湿热环境下空气流动对人体热舒适影响的实验研究
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摘要
湿热地区温高湿重，人口众多，夏季空调降温需求巨大。随着经济的发展和人民生活水平的提高，建筑空调用能将进一步增加。与之相对应的是，空气流动如自然通风和风扇吹风作为湿热地区常用的夏季降温方式，在当前的建筑设计中却很少使用，造成这种现象的原因是相关的规范指导不够，归根结底是这方面的基础研究不够。本文目标是研究湿热环境下空气流动对人体热反应的影响。
首先，在参数严格控制的人工气候室采用受试者实验的方法研究了湿热环境下个体控制的落地扇对人体感觉、热舒适和感知空气品质（PAQ）的影响。证实个体控制的空气流动可提高热舒适和PAQ温湿度接受上限至28°C，相对湿度（RH）80%和30°C，60%RH，指出美国供热制冷空调工程师协会（ASHRAE）热舒适标准的规定在26°C和28°C时适用，在30°C时应提高可允许风速限值至1.6m/s以满足舒适需求。
其次，系统实验研究了湿热环境下受试者对不同不可控吊扇吹风风速的反应。证实不可控的吊扇吹风均可在温湿度达30°C，80%RH的环境中使人体热舒适和PAQ保持在较好的水平，并显著高于无风扇吹风的情况。指出ASHRAE标准55不可控风速上限偏低，应提高至1.6m/s。指出受试者可在ASHRAE热舒适范围外的温湿度和风速下达到舒适。
而后，系统研究了动态化吊扇吹风、吹风方向及摇摆扇和固定扇对人体热反应的影响。研究发现稳态和周期变化的动态吊扇吹风对人体热反应无显著差别，但均显著优于无风扇的情况。吹风方向（正上、前上和侧上）对人体热反应无显著影响。风扇档位相同时，固定扇的效果优于摇摆扇，二者均优于无风扇情况。指出上述吹风方式均可很好地改善偏热环境中受试者的热舒适和PAQ。
最后，基于上述研究，对比研究了无风、可控气流和不可控气流环境下人体反应指标与热环境评价指标的关系，及各人体主观反应指标的关系。指出热环境评价指标PMV和SET宜作为无风环境的评价，而不宜用作评价有风的环境。全身热感觉适用于无风环境，但不适用于有风环境。指出全身热舒适投票在无风和有风环境下与各主观指标关系保持稳定，可作为通用的主观评价指标。综合以上分析提出以全身热舒适为通用指标的评价体系，指出80%可接受对应的热舒适投票均值为1（即舒适）。
本文得到的研究数据及形成结论可作为湿热地区建筑有效利用空气流动的依据。
Compressor cooling in buildings is already the main contributor to peak load in longtropical or sub-tropical summers, affecting both energy use and electrical grid safety, and thistrend is going to accelerate in the coming decades with the cooling demand growth in SouthChina, mainly due to the great population and booming economy in this area. In the face ofthe huge energy impacts that this increase is causing, one must examine alternative ways ofachieving comfort in warm-humid environments. Although air movement has been known asan effective to conserve energy while maintaining occupants’ comfort in warm-humidenvironments, only few studies have been done to address this topic. The aim of the currentstudy is to evaluate human responses to air movement in warm and humid environments.
Firstly, in a well-controlled climatic chamber, human subjects tests were conducted oncomfort with personally controlled air movment in warm-humid environment. It was foundthat comfort upper limit can be extended to28°C/80%RH and30°C/60%RH. Thecomparions with the comfort zone with occupant control over air movement that specified byAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigirating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)standard55specified show big discrepancy. Based on our results, suggestions were made onrevising the standard to extend the allowable temperature and humidity limit.
Secondly, an experimental study was conducted on subjective response to uncontrolledair movement from ceiling fans in warm-humid environments. Compare to the controlconditions without air movement, elevated air speed without occupant control were found tosignicantly increase the thermal comfort and perceived air quality (PAQ) up to30°C/80%RH,without causing discomfort due to humidity, air movement, eye-dryness and noise.Comparisons with ASHRAE standard55comfort zone without occupant control over airmovment show great discrepancy as well. It is suggested ASHRAE recommendation on airmovement should be revised to allow air speed to1.6m/s to improve comfort and save energy.
Thirdly, experimental studies were done to address the effect of constant airflow andfluctuate airflow (sine wave change with a period of240s), direction of airflow and fix fan vs.oscillating fan on subjective responses in warm environments. It was found that constantairflow and fluctuate airflow can significantly impove thermal comfort and PAQ in warm-humid environment, although the differences between the two were not significantly different.Directions of airflow were found have no signicant effect on subjective comfort. At the samefan level. fix fan performed better than oscillating fan, however both mode were able toimpove comfort signifantly compared to the control condition without air movement.
Finally, based the previous experiments, we conducted a correlation study on therelationships of subjective votes with thermal indices such as Predicted Mean Votes (PMV)and Standard Effective Temperature (SET), and the relationships among different subjectivevotes for three senarios–uniform thermal envrionments without elevated air movement, non-uniform conditions with elevated air movment with and without occupant control. PMV andSET were found to correlated with thermal sensation votes in uniform environment but notnon-uniform environment. Thermal sensation votes were found to a suitable subjective indicein uniform envrionments, but not non-uniform environment. Thermal comfort votes werefound to be the right indice to be used in all three senarios. An evaluation system was madebased thermal comfort votes.
The results found in the current study can be used to guide the building design withelevated air movement for cooling in hot and humid climate.
首先，在参数严格控制的人工气候室采用受试者实验的方法研究了湿热环境下个体控制的落地扇对人体感觉、热舒适和感知空气品质（PAQ）的影响。证实个体控制的空气流动可提高热舒适和PAQ温湿度接受上限至28°C，相对湿度（RH）80%和30°C，60%RH，指出美国供热制冷空调工程师协会（ASHRAE）热舒适标准的规定在26°C和28°C时适用，在30°C时应提高可允许风速限值至1.6m/s以满足舒适需求。
其次，系统实验研究了湿热环境下受试者对不同不可控吊扇吹风风速的反应。证实不可控的吊扇吹风均可在温湿度达30°C，80%RH的环境中使人体热舒适和PAQ保持在较好的水平，并显著高于无风扇吹风的情况。指出ASHRAE标准55不可控风速上限偏低，应提高至1.6m/s。指出受试者可在ASHRAE热舒适范围外的温湿度和风速下达到舒适。
而后，系统研究了动态化吊扇吹风、吹风方向及摇摆扇和固定扇对人体热反应的影响。研究发现稳态和周期变化的动态吊扇吹风对人体热反应无显著差别，但均显著优于无风扇的情况。吹风方向（正上、前上和侧上）对人体热反应无显著影响。风扇档位相同时，固定扇的效果优于摇摆扇，二者均优于无风扇情况。指出上述吹风方式均可很好地改善偏热环境中受试者的热舒适和PAQ。
最后，基于上述研究，对比研究了无风、可控气流和不可控气流环境下人体反应指标与热环境评价指标的关系，及各人体主观反应指标的关系。指出热环境评价指标PMV和SET宜作为无风环境的评价，而不宜用作评价有风的环境。全身热感觉适用于无风环境，但不适用于有风环境。指出全身热舒适投票在无风和有风环境下与各主观指标关系保持稳定，可作为通用的主观评价指标。综合以上分析提出以全身热舒适为通用指标的评价体系，指出80%可接受对应的热舒适投票均值为1（即舒适）。
本文得到的研究数据及形成结论可作为湿热地区建筑有效利用空气流动的依据。
Compressor cooling in buildings is already the main contributor to peak load in longtropical or sub-tropical summers, affecting both energy use and electrical grid safety, and thistrend is going to accelerate in the coming decades with the cooling demand growth in SouthChina, mainly due to the great population and booming economy in this area. In the face ofthe huge energy impacts that this increase is causing, one must examine alternative ways ofachieving comfort in warm-humid environments. Although air movement has been known asan effective to conserve energy while maintaining occupants’ comfort in warm-humidenvironments, only few studies have been done to address this topic. The aim of the currentstudy is to evaluate human responses to air movement in warm and humid environments.
Firstly, in a well-controlled climatic chamber, human subjects tests were conducted oncomfort with personally controlled air movment in warm-humid environment. It was foundthat comfort upper limit can be extended to28°C/80%RH and30°C/60%RH. Thecomparions with the comfort zone with occupant control over air movement that specified byAmerican Society of Heating, Refrigirating and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)standard55specified show big discrepancy. Based on our results, suggestions were made onrevising the standard to extend the allowable temperature and humidity limit.
Secondly, an experimental study was conducted on subjective response to uncontrolledair movement from ceiling fans in warm-humid environments. Compare to the controlconditions without air movement, elevated air speed without occupant control were found tosignicantly increase the thermal comfort and perceived air quality (PAQ) up to30°C/80%RH,without causing discomfort due to humidity, air movement, eye-dryness and noise.Comparisons with ASHRAE standard55comfort zone without occupant control over airmovment show great discrepancy as well. It is suggested ASHRAE recommendation on airmovement should be revised to allow air speed to1.6m/s to improve comfort and save energy.
Thirdly, experimental studies were done to address the effect of constant airflow andfluctuate airflow (sine wave change with a period of240s), direction of airflow and fix fan vs.oscillating fan on subjective responses in warm environments. It was found that constantairflow and fluctuate airflow can significantly impove thermal comfort and PAQ in warm-humid environment, although the differences between the two were not significantly different.Directions of airflow were found have no signicant effect on subjective comfort. At the samefan level. fix fan performed better than oscillating fan, however both mode were able toimpove comfort signifantly compared to the control condition without air movement.
Finally, based the previous experiments, we conducted a correlation study on therelationships of subjective votes with thermal indices such as Predicted Mean Votes (PMV)and Standard Effective Temperature (SET), and the relationships among different subjectivevotes for three senarios–uniform thermal envrionments without elevated air movement, non-uniform conditions with elevated air movment with and without occupant control. PMV andSET were found to correlated with thermal sensation votes in uniform environment but notnon-uniform environment. Thermal sensation votes were found to a suitable subjective indicein uniform envrionments, but not non-uniform environment. Thermal comfort votes werefound to be the right indice to be used in all three senarios. An evaluation system was madebased thermal comfort votes.
The results found in the current study can be used to guide the building design withelevated air movement for cooling in hot and humid climate.
引文
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