沙,实现生态与经济双赢,通过发展沙产业治理沙漠已经成为库布其沙漠化治理的重要方向；
(2)通过几十年的发展,库布其沙漠生态环境逐渐好转,出现生态盈余；
(3)每年5-8月是库布其沙漠旅游舒适度较高的时期,应大力推进沙漠旅游业这一重要沙产业的发展；
(4)库布其沙漠沙产业专业化程度不断提高,煤开采和洗选业与旅游业存在集群现象,应大力发展旅游业产业集群,将煤开采和洗选业限定在特定区域内发展；化学工业和食品制造及烟草加工业与其它沙产业关联度最高,应推动食品制造及烟草加工业这一与农林牧渔业等其它沙产业密切相关的沙产业发展,化学工业应在特定区域内进行集约化发展；
(5)产业链条集群模式、循环链条集群模式和共生集群模式是三种沙产业集群的模式；
(6)库布其沙产业集群面临的主要风险是自然环境、同业竞争和结构性风险,通过采取措施保障集群的健康发展,可有效规避集群风险；
(7)通过探索防沙治沙模式,为沙产业集群发展提供自然环境保障；探索竞争模式,提升集群外部竞争力；构建沙产业高新区,防范结构性风险。
论文的主要创新之处：通过分析库布其沙漠土地利用现状,采取TM影像,运用生态足迹和生态承载力研究方法,明确提出库布其沙漠具有生态盈余,可以发展沙产业；提出库布其沙漠以产业链网为基础的沙产业集群模式；论文选择具有典型代表性的库布其沙漠,系统深入定量地开展沙产业集群化研究,弥补了以往这方面研究的不足,为指导库布其沙漠沙产业集群化发展提供了理论依据。
Kubuqi Desert, as a special agriculture zone, locates in northern part of Ordos city, Inner Mongolia. With its vast deserts and the changeable natural environment, it becomes one of the most typical and representative regions in China's arid and semi-arid areas. It is not only the ecologically fragile zone with the development of severe desertification, but also it is the ecological barrier for the northwest desert and the eastern agricultural of China, which is surrounded by the sediment of Yellow River on three sides and it is a production base of commodity grain and dust source area. After60years of governance, the control rate of Kubuqi Desert has reached23%and the desert tends to be stable. The development of sand industry driven by the desert control and ecological restoration is one of the basic experience and outstanding features for the control of Kubuqi Desert. Only through the development of desertculture rather than purely relying on the desert control, can we truly promote the prevention and control of desertification and further achieve ecological and economic win-win situation.
The desertculture of Kubuqi Desert develops in a larger scale and in a better way. However, due to short desertculture chain, inadequate coupling mechanism, low level of industrialization, less industry gathering area, the high transaction cost, it is difficult to implement the scale economies and the recycling of scarce resources of the desert. With the gradual development of desertculture in the direction of the cluster, it is urgent to find a clustering model as the promotion and protection of the development of desertculture in order to achieve the overall transformation of specialized desertculture to the industry chain clusters.
The paper, based on TM image data of Kubuqi Desert and the field survey data, divided and calculated land type, vegetation type and vegetation coverage of Kubuqi Desert, and by using the methods of ecological footprint and capacity analysis, SWOT analysis as well as the temperature index method to study the development conditions of industrial clusters. Finally, desertculture cluster and industry related degree of the Kubuqi desert are identified and measured by using the location entropy and gray correlation analysis.
On the basis of the clusters development condition, clusters and correlation analysis, the paper established the development model of desertculture clusters which depended on the ecological network model, and by applying the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to infer the main risk of sand industry clusters of the desert, such as natural environment risk, external competition risk and structural risk. The paper takes the related areas and enterprises as examples and presents specific methods to the risk control and prevention of sand industry clusters.The paper provides the theoretical basis for guiding the Kubuqi Desert cluster development.
Studying on desertculture cluster of the Kubuqi desert, the paper reached the following main conclusions:
(1)The real method to achieve the prevention and ontrol of desertification is development of desertculture, and further to achieve ecological and economic win-win situation. Instead of relying solely on control, developing desertculture becomes the main direction of controlling Kubuqi desertification;
(2) Through decades of development, the ecological environment of Kubuqi desert gradually improved and achieved ecological surplus.
(3)From May to August annually, Kubuqi desert is suitable for tourism because of its comfortable condition, therefore, we should promote desert tourism as desertculture;
(4) The development of industrial cluster has become an important trend in the development of desertculture, coal mining and washing industry and tourism has already formed the desertculture clusters in Kubuqi. Chemical industry and food processing industry have a high correlation with other desertculture.Therefore,the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries can be driven through food processing industry;
(5)Three kinds of desertculture cluster models include the industrial chain cluster model,cycling chain cluster model and symbiotic network model;
(6) the main risks facing the Kubuqi desertculture cluster is the natural resources, external competition and structural risks;
(7) to ensure the healthy development of the cluster, effectively avoid the cluster risk. Through the exploration of the mode of desertification, natural environmental protection for desertculture cluster development; explore the mode of competition, enhance the cluster external competitiveness; building desertculture structural risk, prevention.
The main innovation of this paper lies in:through the analysis of Kubuqi Desert utilization present situation, take the TM image, by using the method of ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity, clearly put forward the Kubuqi Desert has ecological surplus, be suitable for desertculture; puts forward the pattern of desertculture cluster based in industrial chain network; The paper choose the typical desert to research, systematic and quantitative.It make up for the deficiencies of previous research in this area, and provides a theoretical basis for guiding the Kubuqi desert desertculture cluster development.
库布其沙漠沙产业发展规模较大,发展状况较好,但沙产业链条短,联结机制不健全,产业化程度低,产业聚集区较少,交易成本较高,难以实现规模经济和沙漠稀缺资源循环利用。随着沙产业逐步向集群化方向发展,急需找到一套推进和保障沙产业集群化发展的模式,从整体上实现沙产业由专业化集群向产业链集群转变。
本文依据库布其沙漠TM影像资料和实地测量数据对库布其沙漠土地利用类型、植被类型和植被覆盖度进行划分和计算；并运用生态足迹与承载力分析法、SWOT分析法以及温湿风寒指数法研究沙产业集群发展条件；采用区位熵和灰色关联分析法识别和测算库布其沙漠沙产业集群及产业关联度。
论文在集群发展条件、集群与关联度分析基础上构建基于生态链网的沙产业集群发展模式,并运用模糊综合评价法推断出库布其沙漠沙产业集群面临的主要风险,即自然环境风险、外部竞争风险和结构性风险；文章以相关地区和企业为例提出沙产业集群风险控制和防范的具体方法,为指导库布其沙漠集群化发展提供了理论依据。
本文通过对库布其沙漠沙产业集群化研究,得出以下主要结论：
(1)沙漠仅仅依靠治单纯的治理是没有出路的,只有通过发展沙产业才能真正推动防沙治沙,实现生态与经济双赢,通过发展沙产业治理沙漠已经成为库布其沙漠化治理的重要方向；
(2)通过几十年的发展,库布其沙漠生态环境逐渐好转,出现生态盈余；
(3)每年5-8月是库布其沙漠旅游舒适度较高的时期,应大力推进沙漠旅游业这一重要沙产业的发展；
(4)库布其沙漠沙产业专业化程度不断提高,煤开采和洗选业与旅游业存在集群现象,应大力发展旅游业产业集群,将煤开采和洗选业限定在特定区域内发展；化学工业和食品制造及烟草加工业与其它沙产业关联度最高,应推动食品制造及烟草加工业这一与农林牧渔业等其它沙产业密切相关的沙产业发展,化学工业应在特定区域内进行集约化发展；
(5)产业链条集群模式、循环链条集群模式和共生集群模式是三种沙产业集群的模式；
(6)库布其沙产业集群面临的主要风险是自然环境、同业竞争和结构性风险,通过采取措施保障集群的健康发展,可有效规避集群风险；
(7)通过探索防沙治沙模式,为沙产业集群发展提供自然环境保障；探索竞争模式,提升集群外部竞争力；构建沙产业高新区,防范结构性风险。
论文的主要创新之处：通过分析库布其沙漠土地利用现状,采取TM影像,运用生态足迹和生态承载力研究方法,明确提出库布其沙漠具有生态盈余,可以发展沙产业；提出库布其沙漠以产业链网为基础的沙产业集群模式；论文选择具有典型代表性的库布其沙漠,系统深入定量地开展沙产业集群化研究,弥补了以往这方面研究的不足,为指导库布其沙漠沙产业集群化发展提供了理论依据。
Kubuqi Desert, as a special agriculture zone, locates in northern part of Ordos city, Inner Mongolia. With its vast deserts and the changeable natural environment, it becomes one of the most typical and representative regions in China's arid and semi-arid areas. It is not only the ecologically fragile zone with the development of severe desertification, but also it is the ecological barrier for the northwest desert and the eastern agricultural of China, which is surrounded by the sediment of Yellow River on three sides and it is a production base of commodity grain and dust source area. After60years of governance, the control rate of Kubuqi Desert has reached23%and the desert tends to be stable. The development of sand industry driven by the desert control and ecological restoration is one of the basic experience and outstanding features for the control of Kubuqi Desert. Only through the development of desertculture rather than purely relying on the desert control, can we truly promote the prevention and control of desertification and further achieve ecological and economic win-win situation.
The desertculture of Kubuqi Desert develops in a larger scale and in a better way. However, due to short desertculture chain, inadequate coupling mechanism, low level of industrialization, less industry gathering area, the high transaction cost, it is difficult to implement the scale economies and the recycling of scarce resources of the desert. With the gradual development of desertculture in the direction of the cluster, it is urgent to find a clustering model as the promotion and protection of the development of desertculture in order to achieve the overall transformation of specialized desertculture to the industry chain clusters.
The paper, based on TM image data of Kubuqi Desert and the field survey data, divided and calculated land type, vegetation type and vegetation coverage of Kubuqi Desert, and by using the methods of ecological footprint and capacity analysis, SWOT analysis as well as the temperature index method to study the development conditions of industrial clusters. Finally, desertculture cluster and industry related degree of the Kubuqi desert are identified and measured by using the location entropy and gray correlation analysis.
On the basis of the clusters development condition, clusters and correlation analysis, the paper established the development model of desertculture clusters which depended on the ecological network model, and by applying the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to infer the main risk of sand industry clusters of the desert, such as natural environment risk, external competition risk and structural risk. The paper takes the related areas and enterprises as examples and presents specific methods to the risk control and prevention of sand industry clusters.The paper provides the theoretical basis for guiding the Kubuqi Desert cluster development.
Studying on desertculture cluster of the Kubuqi desert, the paper reached the following main conclusions:
(1)The real method to achieve the prevention and ontrol of desertification is development of desertculture, and further to achieve ecological and economic win-win situation. Instead of relying solely on control, developing desertculture becomes the main direction of controlling Kubuqi desertification;
(2) Through decades of development, the ecological environment of Kubuqi desert gradually improved and achieved ecological surplus.
(3)From May to August annually, Kubuqi desert is suitable for tourism because of its comfortable condition, therefore, we should promote desert tourism as desertculture;
(4) The development of industrial cluster has become an important trend in the development of desertculture, coal mining and washing industry and tourism has already formed the desertculture clusters in Kubuqi. Chemical industry and food processing industry have a high correlation with other desertculture.Therefore,the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery industries can be driven through food processing industry;
(5)Three kinds of desertculture cluster models include the industrial chain cluster model,cycling chain cluster model and symbiotic network model;
(6) the main risks facing the Kubuqi desertculture cluster is the natural resources, external competition and structural risks;
(7) to ensure the healthy development of the cluster, effectively avoid the cluster risk. Through the exploration of the mode of desertification, natural environmental protection for desertculture cluster development; explore the mode of competition, enhance the cluster external competitiveness; building desertculture structural risk, prevention.
The main innovation of this paper lies in:through the analysis of Kubuqi Desert utilization present situation, take the TM image, by using the method of ecological footprint and ecological carrying capacity, clearly put forward the Kubuqi Desert has ecological surplus, be suitable for desertculture; puts forward the pattern of desertculture cluster based in industrial chain network; The paper choose the typical desert to research, systematic and quantitative.It make up for the deficiencies of previous research in this area, and provides a theoretical basis for guiding the Kubuqi desert desertculture cluster development.
引文
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