大豆行间覆膜增产的生理基础及对后作影响研究
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摘要
黑龙江省是我国春大豆主产区,而干旱是影响大豆产量的主要限制因素之一。据黑龙江省气象科学研究所资料,干旱和半干旱区占黑龙江省16个农业气候区的50%,其大豆种植面积占全省大豆种植面积的60%。黑龙江省常有十年九春旱和大豆结荚鼓粒期气候干旱的现象。所以要想发展黑龙江省大豆生产必须依靠旱作农业和有限的节水灌溉。加强农田基本建设和应用保护性耕作是保持土壤水分两项重要措施。地膜覆盖栽培技术是保护性耕作措施之一。黑龙江省农垦总局九三分局大西江农场在总结历年的抗旱耕作法,借鉴其他作物覆膜保水、增温研究结果的基础上提出了大豆行间覆膜栽培技术,本项研究其目的是,在以前研究基础上,为了进一步验证大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产效果,明确该项技术合理揭膜时间及应用的适宜栽培区域;提示大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产的产量生理基础及对后作的影响。为了正确评价大豆行间覆膜栽培技术学术和应用价值,促进该项技术的推广应用,分别以高光效品种黑农40、高产品种绥农14、高产品系黑河97-1271,玉米海玉6号品种和小麦品种巴瑞为材料,进行了行间覆膜、未覆膜、揭膜时期,在覆膜地块种植玉米海玉6号品种和未覆膜地块,以及设残膜量、残膜大小和无膜(CK)处理,对大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产的产量生理基础及对后作影响进行了研究,得出如下主要研究结果:
1.大豆行间覆膜栽培技术适应于干旱和半干旱地区推广。在适应推广区域内是一项增产的栽培技术,以R_3期揭膜为最佳时期。增产幅度随干旱程度发生变化,一般增产为13.55%-25.4%,每667m~2纯利润为22.45元-66.95元。大豆行间覆膜栽培对大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量的影响有待进一步研究。
2.行间覆膜大豆各生育期间光合速率高于对照,光饱和点比对照提高15.4%,CO_2补偿点低于对照。行间覆膜栽培大豆各生育期的叶面积指数、光合势、净光合速率、固氮能力高于对照,生物产量和经济产量高于对照。黑农40行间覆膜展览田和东岗试验生物产量和经济产量分别比对照提高27.4%-34.6%和21%-25.4%。因为行间覆膜提高了叶片光合能力、固氮能力、群体的光合生产力,延缓叶片衰老,有利于光合产物的合成和合理分配,所以提高了产量。大豆行间覆膜增产的产量生理基础是,群体单叶光合能力、固氮能力和群体光合生产力均得到改善,促进了光合产物积累和分配,导致产量的提高。
3.展览田试验,黑农40行间覆膜栽培,在黑农40封垅前不同层次土壤温度高于对照,土壤温度存在日变化和生育期变化,覆膜栽培没有提早品种成熟期效果。行间覆膜栽培提高了土壤相对含水量,降低了土壤容重,促进了土壤微生物数量增加,提高了土壤速效N、速效P、速效K含量,略降低土壤pH值,认为大豆行间覆膜增产原理具有确切的土壤生态效应和产量生理基础。
4.大豆行间覆膜一年对后作玉米品种海玉6号的物候期、农艺性状、主要病害、籽粒性状、品质性状和产量均无明显影响,初步认为大豆行间覆膜一年对后作玉米没有负面影响。
5.地膜应用年限(不同量)和残片大小都能影响小麦巴瑞品种的生长发育,降低了拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期叶面积指数,减少群体光合叶面积,降低土壤含水量,降低土壤容量,造成土壤过于疏松产生透气现象,导致减产,认为解决此问题的途径是开发降解性地膜。
6.为指导黑龙江省在大豆生产上推广大豆行间覆膜栽培技术,提出了黑龙江省推广大豆行间覆膜栽培技术的生产建议。
大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产的产量生理基础,是行间覆膜栽培技术改善了土壤生态效应,使群体单叶光合能力和固氮能力及群体光合生产力均得到改善,促进了光合产物积累和合理分配。在以上诸多因素的综合作用下,导致了行间覆膜栽培大豆产量的提高。
As a major producing area of spring soybean, Heilongjiang province is also threaten with drought and it becomes as a major factor for reducing yield of soybean. Data from Meteorological Science Research Institute of Heilongjiang province indicated that 50% of 16 agro-climatic zone were arid and semi-arid which occupied 60% of the total soybean planting area of Heilongjiang province. During spring, drought is the major climate performance while it is also the stage of pod setting and seed filling for spring soybean. Therefore, to improve the production of soybean, it is important to develop dry farming and water-saving irrigation system. There are two important techniques to maintain soil moisture, one is farmland capital construction and the other is applying conservation tillage technology. For conservation tillage, cultivation technique, film mulching is one of the major approaches.The cultivation technique of covering film between furrows in soybean was proposed based on summarizing all the drought-resistance tillage in past years by Daxijiang farm of 93 branch bureau in Heilongjiang province, and referring the research results of other crops in water saving and temperature increasing by film mulching. The purposes of this study were to verify yield-increasing effect of the covering film between furrows cultivation technique in soybean and to definite the proper time to remove plastic film and to find suitable planting area, and to reveal yield physiological basis and it's influence on aftercrop by covering film in soybean. In this study, high photosynthetic efficiency soybean variety Heinong 40, high yield variety Suinong14, high yield strain Heihe97-1271, Maize variety, Haiyu6 and wheat variety Bari were used as research materials. The treatments included covering film between furrows, uncovering film between furrows, differing the time of film uncovering, the volume of used plastic film, the size of used plastic film, and no-covering film between furrows as control. Yield physiological basis and influence on aftercrop by covering film between furrows cultivation in soybean were studied, followed was the results.
1. Covering film between furrows technique in soybean was adapted to extend at arid and semi-arid area. It was an effective cultivation technique to increase yield.in those area and the optimum time to uncovering plastic film was at R_5 stage. The range of yield increase was changed by drought degree, general yield increase was 13.55%-25.4%, and the net profit was 22.45-66.95 Yuan. The effects on protein and fat contents should be studied later.
2. The photosynthetic rate of soybean by covering film between furrows was higher than that of control at different growth stage. The light saturation was increased by 15.4% than that of control, and CO_2 compensation point was lower than that of control. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, net photosynthetic rate and nitrogen fixation ability were higher than that of control. Biomass and economic yield were also higher. For Heinong40, the biomass and economic yield by covering film between furrows was increased 27.4%-34.6% and 21%-25.4% respectively.The reason was that leaf photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen fixation ability and group photosynthetic productivity were increased, leaf aging was delayed. It was beneficial to synthesize photosynthate and distribution reasonably, and the yield was increased. Therefore, the physiological basis of yield increase by covering film between furrows in soybean was that the photosynthetic capacity of group and single leaf, nitrogen fixation ability and group photosynthetic productivity were improved, which improved to accumulate and distribute photosynthate, and led to higher yield.
3. The field exhibition experiment used Heinong40 by Covering film between furrows cultivation, The soil temperatures of different layers were higher than that of control before sealing ridge,the soil temperature was changed during daytime and growth stage, ant maturity have not been advanced .Soil relative water content was increased , soil bulk density was decreased and the number of soil microorganism was increased. The content of soil available N, available P, available K became higher while the soil pH was decreased slightly. The results could be concluded that there are significant effect on soil ecological and yield physiological basis by covering film between furrows to increase soybean yield.
4. After one year of covering film between furrows cultivation in soybean, the growth stage, agronomic characters, main diseases, kernel traits, quality traits and yield of maize variety Haiyu6 were not influenced significantly. It indicated in principium that there was no negative affecting to aftercrop maize by one year of covering film between furrows in soybean.
5. Growth of wheat Bari was influenced by the time of film application and the size of be-left plastic film. Leaf area index at jointing stage, booting stage and filling stage were decreased. Soil moisture and soil capacity were decreased also, which made the soil too loosed to conserve the air and then the yield was decreased. So the best way to solve the problem was to develop degradable properties film .
6. The results suggested to extend the technology of covering film between furrows in soybean in Heilongjiang province.
The soil ecological effects was improving by covering film between furrows in soybean and the photosynthetic capacity of group and single leaf, the nitrogen fixation ability and the group photosynthetic productivity were improved as well, then it was helpful to accumulate and distribute photosynthate. By comprehensive effect of all these factors the yield of soybean was increased significantly. That was the physiological basis of yield increase by covering film between furrows in soybean.
Study on physiological basis of yield and influences on aftercrop by covering film between furrows cultivation in soybean
1.大豆行间覆膜栽培技术适应于干旱和半干旱地区推广。在适应推广区域内是一项增产的栽培技术,以R_3期揭膜为最佳时期。增产幅度随干旱程度发生变化,一般增产为13.55%-25.4%,每667m~2纯利润为22.45元-66.95元。大豆行间覆膜栽培对大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量的影响有待进一步研究。
2.行间覆膜大豆各生育期间光合速率高于对照,光饱和点比对照提高15.4%,CO_2补偿点低于对照。行间覆膜栽培大豆各生育期的叶面积指数、光合势、净光合速率、固氮能力高于对照,生物产量和经济产量高于对照。黑农40行间覆膜展览田和东岗试验生物产量和经济产量分别比对照提高27.4%-34.6%和21%-25.4%。因为行间覆膜提高了叶片光合能力、固氮能力、群体的光合生产力,延缓叶片衰老,有利于光合产物的合成和合理分配,所以提高了产量。大豆行间覆膜增产的产量生理基础是,群体单叶光合能力、固氮能力和群体光合生产力均得到改善,促进了光合产物积累和分配,导致产量的提高。
3.展览田试验,黑农40行间覆膜栽培,在黑农40封垅前不同层次土壤温度高于对照,土壤温度存在日变化和生育期变化,覆膜栽培没有提早品种成熟期效果。行间覆膜栽培提高了土壤相对含水量,降低了土壤容重,促进了土壤微生物数量增加,提高了土壤速效N、速效P、速效K含量,略降低土壤pH值,认为大豆行间覆膜增产原理具有确切的土壤生态效应和产量生理基础。
4.大豆行间覆膜一年对后作玉米品种海玉6号的物候期、农艺性状、主要病害、籽粒性状、品质性状和产量均无明显影响,初步认为大豆行间覆膜一年对后作玉米没有负面影响。
5.地膜应用年限(不同量)和残片大小都能影响小麦巴瑞品种的生长发育,降低了拔节期、孕穗期、灌浆期叶面积指数,减少群体光合叶面积,降低土壤含水量,降低土壤容量,造成土壤过于疏松产生透气现象,导致减产,认为解决此问题的途径是开发降解性地膜。
6.为指导黑龙江省在大豆生产上推广大豆行间覆膜栽培技术,提出了黑龙江省推广大豆行间覆膜栽培技术的生产建议。
大豆行间覆膜栽培技术增产的产量生理基础,是行间覆膜栽培技术改善了土壤生态效应,使群体单叶光合能力和固氮能力及群体光合生产力均得到改善,促进了光合产物积累和合理分配。在以上诸多因素的综合作用下,导致了行间覆膜栽培大豆产量的提高。
As a major producing area of spring soybean, Heilongjiang province is also threaten with drought and it becomes as a major factor for reducing yield of soybean. Data from Meteorological Science Research Institute of Heilongjiang province indicated that 50% of 16 agro-climatic zone were arid and semi-arid which occupied 60% of the total soybean planting area of Heilongjiang province. During spring, drought is the major climate performance while it is also the stage of pod setting and seed filling for spring soybean. Therefore, to improve the production of soybean, it is important to develop dry farming and water-saving irrigation system. There are two important techniques to maintain soil moisture, one is farmland capital construction and the other is applying conservation tillage technology. For conservation tillage, cultivation technique, film mulching is one of the major approaches.The cultivation technique of covering film between furrows in soybean was proposed based on summarizing all the drought-resistance tillage in past years by Daxijiang farm of 93 branch bureau in Heilongjiang province, and referring the research results of other crops in water saving and temperature increasing by film mulching. The purposes of this study were to verify yield-increasing effect of the covering film between furrows cultivation technique in soybean and to definite the proper time to remove plastic film and to find suitable planting area, and to reveal yield physiological basis and it's influence on aftercrop by covering film in soybean. In this study, high photosynthetic efficiency soybean variety Heinong 40, high yield variety Suinong14, high yield strain Heihe97-1271, Maize variety, Haiyu6 and wheat variety Bari were used as research materials. The treatments included covering film between furrows, uncovering film between furrows, differing the time of film uncovering, the volume of used plastic film, the size of used plastic film, and no-covering film between furrows as control. Yield physiological basis and influence on aftercrop by covering film between furrows cultivation in soybean were studied, followed was the results.
1. Covering film between furrows technique in soybean was adapted to extend at arid and semi-arid area. It was an effective cultivation technique to increase yield.in those area and the optimum time to uncovering plastic film was at R_5 stage. The range of yield increase was changed by drought degree, general yield increase was 13.55%-25.4%, and the net profit was 22.45-66.95 Yuan. The effects on protein and fat contents should be studied later.
2. The photosynthetic rate of soybean by covering film between furrows was higher than that of control at different growth stage. The light saturation was increased by 15.4% than that of control, and CO_2 compensation point was lower than that of control. The leaf area index, photosynthetic potential, net photosynthetic rate and nitrogen fixation ability were higher than that of control. Biomass and economic yield were also higher. For Heinong40, the biomass and economic yield by covering film between furrows was increased 27.4%-34.6% and 21%-25.4% respectively.The reason was that leaf photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen fixation ability and group photosynthetic productivity were increased, leaf aging was delayed. It was beneficial to synthesize photosynthate and distribution reasonably, and the yield was increased. Therefore, the physiological basis of yield increase by covering film between furrows in soybean was that the photosynthetic capacity of group and single leaf, nitrogen fixation ability and group photosynthetic productivity were improved, which improved to accumulate and distribute photosynthate, and led to higher yield.
3. The field exhibition experiment used Heinong40 by Covering film between furrows cultivation, The soil temperatures of different layers were higher than that of control before sealing ridge,the soil temperature was changed during daytime and growth stage, ant maturity have not been advanced .Soil relative water content was increased , soil bulk density was decreased and the number of soil microorganism was increased. The content of soil available N, available P, available K became higher while the soil pH was decreased slightly. The results could be concluded that there are significant effect on soil ecological and yield physiological basis by covering film between furrows to increase soybean yield.
4. After one year of covering film between furrows cultivation in soybean, the growth stage, agronomic characters, main diseases, kernel traits, quality traits and yield of maize variety Haiyu6 were not influenced significantly. It indicated in principium that there was no negative affecting to aftercrop maize by one year of covering film between furrows in soybean.
5. Growth of wheat Bari was influenced by the time of film application and the size of be-left plastic film. Leaf area index at jointing stage, booting stage and filling stage were decreased. Soil moisture and soil capacity were decreased also, which made the soil too loosed to conserve the air and then the yield was decreased. So the best way to solve the problem was to develop degradable properties film .
6. The results suggested to extend the technology of covering film between furrows in soybean in Heilongjiang province.
The soil ecological effects was improving by covering film between furrows in soybean and the photosynthetic capacity of group and single leaf, the nitrogen fixation ability and the group photosynthetic productivity were improved as well, then it was helpful to accumulate and distribute photosynthate. By comprehensive effect of all these factors the yield of soybean was increased significantly. That was the physiological basis of yield increase by covering film between furrows in soybean.
Study on physiological basis of yield and influences on aftercrop by covering film between furrows cultivation in soybean
引文
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