污水处理厂污泥处理与利用研究
摘要
当今世界，随着人口的快速增长和经济的迅速发展，自然资源的消耗随之加快，废弃物的利用技术越来越被各国所关注和重视，而我国的自然资源短缺状况尤为严重。因此，废弃物的资源化利用研究在我国就显得更为重要。城市污水处理厂的污泥是城市化进程中产生的固体废弃物，这些城市固体废弃物的处理处置是一个必须尽快解决的问题。在我国的许多城市，有大量的污水厂污泥没有安全出路，容易对环境造成二次污染，而目前国内的一些污泥堆肥厂由于技术含量低、运行成本高、堆肥产品销售困难等原因，其作用未能充分地发挥。因此，利用城市污水处理厂污泥堆肥化生产有机复混肥的资源化研究，对国民经济的发展就有着十分重要的意义。在系统总结这一领域研究现状的基础上，本文对下列问题进行了研究。
基于城市污水厂污泥富含作物生长所需的营养成分和有机质，有害重金属元素低，其它元素符合国家农用标准这一事实，本文提出了利用污水厂污泥进行堆肥化后生产有机复混肥的观点。通过生产优质有机复混肥来保证污泥的有效、持续利用。
通过对堆肥化过程中微生物特征进行的研究，认为堆肥化过程中对微生物活动影响最大的因素是有机物和温度，其次是pH值。通过研究堆肥化过程中微生物与有机质降解的关系，认为中温条件对有机物降解更为有利，且把中温堆肥过程分为中温过渡、中温和中低温过渡等三个阶段，并从无害化目的出发，利用堆肥化产品进行有机复混肥的研制。根据有机复混肥的特点，结合堆肥产品成分、土壤性质及作用所需的营养状况，确定了生产有机复合肥的最佳配比，并研制了水稻和玉米专用有机复合肥，并进行了田间实验，结果表明：所生产的有机复混肥对水稻有较好的增产效果。
不同堆肥试验(填充料、填充料配比、通风量)的结果表明，污泥与稻草、木屑和玉米芯混合均能成功进行污泥堆肥化，其中以木屑效果最好，表现在升温速度快，第3天温度可上升至55℃，且可维持8～11天，35天基本达到腐熟。成功进行污泥堆肥的最佳工艺参数为污泥与木屑的体积比为1：1或1：3，通风量
为o．35旷几mill，通风频率为每3h通风3伽＊。污泥堆肥腐熟以后结构疏松，且
无臭味。堆肥过程中的高温能使堆肥病原菌（大肠杆菌计）大幅度灭活，达到国
家高温堆肥卫生标准。污泥堆肥腐熟后，pH、EC有一定程度的下降；挥发性固
体、总有机碳、水溶性有机碳的含量约降至堆肥初始的50o／左右；氨态氮、有机
氮含量先上升后下降，呈抛物线的变化趋势；而硝态氮含量的变化正好相反，先
下降后急剧升高；通常堆肥腐熟以后，全氮、全磷、全钾含量提高；污泥在堆肥
35天以后，水芹oresS）种子发芽指数达50％左右，在堆肥结束时，GI均接近或
达到80％以上。填充料的加入稀释了污泥重金属的含量。
堆肥化是处理有机固体废弃物的主要方法之一，评价堆肥腐熟的指标是堆肥
研究的重要课题。现有的评价方法中，有些费时、繁琐，有些受堆肥原料不同的
限制而不能普遍应用。
通过对污泥堆肥过程中堆肥的物理、化学和植物毒性的分析，作者提出了一
种简单方便、快捷准确的污泥堆肥腐熟度评估指标：堆体的温度必须经过高温阶
段并维持7天左右，随后温度下降并趋于平缓，堆体种子发芽指数达65％以上，
污泥堆肥腐熟以后，结构疏松，无污泥固有的臭味，C／N－OTg比值在5～7之间，
NO。’／NH。卜4，完全满足这几个条件的污泥堆肥可以判定达到完全腐熟，无生物
毒性。
本文通过对生产的有机复混肥进行农作物的施用实验，在作物秸杆和谷物进
行重金属含量检测，结果未发现异常，说明是施用有机复混肥在重金属污染方面
是安全的。
Today, with the rapid growth of the population and the quick development of the economy,the natural resources in the world are being consumed swiftly and the technology of reuse of waste is being attached more importance by many countries.The lack of the natural resources in China is so serious that it has made the research of resources reuse even more important than ever. The sludge of urban sewage disposal plant, living garbage and coke breeze are the waste produced in the process of urbanization, and the treatment and disposal of those wastes are unavoidable problems eventually. Because there are a lot of the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant and living garbage, which could not find safety way to go,and that is very easy to cause the secondary pollution. At present, some of national sewage and garbage plant cannot bring into play owing to their lower technology, higher running cost and more difficult product distribution. So, there is important significance to carry through the research of resources r
euse producing organic combined fertilizer by use of the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant, living garbage and coke breeze. Based on systematic summery to the research actuality in this fields, the thesis make researches about the following questions.
Based on the fact that there is abundant nourish component and organic matter in the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant for crops to grow and there is lower content of heavy metals, which can meet the national agricultural standards, the aurthor put forward the viewpoint using the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant to produce organic combined fertilizer.
The thesis also makes research to characteristic of microorganisms in the process of composting, concludes that the most important factor is organic matter and temperature and the next factor is pH. Through the research of the degradable relationship between microorganisms and organic matter in compost, the author think it more favorable in temperature the condition of middle temperature to degrade organic matter, and divide compost to middle transition pHase, middle temperature
pHase and middle-low temperature transiton pHase.For the sake of innouity aim,the research uses compost production to develop organic cumomed fertilizer. According to the characteristic of organic combined fertilizer and integrating compost product component, soil property and nourish condition of crops, the author defines the best ratio of organic combined fertilizer and technics flow of producing organic combined fertilizer. The author also develops special organic fertilizer in rice, and does fiels experiments using oranic combined fertilizer. The results of the experiments show that those fertilizers have fairly effect on increasing production to rice.
Herb residues or wood chips could be used as bulking agents through forced aerated static static pile model of municipal sewage sludge, but the former had better effects. The temperature of above 55C in a pile could be observed on the third day after composting and kept 8 to 11 days. Based on the consequent experiments including the effects of bulking agents amended into the sludge and the various ventilation rate on composting, the optimal technological parameters were proposed:The volume ratio between sludge and agents were 1:1 or 1:3, and the ventilation rate was 0.35m3/t.min with frequency of 30min per 3 hours. The cress seed germination index (GI), used as indicators of pHytotoxixity and maturation of compost, exhibited that the sludge compost was stabilized and mature near 40th day of composting, when 80% of GI was obtained.
Compsting is one of the most acceptable methods for treating orgtanic solid waste, but maturity assessment is still a main problem of this pratice.
In this study, pHysical, chemical and biological indexes were used to find some easy methods to assess the maturity of composting.Chemcal indexes depend on the raw materials, pHysical indexes need a long time to determine. Nutrients were also
determined to search the transformation principl
基于城市污水厂污泥富含作物生长所需的营养成分和有机质，有害重金属元素低，其它元素符合国家农用标准这一事实，本文提出了利用污水厂污泥进行堆肥化后生产有机复混肥的观点。通过生产优质有机复混肥来保证污泥的有效、持续利用。
通过对堆肥化过程中微生物特征进行的研究，认为堆肥化过程中对微生物活动影响最大的因素是有机物和温度，其次是pH值。通过研究堆肥化过程中微生物与有机质降解的关系，认为中温条件对有机物降解更为有利，且把中温堆肥过程分为中温过渡、中温和中低温过渡等三个阶段，并从无害化目的出发，利用堆肥化产品进行有机复混肥的研制。根据有机复混肥的特点，结合堆肥产品成分、土壤性质及作用所需的营养状况，确定了生产有机复合肥的最佳配比，并研制了水稻和玉米专用有机复合肥，并进行了田间实验，结果表明：所生产的有机复混肥对水稻有较好的增产效果。
不同堆肥试验(填充料、填充料配比、通风量)的结果表明，污泥与稻草、木屑和玉米芯混合均能成功进行污泥堆肥化，其中以木屑效果最好，表现在升温速度快，第3天温度可上升至55℃，且可维持8～11天，35天基本达到腐熟。成功进行污泥堆肥的最佳工艺参数为污泥与木屑的体积比为1：1或1：3，通风量
为o．35旷几mill，通风频率为每3h通风3伽＊。污泥堆肥腐熟以后结构疏松，且
无臭味。堆肥过程中的高温能使堆肥病原菌（大肠杆菌计）大幅度灭活，达到国
家高温堆肥卫生标准。污泥堆肥腐熟后，pH、EC有一定程度的下降；挥发性固
体、总有机碳、水溶性有机碳的含量约降至堆肥初始的50o／左右；氨态氮、有机
氮含量先上升后下降，呈抛物线的变化趋势；而硝态氮含量的变化正好相反，先
下降后急剧升高；通常堆肥腐熟以后，全氮、全磷、全钾含量提高；污泥在堆肥
35天以后，水芹oresS）种子发芽指数达50％左右，在堆肥结束时，GI均接近或
达到80％以上。填充料的加入稀释了污泥重金属的含量。
堆肥化是处理有机固体废弃物的主要方法之一，评价堆肥腐熟的指标是堆肥
研究的重要课题。现有的评价方法中，有些费时、繁琐，有些受堆肥原料不同的
限制而不能普遍应用。
通过对污泥堆肥过程中堆肥的物理、化学和植物毒性的分析，作者提出了一
种简单方便、快捷准确的污泥堆肥腐熟度评估指标：堆体的温度必须经过高温阶
段并维持7天左右，随后温度下降并趋于平缓，堆体种子发芽指数达65％以上，
污泥堆肥腐熟以后，结构疏松，无污泥固有的臭味，C／N－OTg比值在5～7之间，
NO。’／NH。卜4，完全满足这几个条件的污泥堆肥可以判定达到完全腐熟，无生物
毒性。
本文通过对生产的有机复混肥进行农作物的施用实验，在作物秸杆和谷物进
行重金属含量检测，结果未发现异常，说明是施用有机复混肥在重金属污染方面
是安全的。
Today, with the rapid growth of the population and the quick development of the economy,the natural resources in the world are being consumed swiftly and the technology of reuse of waste is being attached more importance by many countries.The lack of the natural resources in China is so serious that it has made the research of resources reuse even more important than ever. The sludge of urban sewage disposal plant, living garbage and coke breeze are the waste produced in the process of urbanization, and the treatment and disposal of those wastes are unavoidable problems eventually. Because there are a lot of the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant and living garbage, which could not find safety way to go,and that is very easy to cause the secondary pollution. At present, some of national sewage and garbage plant cannot bring into play owing to their lower technology, higher running cost and more difficult product distribution. So, there is important significance to carry through the research of resources r
euse producing organic combined fertilizer by use of the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant, living garbage and coke breeze. Based on systematic summery to the research actuality in this fields, the thesis make researches about the following questions.
Based on the fact that there is abundant nourish component and organic matter in the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant for crops to grow and there is lower content of heavy metals, which can meet the national agricultural standards, the aurthor put forward the viewpoint using the sludge of urban sewage disposal plant to produce organic combined fertilizer.
The thesis also makes research to characteristic of microorganisms in the process of composting, concludes that the most important factor is organic matter and temperature and the next factor is pH. Through the research of the degradable relationship between microorganisms and organic matter in compost, the author think it more favorable in temperature the condition of middle temperature to degrade organic matter, and divide compost to middle transition pHase, middle temperature
pHase and middle-low temperature transiton pHase.For the sake of innouity aim,the research uses compost production to develop organic cumomed fertilizer. According to the characteristic of organic combined fertilizer and integrating compost product component, soil property and nourish condition of crops, the author defines the best ratio of organic combined fertilizer and technics flow of producing organic combined fertilizer. The author also develops special organic fertilizer in rice, and does fiels experiments using oranic combined fertilizer. The results of the experiments show that those fertilizers have fairly effect on increasing production to rice.
Herb residues or wood chips could be used as bulking agents through forced aerated static static pile model of municipal sewage sludge, but the former had better effects. The temperature of above 55C in a pile could be observed on the third day after composting and kept 8 to 11 days. Based on the consequent experiments including the effects of bulking agents amended into the sludge and the various ventilation rate on composting, the optimal technological parameters were proposed:The volume ratio between sludge and agents were 1:1 or 1:3, and the ventilation rate was 0.35m3/t.min with frequency of 30min per 3 hours. The cress seed germination index (GI), used as indicators of pHytotoxixity and maturation of compost, exhibited that the sludge compost was stabilized and mature near 40th day of composting, when 80% of GI was obtained.
Compsting is one of the most acceptable methods for treating orgtanic solid waste, but maturity assessment is still a main problem of this pratice.
In this study, pHysical, chemical and biological indexes were used to find some easy methods to assess the maturity of composting.Chemcal indexes depend on the raw materials, pHysical indexes need a long time to determine. Nutrients were also
determined to search the transformation principl
引文
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45 周立祥等，城市污泥氯磷供应特性及其环境行为：土柱模拟试验．农村生态环境，1995A，(4)：15～17
46 周立祥等，污泥农牧地利用对传播疾病病原物的影响．农业环境保护，1995B，14(5)：235～238
47 周立祥等，城市污泥有机氮矿化动态及其影响因素的研究．环境科学学报，1997A，17(3)：359～364
48 周立祥等，厌氧消化污泥化学组成及其环境化学性质．植物营养与肥料学报，1997B，3(2)；176～181
49 周立祥等，城市污泥土地利用研究．生态学报，1998，18(5)：25～31
50 朱阴湄等，土壤对磷酸盐吸附作用的研究(摘要)，中国土壤学会论文集(下)，1983，243．
51 Adsni F., Genevini P. L, and Tambone F., Anew indes of onganic matter stabihity. In: compost sci. Util. 3: 25-37 the effect of differently treated sewage shudge on plants and soil.p. 1995, 503～533.
52 Baham, J., and G. Sposito. Chemistry of water-soluble, metal-complexing ligands extracted from an anaerobically digested sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 12: 96～100
53 Benny et al., Chemical and biological characterization of organic matter during composting of municipalsolid waste. In: J. Envir. Qual. 21996, 5:776～782
54 Bolan N. S., Naidu R. S, Mahimairaja and Baskaran. s., Influence of low-molexular-weight organic acids on the solubilization of pHospHate. Biol. Fertil, Soils 1994, 18: 311～319
55 Butler J., Land E. J., and Swallow A. J., Chemical mechanism of the effect of high energy radiation on biological systems. Radiat. PHys. Chen. 1984, 24: 273～281
56 Blum D., FeachemR. G., Health aspects of nightsoil and sludge use in agriculture and aquacuture. Part Ⅱ: An epidemiolegical perspective. Dubendorf, International reference center for waste disposal(report No.5/85) 1985
57 Bruge W. D., Fate of pathogen, In: Land treatment of hazardous wastes. James F.P, Paul B. M. and Joanne M. KLA(Eds). Noyes Data Corporation, NJUS, 1983. 253～259
58 Chang A. C et al., Accumulation of heavy meatals in sewage sludge-treated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 13: 87～91
59 Chen. Y and Y. Inbar. Chemial and spectrodcopic analysis of organic matter transformations during composting in relation to compost maturity. 1993, 551～600
60 Chen. Y and Avnimelech(eds.). The role of organic matter in modern agriculture. Martinus Nijhoff publisber, 1986. 209～242.
61 Collomb J. et al., Reccovery of helminth eggs in sludge from a waste-water treatment plant. Proc. 3rd internat. Symp. " Processing and using of sewage sludge". Brighton, U. K. 1983, 9:27～30,
62 Deans J. R. et al., Models for predicting potertially mineralizatle nitrogen and decomposition rate constants. Soil Sci. Soc. Sm. J. 1986, 50: 323～326
63 Epstein E., D. B. Keane, J. J. Meisinger, and J. O. Legg., Mineralization of Nitrogen from Sewage sludge and sludge compost. In J. Environ, Qual., 1978, 7(2): 217～221
64 Edmonds R,L., Survival of coliform bacteria in sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut and potential movement into growndwater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1976, 32: 53
65 Gilmour. J. T and C. M. Gilmour, A Simulation model for sludge decomposition soil. J. Environ. Qual. 1980, 9(2): 194～199
66 Gilmour. J. T., M. D. Clatk. and G. C. Sigua, Estimating net nitrogen mineralization
from carbon dioxide evolution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1985, 49: 1397～1402
67 Guang Wen et al., Evaluation of Nitrogen Avsolability in Irradiated Sewaage Sludge, Sludge compost and manure compost in J. Environ. Qual. 1995, 24: 273～281
68 Harding. S. A., Nitrogen availability and uptake from field soils five years after incorportion of sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 34: 96～100
69 Hiroshi Watanabe and Masaaki Takechisa., Disinfection of sewage sludge cade by Gamairradiation In: Radiat. PHys. Chem. 1984, 24(1): 41～54
70 Holford I. C. R. et al., The high and low energy pHospHate adsorbing surface in calcareous soils. In: J. Soil Sci, 1975, 26: 407～417
71 Jenkison. D. S. Decomposition of plant material in soil. J. Soil Sci. 1977, 28: 418～433
72 Jardine. P. M., N. L. Weber, and J. F. McCarthy. Mechanisms of dissolved organic carbon adsorption on soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Sm. J. 1989, 53: 1378～1385
73 Kawakami, W., and S. Hashimoto., Enhanced composting of radiation disinfected sewage sludge. Radiat. PHys. Chen. 1981, 24: 29～40
74 Kelling, K. A, et al., A field study of the agricultural use of sewage sludge: effect on soil N and P. J. Environ. Qual. 1977a, 6(4): 339～351
75 Kladivko, E. J. and D. W. Nelson, Changes in soil properties from application of anaerobic sludge. J. Water pollut. Contral. Fed., 1979, 51: 325～332
76 lake. D. L, et al., Fractonation. Characterization and Speciation of heavy metals in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soils: A review. J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 13: 175～183
77 Lynch D. L. et al., The adsorption of carbonhydrate and related compounds on clay minerals. Soil Sci Am. Proc, 1956, 20: 6～9
78 New Mexico State University Agricultural Experiment Station., Potential fertilizer value of gamma-irradiated swage sludge on calcareous soils. New Mexixo State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 692. New Mexico State Univ. Las Cruces. 1982.
79 Rosopulo, A., I. Fieldler, H. Staerk, and A. Suess. Experience with a pilot plant for the irradiation of sewage sludge. Analytical studies on sewage sludge and plant material. In: Proc. Of the Int. 1975: 535～551
80 Stevenson. F. J., Geochemistry of soil humic substances. In G. R. Aile(ed). Humic
substances in soil. Sediment and weter. John Wiley and Sons. New York 1985, 13～52
81 Suess. A. et al., Experience with a pilot plant for the irradiation of sewage sludge: Result on the effect of differently treated sewage sludge on plants and soil. 1975, 503～533
82 Tsutomu Ohno and Bradley S. Crannell., Green and Animal Manure-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter Effectson PHospHonus sohution. In: J. Environ. qual. 1996, 25: 137～1143
83 vysotskaya, N. A., and L. g. Shevchuk., PHysico-chemical aspects of sewage ionizing radiation treatment. Radiat. PHys. Chem. 1986a, 28: 581～584
84 Vysotskaya, N. A., and L. G. Shevchuk., PHysico-chemical aspects of sewage ionizing radiation treatment. Radiat. PHys. Chem. 1986b, 28: 581～584 Watanabe, H.,and M. Takehisa. disinfecton of sewage shudge cake by gamma-inadiation. Radiat. PHys, shem. 1984, 24: 41～45
85 Wang, M. And K. C. Jones, The chlorobenzene content of contemporary U. K. sewage sludge. ChemospHere. 1994, 28: 1201～1210
86 Wild, S. R., S. J. Harrad, and K. C. Jonse., ChompHenols in digested U. K. Sewage shudge. Wat. Res. 1993, 27: 1527～1534
87 Inbar Y., Y. Chen and Y. Hadar. Solid-state., carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and infrared Spectroscopy of composted Organic Matter. In Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1989, 53: 1695～1701
88 Yuan T. L., Adsorption of pHospHate and water extractable soil organic material by sythetic aluminum and acid soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1980, 44: 951～955
89 Zhou L. X., Characterization and fractionation of dissoluved organic matter derived from sewage sludge compost. Environ. Technol.(accepted) 2000.
90 Zhou L. X., and J. W. C Wong., Microbial biodegradation of dissolued organic matter and its control during sorption experiment. J. Environ. Qual. 2000, 29(4).
2 薛东森．美国污水污泥的研究和利用概况．国外农业环境保护，1991，1：31～33
3 郭媚兰．城市污泥和污水与垃圾堆肥的使用对土壤性质的影响．农业环境保护，1994，13(5)：204～209
4 周立祥．中国城市污泥土地利用策略及其污泥重金属环境化学行为的机理研究．中科院地理所博土后工作报告，1998
5 徐颖．污泥用作农肥处理及其环境影响．农村生态环境，1993，3：32～35
6 肖玲，李岗，郝卫等，娄土施污泥对小麦生长的影响研究．西北农业大学学报，1994，22(1)：89～92
7 郭媚兰，王逵等，太原市污水污泥农业利用研究．农业环境保护，1993，12(6)：258～262
8 周立祥等，苏南地区城市污泥的基本性质及农业利用效果问题与对策．世界科技研究与发展，2000，22(4)：91～96
9 李生秀等，连续淹水培养条件下土壤氮素的矿化过程．西北农业大学学报，1999，27(1)：1～5
10 李兴降等，污泥辐射处理研究．环境工程，1999，8(5)：9～12
11 梁国庆等，长期施肥对石灰性潮土氮素形态的影响．植物营养与肥料学报，2000，6(1)：3～10
12 刘庆余，污水污泥的厌氧消化研究．农业环境保护，1995，14(5)：232～234
13 刘庆余，污水污泥的生物处理研究及其展望．环境科学进展，1995，3(3)：75～79
14 马志毅等，污水厂污泥作吸收剂的试验研究．中国给水排水，1997，3(4)：12～13
15 莫测辉等，城市污泥对作物种子发芽及幼苗生长影响的初步研究．应用生态学报，1997～8 (6)：645～649
16 南京农业大学主编，土壤农化分析．
17 上海科学技术情报研究所，国外剩余污泥处理和利用(内部资料)1975．
18 宋敬阳译，城市污水污泥的农田施用．国外环境科学技术，1983，(2)：36～39
19 陶澎等，伊春河河水溶解态有机碳含量和输出通量的时空变化．地理学报，1997，52(3)：254～261．
20 王宝贞主编，水污染控制工程．北京：高等教育出版社，1994，303～342
21 王不勉等，污泥处理方向性的探讨．下水道协会制，1991，28(5)：2～5
22 王光火，朱祖祥，对土壤吸持磷酸根的影响及其原因．土壤学报，1991，28：1～6
23 王果等，三种有机肥水溶性分解产物对铜、镉吸附的影响．农业环境保护，1999，36(2)：179～188
24 温琰茂等，城市污泥农业利用研究的问题与展望．见第一届广州地区高校环境科学学术会议论文集，广州：中山大学出版社，1997，209～210
25 文启孝等编著，土壤有机质研究法．北京：农业出版社．1984
26 吴得友等，污泥的农业利用．国外农业环境保护，1985，3：7
27 吴启堂等，城市污泥作复合肥粘结剂的研究．中国给水排水，1992，8(4)：20～22
28 熊毅等，土壤中有机无机复合体Ⅰ土粒团聚有机质在土粒团聚中的作用．土壤农化参考资料，1974，3：1～7
29 薛澄泽等，我国污泥土地利用展望．农业环境与发展，1997A，1：13
30 薛澄泽等，污泥制作堆肥及复合有机肥料的研究．农业环境保护，1997B，16(1)：11～15
31 薛澄泽等，生物固体的资源化，见：张福锁等主编：土壤及植物营养研究新动态(第三卷)．北京：中国农业出版社：350～396
32 薛栋森，美国污泥的研究和利用概况．国外农业环境保护，1985，(3)：13
33 张清敏，陈为平等，污泥有效利用研究进展．农业环境保护，2000，19(1)：58～61
34 张天红等，市政污泥用于城市绿化的可行性研究．环境杂志，1992，(1)：44
35 张天红等，黑麦幼苗法对污泥中元素生物有效性的研究，陕西环境，1994，1：1～4
36 张天红等，西安市污水污泥林业施用效果的研究．环境污染与控制，1996，18(5)：1～4
37 章永松，林咸永，倪吾钟，有机肥对土壤吸附，解吸的直接影响．植物营养与肥料学报，1996，2(3)：200～205
38 章永松等，有机肥对土壤中磷的活化作用及机理研究．植物营养与肥料学报，
1998，4(2)：151～156
39 赵晓齐，鲁如坤，有机肥对土壤磷素吸附的影响．土壤学报，1991，28(1)：7～12
40 郑绍建，胡蔼堂，淹水对污染土壤Cd形态转化的影响．环境科学学报，1995，15(2)：142～147
41 周立祥，城市污泥在林地中分解动态及其对林地生态环境的影响．南京农业大学博士论文．1995
42 周立祥，中国城市污泥土地利用策略及其污泥重金属环境化学行为的机理研究．中国科学院地理研究所博士后研究工作报告．1997C
43 周立祥等，城市生活污泥农田利用土壤肥力性状的影响．土壤通报，1994A，25(3)：126～129
44 周立祥等，苏州市生活污泥成分性质及其对蔬菜和菜地土壤的影响，南京农业大学学报，1994B，17(2)：54～59
45 周立祥等，城市污泥氯磷供应特性及其环境行为：土柱模拟试验．农村生态环境，1995A，(4)：15～17
46 周立祥等，污泥农牧地利用对传播疾病病原物的影响．农业环境保护，1995B，14(5)：235～238
47 周立祥等，城市污泥有机氮矿化动态及其影响因素的研究．环境科学学报，1997A，17(3)：359～364
48 周立祥等，厌氧消化污泥化学组成及其环境化学性质．植物营养与肥料学报，1997B，3(2)；176～181
49 周立祥等，城市污泥土地利用研究．生态学报，1998，18(5)：25～31
50 朱阴湄等，土壤对磷酸盐吸附作用的研究(摘要)，中国土壤学会论文集(下)，1983，243．
51 Adsni F., Genevini P. L, and Tambone F., Anew indes of onganic matter stabihity. In: compost sci. Util. 3: 25-37 the effect of differently treated sewage shudge on plants and soil.p. 1995, 503～533.
52 Baham, J., and G. Sposito. Chemistry of water-soluble, metal-complexing ligands extracted from an anaerobically digested sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 12: 96～100
53 Benny et al., Chemical and biological characterization of organic matter during composting of municipalsolid waste. In: J. Envir. Qual. 21996, 5:776～782
54 Bolan N. S., Naidu R. S, Mahimairaja and Baskaran. s., Influence of low-molexular-weight organic acids on the solubilization of pHospHate. Biol. Fertil, Soils 1994, 18: 311～319
55 Butler J., Land E. J., and Swallow A. J., Chemical mechanism of the effect of high energy radiation on biological systems. Radiat. PHys. Chen. 1984, 24: 273～281
56 Blum D., FeachemR. G., Health aspects of nightsoil and sludge use in agriculture and aquacuture. Part Ⅱ: An epidemiolegical perspective. Dubendorf, International reference center for waste disposal(report No.5/85) 1985
57 Bruge W. D., Fate of pathogen, In: Land treatment of hazardous wastes. James F.P, Paul B. M. and Joanne M. KLA(Eds). Noyes Data Corporation, NJUS, 1983. 253～259
58 Chang A. C et al., Accumulation of heavy meatals in sewage sludge-treated soils. J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 13: 87～91
59 Chen. Y and Y. Inbar. Chemial and spectrodcopic analysis of organic matter transformations during composting in relation to compost maturity. 1993, 551～600
60 Chen. Y and Avnimelech(eds.). The role of organic matter in modern agriculture. Martinus Nijhoff publisber, 1986. 209～242.
61 Collomb J. et al., Reccovery of helminth eggs in sludge from a waste-water treatment plant. Proc. 3rd internat. Symp. " Processing and using of sewage sludge". Brighton, U. K. 1983, 9:27～30,
62 Deans J. R. et al., Models for predicting potertially mineralizatle nitrogen and decomposition rate constants. Soil Sci. Soc. Sm. J. 1986, 50: 323～326
63 Epstein E., D. B. Keane, J. J. Meisinger, and J. O. Legg., Mineralization of Nitrogen from Sewage sludge and sludge compost. In J. Environ, Qual., 1978, 7(2): 217～221
64 Edmonds R,L., Survival of coliform bacteria in sewage sludge applied to a forest clearcut and potential movement into growndwater. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1976, 32: 53
65 Gilmour. J. T and C. M. Gilmour, A Simulation model for sludge decomposition soil. J. Environ. Qual. 1980, 9(2): 194～199
66 Gilmour. J. T., M. D. Clatk. and G. C. Sigua, Estimating net nitrogen mineralization
from carbon dioxide evolution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1985, 49: 1397～1402
67 Guang Wen et al., Evaluation of Nitrogen Avsolability in Irradiated Sewaage Sludge, Sludge compost and manure compost in J. Environ. Qual. 1995, 24: 273～281
68 Harding. S. A., Nitrogen availability and uptake from field soils five years after incorportion of sewage sludge. J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 34: 96～100
69 Hiroshi Watanabe and Masaaki Takechisa., Disinfection of sewage sludge cade by Gamairradiation In: Radiat. PHys. Chem. 1984, 24(1): 41～54
70 Holford I. C. R. et al., The high and low energy pHospHate adsorbing surface in calcareous soils. In: J. Soil Sci, 1975, 26: 407～417
71 Jenkison. D. S. Decomposition of plant material in soil. J. Soil Sci. 1977, 28: 418～433
72 Jardine. P. M., N. L. Weber, and J. F. McCarthy. Mechanisms of dissolved organic carbon adsorption on soil. Soil Sci. Soc. Sm. J. 1989, 53: 1378～1385
73 Kawakami, W., and S. Hashimoto., Enhanced composting of radiation disinfected sewage sludge. Radiat. PHys. Chen. 1981, 24: 29～40
74 Kelling, K. A, et al., A field study of the agricultural use of sewage sludge: effect on soil N and P. J. Environ. Qual. 1977a, 6(4): 339～351
75 Kladivko, E. J. and D. W. Nelson, Changes in soil properties from application of anaerobic sludge. J. Water pollut. Contral. Fed., 1979, 51: 325～332
76 lake. D. L, et al., Fractonation. Characterization and Speciation of heavy metals in sewage sludge and sludge-amended soils: A review. J. Environ. Qual. 1984, 13: 175～183
77 Lynch D. L. et al., The adsorption of carbonhydrate and related compounds on clay minerals. Soil Sci Am. Proc, 1956, 20: 6～9
78 New Mexico State University Agricultural Experiment Station., Potential fertilizer value of gamma-irradiated swage sludge on calcareous soils. New Mexixo State Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 692. New Mexico State Univ. Las Cruces. 1982.
79 Rosopulo, A., I. Fieldler, H. Staerk, and A. Suess. Experience with a pilot plant for the irradiation of sewage sludge. Analytical studies on sewage sludge and plant material. In: Proc. Of the Int. 1975: 535～551
80 Stevenson. F. J., Geochemistry of soil humic substances. In G. R. Aile(ed). Humic
substances in soil. Sediment and weter. John Wiley and Sons. New York 1985, 13～52
81 Suess. A. et al., Experience with a pilot plant for the irradiation of sewage sludge: Result on the effect of differently treated sewage sludge on plants and soil. 1975, 503～533
82 Tsutomu Ohno and Bradley S. Crannell., Green and Animal Manure-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter Effectson PHospHonus sohution. In: J. Environ. qual. 1996, 25: 137～1143
83 vysotskaya, N. A., and L. g. Shevchuk., PHysico-chemical aspects of sewage ionizing radiation treatment. Radiat. PHys. Chem. 1986a, 28: 581～584
84 Vysotskaya, N. A., and L. G. Shevchuk., PHysico-chemical aspects of sewage ionizing radiation treatment. Radiat. PHys. Chem. 1986b, 28: 581～584 Watanabe, H.,and M. Takehisa. disinfecton of sewage shudge cake by gamma-inadiation. Radiat. PHys, shem. 1984, 24: 41～45
85 Wang, M. And K. C. Jones, The chlorobenzene content of contemporary U. K. sewage sludge. ChemospHere. 1994, 28: 1201～1210
86 Wild, S. R., S. J. Harrad, and K. C. Jonse., ChompHenols in digested U. K. Sewage shudge. Wat. Res. 1993, 27: 1527～1534
87 Inbar Y., Y. Chen and Y. Hadar. Solid-state., carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and infrared Spectroscopy of composted Organic Matter. In Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1989, 53: 1695～1701
88 Yuan T. L., Adsorption of pHospHate and water extractable soil organic material by sythetic aluminum and acid soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1980, 44: 951～955
89 Zhou L. X., Characterization and fractionation of dissoluved organic matter derived from sewage sludge compost. Environ. Technol.(accepted) 2000.
90 Zhou L. X., and J. W. C Wong., Microbial biodegradation of dissolued organic matter and its control during sorption experiment. J. Environ. Qual. 2000, 29(4).