广州地区住宅通风技术研究
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摘要
通风有助于减少建筑能耗，改善室内热舒适和室内空气品质。近年来对住宅建筑门窗的气密性要求提高，很难依靠门窗渗透实现室内卫生通风，住宅建筑面临空调使用时需要解决卫生通风的问题。另一方面，在室外温度适合开窗自然通风降温时，受建筑布局影响，部分房间通风量难以保证，无法实现降温的目的，在室外大风、降雨、空气和噪声污染时，甚至无法开窗利用自然通风进行降温，住宅建筑面临强化舒适通风减少空调运行时间的问题。为使住宅能高效地实现卫生通风和舒适通风达到节能和改善室内空气品质的目的，本文对广州地区的住宅通风技术及其节能效果进行了研究，主要完成了以下几项工作：
首先，基于通风降温，建立了可用于住宅通风设计的最佳通风换气次数预测方法。通过对广州近年来的住宅设计作广泛调研，获得卧室基本设计参数，建立典型卧室几何模型。使用正交试验法确定模拟工况，通过DeST-h软件模拟分析卧室基本设计参数和换气次数对卧室冷负荷的影响，并通过多元线性回归建立了卧室冷负荷的预测模型，引入卧室最佳通风换气次数的概念用于住宅通风设计并给出其计算公式。广州地区10~21m~2的双人卧室，当通风节能变化率下限取10%/次和5%/次时，最佳换气次数分别为11.95~13次/h，21.95~23次/h，通风节能率分别为18~30%，35~55%。
其次，基于舒适、节能、室内空气品质的要求，从系统设计、硬件实现及控制策略等方面，研制了空调机和通风机联动控制的住宅通风空调系统，通过实验验证了系统按照控制策略及设定参数运行，室内温度和相对湿度均能保持在设定范围内，系统运行稳定可靠。并对通风空调系统、空调和自然通风三种工况下的室内热环境和耗电量进行了实验研究，当通风空调系统和空调房间室内热环境接近时，与空调相比，通风空调系统夜间开启室内上限温度为27~29℃时，测试期间每天节能率为20.93~61%。
第三，借助DeST-h软件计算变通风条件下住宅室内温度及冷负荷的功能，利用其计算结果，判断通风运行时段，并编写风机耗电计算模块完善住宅建筑通风空调系统耗电量综合评价方法，定量评价了某实际房间通风空调系统全年的节能效果，给出了系统回收期，系统夜间开启室内温度设定范围为26~29℃时，通风节能率为54.51%。
最后，采用PHOENICS研究了通风空调系统各设备不同布局下的室内热环境，给出合理布局的应用建议，为通风空调系统的应用提供参考。
Ventilation is an excellent strategy for passive cooling, improving the indoor thermalcomfort and air quality. The indoor air quality of residential building is poor because of no airchange rate in the air conditioning room, and it is impossible by the infiltration of buildingenvelop because of high energy saving requirement. Natural ventilation could be achieved byopening windows or doors, and its performance is depended on outdoor climate, as well asplan and construction of buildings. Outdoor air and noise pollution will have an impact on theindoor environment by natural ventilation. Therefore, the performance of natural ventilation isalways varied and out of control and cooling potential of outdoor climate might not be fullyutilized through naturally ventilation, furthermore indoor air quality will not be improved.Taking into account of these questions, the ventilation technology of residential building inGuangzhou has been studied in this paper, and main contributions of the research work are asfollows:
First, the predictive equation of the optimal ventilation rate for cooling was achieved,that can be generally applied to residential buildings in Guangzhou. The design features ofbedrooms were investigated in typical Guangzhou residential areas, based on which a typicalmodel was built. The impacts of three factors and ventilation rate on cooling load wereanalyzed by orthogonal method and thermal simulations. Prediction models of annual coolingloads were obtained for bedrooms by multiple regression, which were tested to be statisticallyvalid. Finally, the predictive equation of optimal ventilation rate for cooling was achieved.For typical bedroom area10-21m~2, as low limit of change rate of ventilation contribution oncooling was5%, the optimal ventilation rates ranged from21.95to23h-1with energy savingrate of ventilation18-30%, and from11.95to13h-1with energy saving rate of ventilation35-55%as was low limit of10%.
Second, the ventilation and air conditioning system integrated the air conditioning andmechanical ventilation was studied and achieved, including the system design, hardwareimplementation, control strategy and controller implementation, which contributed to energysaving, improving the indoor thermal comfort and air quality. The operating and noise of thesystem were tested through the experiment. The system was running in strictly accordancewith the control strategy and the parameters, and indoor temperature and relative humiditywere kept within the set range. The system was stable and reliable. The experiment wascarried out to study the energy saving effect and indoor thermal environment of the buildingwith ventilation and air conditioning system, air conditioning and natural ventilation. During the measurement, as indoor thermal environment of ventilation and air conditioning systemwas close to air conditioning, and compared to the air conditioning, the energy saving rate ofventilation and air conditioning system with indoor maximum air temperature27-29℃canreach20.93-61%per day during the night.
Third, based on the indoor air temperature and cooling load calculated by DeST-h, theventilation period for cooling was achieved, and the fan electricity calculation software wasdeveloped to improve the comprehensive evaluation method of ventilation and airconditioning system energy consumption. Then the annual energy saving effect of ventilationand air conditioning system was quantitatively evaluated, that was54.51%when the indoorair temperature was26-29℃.
Finally, indoor thermal environment of the ventilation and air conditioning system underdifferent equipment layouts was analyzed by the CFD software and reasonable layoutsuggestion was given, which will contribute to the application of ventilation control system inresidential building.
首先，基于通风降温，建立了可用于住宅通风设计的最佳通风换气次数预测方法。通过对广州近年来的住宅设计作广泛调研，获得卧室基本设计参数，建立典型卧室几何模型。使用正交试验法确定模拟工况，通过DeST-h软件模拟分析卧室基本设计参数和换气次数对卧室冷负荷的影响，并通过多元线性回归建立了卧室冷负荷的预测模型，引入卧室最佳通风换气次数的概念用于住宅通风设计并给出其计算公式。广州地区10~21m~2的双人卧室，当通风节能变化率下限取10%/次和5%/次时，最佳换气次数分别为11.95~13次/h，21.95~23次/h，通风节能率分别为18~30%，35~55%。
其次，基于舒适、节能、室内空气品质的要求，从系统设计、硬件实现及控制策略等方面，研制了空调机和通风机联动控制的住宅通风空调系统，通过实验验证了系统按照控制策略及设定参数运行，室内温度和相对湿度均能保持在设定范围内，系统运行稳定可靠。并对通风空调系统、空调和自然通风三种工况下的室内热环境和耗电量进行了实验研究，当通风空调系统和空调房间室内热环境接近时，与空调相比，通风空调系统夜间开启室内上限温度为27~29℃时，测试期间每天节能率为20.93~61%。
第三，借助DeST-h软件计算变通风条件下住宅室内温度及冷负荷的功能，利用其计算结果，判断通风运行时段，并编写风机耗电计算模块完善住宅建筑通风空调系统耗电量综合评价方法，定量评价了某实际房间通风空调系统全年的节能效果，给出了系统回收期，系统夜间开启室内温度设定范围为26~29℃时，通风节能率为54.51%。
最后，采用PHOENICS研究了通风空调系统各设备不同布局下的室内热环境，给出合理布局的应用建议，为通风空调系统的应用提供参考。
Ventilation is an excellent strategy for passive cooling, improving the indoor thermalcomfort and air quality. The indoor air quality of residential building is poor because of no airchange rate in the air conditioning room, and it is impossible by the infiltration of buildingenvelop because of high energy saving requirement. Natural ventilation could be achieved byopening windows or doors, and its performance is depended on outdoor climate, as well asplan and construction of buildings. Outdoor air and noise pollution will have an impact on theindoor environment by natural ventilation. Therefore, the performance of natural ventilation isalways varied and out of control and cooling potential of outdoor climate might not be fullyutilized through naturally ventilation, furthermore indoor air quality will not be improved.Taking into account of these questions, the ventilation technology of residential building inGuangzhou has been studied in this paper, and main contributions of the research work are asfollows:
First, the predictive equation of the optimal ventilation rate for cooling was achieved,that can be generally applied to residential buildings in Guangzhou. The design features ofbedrooms were investigated in typical Guangzhou residential areas, based on which a typicalmodel was built. The impacts of three factors and ventilation rate on cooling load wereanalyzed by orthogonal method and thermal simulations. Prediction models of annual coolingloads were obtained for bedrooms by multiple regression, which were tested to be statisticallyvalid. Finally, the predictive equation of optimal ventilation rate for cooling was achieved.For typical bedroom area10-21m~2, as low limit of change rate of ventilation contribution oncooling was5%, the optimal ventilation rates ranged from21.95to23h-1with energy savingrate of ventilation18-30%, and from11.95to13h-1with energy saving rate of ventilation35-55%as was low limit of10%.
Second, the ventilation and air conditioning system integrated the air conditioning andmechanical ventilation was studied and achieved, including the system design, hardwareimplementation, control strategy and controller implementation, which contributed to energysaving, improving the indoor thermal comfort and air quality. The operating and noise of thesystem were tested through the experiment. The system was running in strictly accordancewith the control strategy and the parameters, and indoor temperature and relative humiditywere kept within the set range. The system was stable and reliable. The experiment wascarried out to study the energy saving effect and indoor thermal environment of the buildingwith ventilation and air conditioning system, air conditioning and natural ventilation. During the measurement, as indoor thermal environment of ventilation and air conditioning systemwas close to air conditioning, and compared to the air conditioning, the energy saving rate ofventilation and air conditioning system with indoor maximum air temperature27-29℃canreach20.93-61%per day during the night.
Third, based on the indoor air temperature and cooling load calculated by DeST-h, theventilation period for cooling was achieved, and the fan electricity calculation software wasdeveloped to improve the comprehensive evaluation method of ventilation and airconditioning system energy consumption. Then the annual energy saving effect of ventilationand air conditioning system was quantitatively evaluated, that was54.51%when the indoorair temperature was26-29℃.
Finally, indoor thermal environment of the ventilation and air conditioning system underdifferent equipment layouts was analyzed by the CFD software and reasonable layoutsuggestion was given, which will contribute to the application of ventilation control system inresidential building.
引文
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