马家塔复垦区土壤质量评价及其平衡施肥研究
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摘要
土壤质量是现代土壤学研究的核心,土壤质量评价是土壤质量研究的基础和重要内容之一。以马家塔矿区复垦土壤为研究对象,在对矿区充分调查研究的基础上,从室内土壤物理、化学和生物学质量指标的土样分析入手,结合方差分析、相关性分析、因子分析、逐步回归分析等方法,系统研究了复垦区土壤质量的基本特征,建立了由土壤物理指标、化学指标以及生物学指标组成的指标体系,确立了各评价指标的权重和隶属度,根据马家塔矿区特点确定了土壤质量指数分级标准,并进行了评价,同时建立了有实际意义的土壤综合质量数学模型,并有针对性地进行了平衡施肥研究,主要研究结果如下:
1、研究区颗粒组成均为细砂粒最多,粘粒含量最少,在0～40cm剖面中各对应层次中粘粒含量均表现为复垦土壤大于原状土壤;研究区微团聚体组成均表现为以0.01-0.05mm和0.05-0.25mm较大粒级含量为主,含水量表现为表层含水量显著低于下层,且复垦地平均含水量显著高于对照。
2、研究区0-40cm土壤养分中,整体含量较低,有效养分供应并不充足,pH值显示研究区为碱性。
研究区有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、全钾、pH值、电导率均表现为复垦土壤显著大于原状土壤,而CEC和C/N比却表现为复垦土壤显著小于原状土壤。
3、复垦土壤的表层酶活性、微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮、磷均显著高于下层,且酶活性及微生物量碳、氮、磷均在夏季达到最高。土壤微生物菌类总体数量细菌>固氮菌>放线菌>真菌,细菌占绝对优势,对有机物质分解起着决定性作用。
4、粘粒与质地粗化度和特征微团聚体比例、细粉粒和容重间呈极显著相关。11项土壤化学指标间相关性整体较好,特别是有机质。从粒径上看颗粒相对较大的细粉粒和粗粉粒对土壤化学性质的亲和性较大,更具有吸附性。
四种酶的酶活性协调性较好,特别是蔗糖酶,四种菌之间的相关性也较好,四种菌只与脲酶的相关性不显著。蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性同时受四种菌的影响,过氧化氢酶则主要决定于放线菌。
5、筛选出有机质、C/N比、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、粘粒、细粉粒、蔗糖酶、真菌、放线菌、pH值、细菌、固氮菌、MBP、含水量和脲酶17项土壤质量综合评价指标,整体上复垦区综合土壤质量处于“较低”水平;建立了复垦土壤质量综合评价模型,对复垦工作的成效给予总结。
6、复垦土壤保水增肥试验研究表明,污泥、腐殖酸、羊厩肥的添加均显著促进了植物的生长,均增强了栽培基质的保水能力,同时显著提高了栽培基质的有效氮、磷、钾含量,三者的作用效果依次为羊厩肥>污泥>腐殖酸。
7、林木施肥后表现出生长速度加快的特点,总体上,复混肥比单一肥料的效果好,有机肥对各种树木的生长都有一定的促进作用,应该推荐使用。树种之间,桧柏比侧柏和油松对肥料更敏感,油松效果最差,说明影响矿区树木生长的因子除了肥料以外还有其他因素,同时也说明,在林业上实现配方施肥不是一件容易的事情,还有大量的工作需要去完成。
Much attention has been paid on soil quality, which now is viewed as a study core for the contemporary soil science .As a base of it, soil quality assessment becomes the important content of the soil quality studies.This research took Majiata mine area as the research object. With the foundation of well investigatied to the mine area, took the laboratory analysis on soil physical,chemical and biological indicators as a breakthrough point,used methods of variance analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis, and systematic research on the basic feature of soil quality of reclamation area. were finished.Indicator system were built up, including soil physical indicator,chemical indicator and biological indicator.Weight and membership degree of all assessment indicators.According to the standard of the Majiata mineral area characteristics,the indicator graduation standard were established and carried on a assessment. Mathematical model of soil quality were built up. At the same time, study of balanced fertilization had pertinency spread.The main research results were as follows:
1.Fine sand content was the most and clay content was the least in mechanical composition.Clay content of reclamation area was higher than undisturbed soil in profile(0-40 centimeter); 0.01-0.05millimeter and 0.05-0.25 millimeter content were the most in microaggregate content.Water content in topsoil was significant higher than subsoil and the water content in reclamation area was also significant higher than undisturbed soil.
2.In content of soil nutrients in study areas, The whole content of basic fertility was low,effective nutrients was not enough.pH value was alkaline in study area. The content of OM、TN、AN、AP、TK、pH value and electric conductivity in reclamation areas were significantly higher than undisturbed soil,but the CEC and C/N were reverse between reclamation and undisturbed soil.
3.The contents of enzyme activities、microorganism quantities and microbial biomass C(MBC)、MBN、MBP in topsoil of reclamation areas were significantly higher than subsoil.the contents of enzyme activities and MBC、MBN、MBP were highest in summer.Microorganism quantities showed bacterium > self-azotification bacteria >actinomyces>fungi,among three, bacterium’s quantities was most,it played a decisive role in the decomposition of OM.
4.Very significant correlations were showed between clay and texture coarseness、characteristic microaggregate ratio、fine silt、buik density.The whole correlations of 11 soil chemical indicators were better,especially OM.Appetency of fine silt and coarse silt to soil chemical character was more bigger,and showed more sorption.Significant correlations were found among 4 enzyme activities and 4 microorganism,especially invertase activity.the correlations between 4 microorganism and urease was not significant. Invertase and phosphatase were effected by 4 microorganism,but catalase mostly decided actinomyces.
5.17 comprehensive assessment indicators of soil quality were screened out in study area and these indicators included OM、C/N、TN、TP、TK、AK、clay、fine silt、invertase、fungi、actinomyces、pH value、bacterium、self-azotification bacteriaMBP、water content and urease. Comprehensive soil quality of reclamation area belonged to“lower”lever. Assessment model of soil quality of reclamation area were built up,which was a summarize of reclamation work.
6.Experiments of increasing moisture and nutrition indicaded that sewage sludge、humic acid and sheep manure all significantly increased biomass of plant and moisture and available N P K(AN AP AK)of Substrate.The effects of three material was sheep manure>sewage sludge>humic acid.
7.The tree growth speed was significantly accelerated after applying. The effects of applying compound fertilizer was better than the effects of applying the single fertilizer.Applying manure had increasement effects to three trees,so we could recommend to apply it.Seriation of three trees’sensitivity to fertilizer was S.vulgaris Ant.、Platycladus orientalis (Linn.)Franco and Pinus tabulaeformis.Factor of effecting trees growth was not only the fertilizer.It was not a easy thing to balanced fertilize in forest.
1、研究区颗粒组成均为细砂粒最多,粘粒含量最少,在0～40cm剖面中各对应层次中粘粒含量均表现为复垦土壤大于原状土壤;研究区微团聚体组成均表现为以0.01-0.05mm和0.05-0.25mm较大粒级含量为主,含水量表现为表层含水量显著低于下层,且复垦地平均含水量显著高于对照。
2、研究区0-40cm土壤养分中,整体含量较低,有效养分供应并不充足,pH值显示研究区为碱性。
研究区有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷、全钾、pH值、电导率均表现为复垦土壤显著大于原状土壤,而CEC和C/N比却表现为复垦土壤显著小于原状土壤。
3、复垦土壤的表层酶活性、微生物数量、微生物量碳、氮、磷均显著高于下层,且酶活性及微生物量碳、氮、磷均在夏季达到最高。土壤微生物菌类总体数量细菌>固氮菌>放线菌>真菌,细菌占绝对优势,对有机物质分解起着决定性作用。
4、粘粒与质地粗化度和特征微团聚体比例、细粉粒和容重间呈极显著相关。11项土壤化学指标间相关性整体较好,特别是有机质。从粒径上看颗粒相对较大的细粉粒和粗粉粒对土壤化学性质的亲和性较大,更具有吸附性。
四种酶的酶活性协调性较好,特别是蔗糖酶,四种菌之间的相关性也较好,四种菌只与脲酶的相关性不显著。蔗糖酶和磷酸酶活性同时受四种菌的影响,过氧化氢酶则主要决定于放线菌。
5、筛选出有机质、C/N比、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾、粘粒、细粉粒、蔗糖酶、真菌、放线菌、pH值、细菌、固氮菌、MBP、含水量和脲酶17项土壤质量综合评价指标,整体上复垦区综合土壤质量处于“较低”水平;建立了复垦土壤质量综合评价模型,对复垦工作的成效给予总结。
6、复垦土壤保水增肥试验研究表明,污泥、腐殖酸、羊厩肥的添加均显著促进了植物的生长,均增强了栽培基质的保水能力,同时显著提高了栽培基质的有效氮、磷、钾含量,三者的作用效果依次为羊厩肥>污泥>腐殖酸。
7、林木施肥后表现出生长速度加快的特点,总体上,复混肥比单一肥料的效果好,有机肥对各种树木的生长都有一定的促进作用,应该推荐使用。树种之间,桧柏比侧柏和油松对肥料更敏感,油松效果最差,说明影响矿区树木生长的因子除了肥料以外还有其他因素,同时也说明,在林业上实现配方施肥不是一件容易的事情,还有大量的工作需要去完成。
Much attention has been paid on soil quality, which now is viewed as a study core for the contemporary soil science .As a base of it, soil quality assessment becomes the important content of the soil quality studies.This research took Majiata mine area as the research object. With the foundation of well investigatied to the mine area, took the laboratory analysis on soil physical,chemical and biological indicators as a breakthrough point,used methods of variance analysis, correlation analysis, factor analysis and stepwise regression analysis, and systematic research on the basic feature of soil quality of reclamation area. were finished.Indicator system were built up, including soil physical indicator,chemical indicator and biological indicator.Weight and membership degree of all assessment indicators.According to the standard of the Majiata mineral area characteristics,the indicator graduation standard were established and carried on a assessment. Mathematical model of soil quality were built up. At the same time, study of balanced fertilization had pertinency spread.The main research results were as follows:
1.Fine sand content was the most and clay content was the least in mechanical composition.Clay content of reclamation area was higher than undisturbed soil in profile(0-40 centimeter); 0.01-0.05millimeter and 0.05-0.25 millimeter content were the most in microaggregate content.Water content in topsoil was significant higher than subsoil and the water content in reclamation area was also significant higher than undisturbed soil.
2.In content of soil nutrients in study areas, The whole content of basic fertility was low,effective nutrients was not enough.pH value was alkaline in study area. The content of OM、TN、AN、AP、TK、pH value and electric conductivity in reclamation areas were significantly higher than undisturbed soil,but the CEC and C/N were reverse between reclamation and undisturbed soil.
3.The contents of enzyme activities、microorganism quantities and microbial biomass C(MBC)、MBN、MBP in topsoil of reclamation areas were significantly higher than subsoil.the contents of enzyme activities and MBC、MBN、MBP were highest in summer.Microorganism quantities showed bacterium > self-azotification bacteria >actinomyces>fungi,among three, bacterium’s quantities was most,it played a decisive role in the decomposition of OM.
4.Very significant correlations were showed between clay and texture coarseness、characteristic microaggregate ratio、fine silt、buik density.The whole correlations of 11 soil chemical indicators were better,especially OM.Appetency of fine silt and coarse silt to soil chemical character was more bigger,and showed more sorption.Significant correlations were found among 4 enzyme activities and 4 microorganism,especially invertase activity.the correlations between 4 microorganism and urease was not significant. Invertase and phosphatase were effected by 4 microorganism,but catalase mostly decided actinomyces.
5.17 comprehensive assessment indicators of soil quality were screened out in study area and these indicators included OM、C/N、TN、TP、TK、AK、clay、fine silt、invertase、fungi、actinomyces、pH value、bacterium、self-azotification bacteriaMBP、water content and urease. Comprehensive soil quality of reclamation area belonged to“lower”lever. Assessment model of soil quality of reclamation area were built up,which was a summarize of reclamation work.
6.Experiments of increasing moisture and nutrition indicaded that sewage sludge、humic acid and sheep manure all significantly increased biomass of plant and moisture and available N P K(AN AP AK)of Substrate.The effects of three material was sheep manure>sewage sludge>humic acid.
7.The tree growth speed was significantly accelerated after applying. The effects of applying compound fertilizer was better than the effects of applying the single fertilizer.Applying manure had increasement effects to three trees,so we could recommend to apply it.Seriation of three trees’sensitivity to fertilizer was S.vulgaris Ant.、Platycladus orientalis (Linn.)Franco and Pinus tabulaeformis.Factor of effecting trees growth was not only the fertilizer.It was not a easy thing to balanced fertilize in forest.
引文
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