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蚯蚓处理对城市污泥肥效及重金属生物有效性的影响
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摘要
蚯蚓具有富集环境中部分重金属的特性。利用蚯蚓处理污泥,探明蚯蚓对污泥中重金属的吸收和富集情况以及对重金属形态的影响,并作盆栽实验,验证蚯蚓处理污泥的效果,为污泥农业利用提供处理途径。取得的进展主要有以下几点:
     1.处理污泥60天后,蚯蚓的总重都有增加,但是污泥中重金属含量较高的处理中蚯蚓重量增加较少。在重金属含量最高的处理中,肉眼可见部分蚯蚓体表有脓状分泌物,并有少量的死亡。蚯蚓重量增长率与污泥中Cu、Pb、Cd和Zn含量的效应方程f(蚯蚓重量增长率)=38.883-0.471Cd+0.001Cd~2-5.022Zn+0.005Zn~2+3.918Pb-0.003Pb~2-0.346Cu(其中R=0.94,f=8.97)。重金属Cu、Pb、Cd、Zn限制蚯蚓增长率的程度为:Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd。
     2.在一定的浓度范围内,蚯蚓对污泥中Cd、As、Pb和Cr有富集作用,对污泥中Cu、Zn、Mn、Fe和Mo没有富集作用。蚯蚓体内Pb、Zn和As含量与污泥中这三种金属含量的相关系数分别为0.967、0.989和0.891,相关性显著;蚯蚓体内Cd、Cr、Fe、Mo和Cu含量与污泥中这五种金属元素含量的相关性不显著。
     3.供试污泥呈酸性。处理60天后,加入重金属的污泥pH值下降,但经过蚯蚓处理的污泥pH值高于未经蚯蚓处理的污泥pH值,即蚯蚓处理能够减缓污泥pH值的下降。蚯蚓处理降低污泥中有机质、全氮的含量,增加污泥碱解氮和速效磷含量,但对污泥中全磷、全钾和速效钾含量没有明显的影响。
     4.随着污泥中重金属含量的增加,污泥中交换态Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的含量增加。不可利用态含量也随之增加。但是污泥中交换态Pb的百分含量逐渐降低,污泥中交换态Cu、Zn和Cd的百分含量却随之增加。随着处理时间的延长,污泥中交换态Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、As的含量降低,Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、As的不可利用态含量增加;污泥中交换态Cu含量增加,Cu的不可利用态含量却降低;处理时间对污泥中Cd的各种形态均没有明显影响。蚯蚓处理可以降低污泥中Cu、Cd、Zn、Pb、Cr、Mn、As的交换态含量,增加污泥中这几种金属元素不可利用态的含量。
     5.施用污泥对小白菜产量的影响与污泥中重金属含量有关,施用重金属含量过高的污泥会降低小白菜产量。施用经蚯蚓处理的污泥对小白菜产量的增加高于施用未经蚯蚓处理的污泥。施用污泥后小白菜中硝态氮含量均高于对照,施用经蚯蚓处理的污泥后小白菜中硝态氮含量低于施用未经蚯蚓处理的污泥中小白菜硝态氮的含量,即施用蚯蚓处理的污泥能降低小白菜中硝态氮含量。
     6.施用经过蚯蚓处理的污泥后小白菜中Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn的含量均低于施用未经蚯蚓处理的污泥中小白菜Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn的含量,但是小白菜中Mn含量却相反。施用污泥后,小白菜中Mn、Cu、Zn的含量均低于对照。施用重金属含量较低的污泥后,小白菜中Cr、Cd含量低于对照;施用的污泥中重金属含量较高时,小白菜中Cr、Cd的含量高于对照。小白菜中Cd含量与污泥中交换态Cd含量之间的相关系数为0.90,相关性显著;小白菜中Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr含量与污泥中交换态Mn、Zn、Cu、Cr含量的相关性不显著。由于土壤中Pb含量远低于控制值,小白菜中重金属Pb未检出。
For earthworms have the trait of accumulating heavy metals, this experiment treated sewage sludge by earthworms in order to study whether earthworms can absorb and accumulate certain heavy metals and whether they can affect the conformations of heavy metals in sewage sludge. What's more, to afford methods of using treated sewage sludge in agriculture, potted plant was studied whether it could validate the effect of sewage sludge treated by earthworms. The results are as follows:
    1. After earthworms living in sewage sludge for 60 days, the total weight of earthworms increased. But the increment of earthworms in sewage sludge with high heavy metals is little. The domino effect equation between the increase rate of earthworm weight and the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in sewage sludge is that f=38.883-0.471Cd+0.001Cd2-5.022Zn+0.005Zn2+3.918Pb-0.003Pb2-0.346Cu (R=0.94, f=8.97*) . Comparing the partial correlation coefficient of the weight increase rate of earthworms and the concentrations of Cu, Pb, Cd and Zn in sewage sludge, the results show that the minus effect of four heavy metals in sewage sludge on weight increase rate of earthworms is Pb>Cu>Zn>Cd.
    2. The earthworms could live in the sewage sludge of high contents of Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo and Fe, could absorb but not accumulate these heavy metals in sewage sludge. When the contents of Pb, As, Cr and Cd in a certain value, the earthworms could accumulate them. The correlation between the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Mn, Cr, Mo and Fe in earthworms and sewage sludge is not remarkable, while the correlation coefficients between the concentrations of Pb, Zn and As and in sewage sludge are 0.967, 0.989and 0.891 respectively, and the correlation is remarkable.
    3. The tested sewage sludge is acid. The research indicated that the earthworm treatment could increase pH value of sewage sludge relatively. The earthworm treatment could accelerate the process of decomposing the organic matter and increase the transform of total nitrogen in sewage sludge, and as time went on, the concentration of organic matter and total nitrogen decreased, while the concentration of available nitrogen and available phosphor increased. Earthworm treatment had no remarkable effect on total potassium, total phosphor and available potassium in sewage sludge. As a result, earthworm treatment can increase the fertility of sewage sludge.
    4. With the concentrations of heavy metals in sewage sludge increasing, the concentrations of all form metals increased. While the percents of exchangeable lead
    
    
    
    decreased and the percents of unavailability lead increased. The percents of exchangeable copper, zinc and cadmium increased, while the percents of unavailability copper, zinc and cadmium decreased. As time went on, the concentrations of exchangeable zinc, lead, chromium, manganese and arsenic decreased and the concentrations of unavailability zinc, lead, chromium, manganese and arsenic increased. While the concentrations of exchangeable copper increased and the concentrations of unavailability copper decreased. Time of treatment had no remarkable effect on the concentrations of different forms of copper. Earthworm treatment could decreased the concentrations of exchangeable copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium, manganese and arsenic, and increased the concentrations of unavailability copper, cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium, manganese and arsenic.
    5. The effect of sewage sludge application on the yields of cabbage is related to the concentrations of heavy metals in sewage sludge. Applying sewage sludge with high concentrations of heavy metals decreased the yields of cabbage. Applying sewage sludge treated by earthworms increased the yields of cabbage more than that applying sewage sludge untreated by earthworms. The concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen in cabbage applying sewage sludge were more than the controls. Except the concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen applying sewage sludge with highest concentrations of heavy metals were more' than the regulation, the others were less than the regula
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