澳大利亚昆士兰州北部Ernest Henry铁氧化物型铜金（IOCG）矿床物理化学特征及磁铁矿微量元素地球化学特征—对全球IOCG矿床成因的启示
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摘要
本次工作的目的是通过研究Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中一些特定矿物的微量元素地球化学特征和矿床的物理化学特征去认识ErnestHenry IOCG矿床的成矿条件和形成过程。在研究过程中,扫描电子显微镜耦合阴极发光(SEM-CL)被用来调查Ernest Henry矿床中不同地质环境中的石英的显微特征；激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LAICP-MS)被用于分析Ernest Henry及其周边弱矿化含铁岩石中的磁铁矿及相关的硫化物,在研究过程中,我们还用电子探针(EMPA)对矿床中的磁铁矿和硫化物进行面扫描分析,除此之外,我们还用电子探针耦合阴极发光(EMPA-XCL)去调查Ernest Henry矿床中矿体中和矿体周边的角砾岩中的钾长石。
Ernest Henry是一个典型的IOCG矿床,在澳大利亚仅次于Olympic Dam,同时也是澳大利亚的第三大铜生产基地。物理化学成分特征对于认识Ernest Henry IOCG矿床是十分重要的。本论文中,在着手研究之前,我们对全球IOCG矿床的特征和发展以及在本项目中所讨论的矿物的发展做了一个详细的概述和总结。
对于Ernest Henry矿床中矿体主要赋存于由多成分,像角砾,基质和充填物组成的变火山岩的角砾岩系统中。在Ernest Henry矿床中存在着两种类型的角砾岩,而且在角砾岩特征和矿石品位之间存在着一个明显的相关性。Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中的Cu-Au矿化与角砾岩密切相关,在成矿过程包括有多期次的热液活动,至少牵涉到了两种不同的成矿流体(岩浆流体和盆地流体)。早期的Na-Ca蚀变在整个Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier区域广泛存在,在Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中尤为重要,它被后期的K-Mn-Fe-(Ba)蚀变和Cu-Au矿化所叠加。石英的微量元素特征和阴极发光特征以及钾长石的阴极面扫描也显示了成矿成分和成矿过程的复杂性,在来自矿体浅部的钾长石中,Na的含量相对较高,而钾长石中的Ba是通过晚期的的碳酸盐带进的。磁铁矿和黄铁矿的微量元素地球化学特征可被用于区分矿体和区域无矿化或弱矿化的含矿岩石。此次研究中还涉及到了钻孔中金属的分布。在第五章的结尾,我们对Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中金属的来源,成矿流体来源,成矿的物理化学条件(如温度,压力和其它控制Ernest Henry矿床形成的因素)进行了讨论并建立了可能的成矿模型。
磁铁矿中微量元素含量在用磁铁矿作为指示标志进行矿床勘探时十分有用,我们用EMPA和LA ICP-MS去分析了调查了来自Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier和Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中的磁铁矿的微量元素的分布和组成。电子探针面扫描表明磁铁矿中元素分布不具有环带性。高Mn/Ti比可用于区分Ernest Henry与Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier其它IOCG矿床中的磁铁矿和其它的无矿化的富磁铁矿的角砾岩体。磁铁矿中微量元素的变化很大,在横穿矿床的样品中可达到2-3个数量级,甚至在一个在颗粒之间也有很大的变化。在所有分析了的48个样品中磁铁矿中的微量元素含量具有很大的变化,岩相学研究表明磁铁矿可以被划归到不同的成矿期次中,或者是相同成矿期次中含多个样品,但是这种现象被不同的后期沉淀过程所破坏。磁铁矿中微量元素的变化与矿床的的位置,成矿阶段,岩石类型和矿石品级之间都没有什么关系,但是它被一些局产的因素所控制,如结晶程度,变形程度,重新沉淀中氧化成为赤铁矿以及与之接触的硫化物的多少和磁铁故的来源,或是充填的或者交代围岩的。
所有的这些控制因素都反映了磁铁矿中的微量元素受多种因素综合控制,这些因素主要由流体成分,温度,氧化状态和水岩反应。来自IOCG矿床中不同地质背景的的磁铁矿具有明显的微量元素指示特征,虽然我们也知道有很多因素控制磁铁矿中的微量元素,但是我们又真不知道到底是什么样的因素或者过程影响磁铁矿中的微量元素。
除此之外,我们还建立和完善了一套使用LA ICP-MS去分析矿物(在这里主要是磁铁矿和硫化物)中的微量元素和稀土元素的方法。
The aims of this work are to investigate the formation of Ernest Henry IOCG and to understand the ore-forming process of Ernest Henry IOCG deposit by using trace element geochemistry of specific mineral and study on the physical and chemical characteristics of Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. SEM-CL is employed to investigate the characteristics of Quartz from a wide range of geological setting in Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. LA ICP-MS are used to determine the trace element concentration of both magnetite and related sulfides from Ernest Henry deposit and barren ironstone from regional area. Elemental mapping analysis on magnetite and sulfides were carried on the electron microprobe.electron microprobe coupled with a XCL were applied to investigate the trace element distribution in K-feldspar from the variety breccias within and around the Ernest Henry orebody.
Ernest Henry, the second largest IOCG deposit after Olympic Dam and Third largest Cu producer in Australia, is a typical IOCG deposit. The physical and chemical characteristic is important components to recognize this deposit. Before the study, an extremely detailed review of the development of global IOCG and minerals discussed in this work were summarized in Chapter Ⅱ and Chapter Ⅲ. Ore body at Ernest Henry is hosted by meta-volcanic rocks which comprise a multiple-components such as clasts, matrix and infill and lies in a very large brecciated system. Two types of breccias are identified at Ernest Henry deposit. There is a clear relationship between grade and breccia characteristic. The Cu-Au mineralization at Ernest Henry IOCG is intimately associated with the brecciation and consists of multiple hydrothermal activities and involved in at least two different ore-forming fluids (magmatic fluids and basinal fluids) in the formation of Ernest Henry orebody. Earlier Na-Ca alteration are perversely spread in the Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier, especially play an vital roles at Ernest Henry, which are overprinted by the later K-Mn-Fe-(Ba) alteration and Cu-Au mineralization.Quartz trace element and cathodoluminescence characteristics and feldspar cathodoluminescence also showing a very complex ore-forming components and process, for examples, in K-feldspar from the shallow part of the orebody, socid alteration are very strong, and the barium are more intensity with the latest carbonate flooding race element distribution in magnetite and pyrite are useful tool to distinguish the mineralized orebody from the regional unmineralized or barren mineralized ironstone at Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. The metal distribution along the downhole depth is studies as well in this study. At the end of chapter V, the source of metal, the source of ore-forming fluids, the temperature,pressure and other chemical-physical control on the ore-forming process of Ernest Henry IOCG deposit are discussed, and a potential ore forming models are presented.
Trace element concentration and distribution of magnetite plays a vital role in mineral exploration using minerals as an indicator. We use EMPA and LA ICP-MS to mapping and analysis the trace element of magnetite from Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier, especially concentrated on the magnetite from Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. Electron microprobe trace element mapping analysis indicates that magnetite is not zoned with respect to trace element distribution. High Mn/Ti ratios can be used to distinguish Ernest Henry and other regional Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier IOCGs from unmineralized magnetite-rich breccia bodies in the region. Magnetite compositions vary widely across the deposit and most trace elements vary over two to three orders of magnitude among samples or even among grains within a single sample. In all48samples where large variations in magnetite trace element concentration exist among grains, petrography shows that the magnetite can be distinguished an may belong to a different paragenetic stage or multiple grains of the same paragenetic stage may have been affected by different post-precipitation processes. The trace element variations are not associated with location within the deposit, paragenesis, rock types and ore grade, but are controlled by many local factors such as the degree of crystallization; the degree of deformation; post-precipitation oxidation to hematite; the abundance of associated sulphides; the origin of the magnetite as infill or replacement of wall rock. The control factor of trace element in magnetite likely reflects a complex combination of fluid composition, temperature, redox conditions, and fluid rock interaction. Magnetite in IOCGs from different geological setting have markedly different trace element signatures.we really do not know what kind of factor have a impact on the trace element of magnetite although we know many factors.
In addition, a set of procedure of analyzing the trace element and rare earth element in minerals (in this section, mainly focused on the magnetite and sulfides) have been made better.
Ernest Henry是一个典型的IOCG矿床,在澳大利亚仅次于Olympic Dam,同时也是澳大利亚的第三大铜生产基地。物理化学成分特征对于认识Ernest Henry IOCG矿床是十分重要的。本论文中,在着手研究之前,我们对全球IOCG矿床的特征和发展以及在本项目中所讨论的矿物的发展做了一个详细的概述和总结。
对于Ernest Henry矿床中矿体主要赋存于由多成分,像角砾,基质和充填物组成的变火山岩的角砾岩系统中。在Ernest Henry矿床中存在着两种类型的角砾岩,而且在角砾岩特征和矿石品位之间存在着一个明显的相关性。Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中的Cu-Au矿化与角砾岩密切相关,在成矿过程包括有多期次的热液活动,至少牵涉到了两种不同的成矿流体(岩浆流体和盆地流体)。早期的Na-Ca蚀变在整个Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier区域广泛存在,在Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中尤为重要,它被后期的K-Mn-Fe-(Ba)蚀变和Cu-Au矿化所叠加。石英的微量元素特征和阴极发光特征以及钾长石的阴极面扫描也显示了成矿成分和成矿过程的复杂性,在来自矿体浅部的钾长石中,Na的含量相对较高,而钾长石中的Ba是通过晚期的的碳酸盐带进的。磁铁矿和黄铁矿的微量元素地球化学特征可被用于区分矿体和区域无矿化或弱矿化的含矿岩石。此次研究中还涉及到了钻孔中金属的分布。在第五章的结尾,我们对Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中金属的来源,成矿流体来源,成矿的物理化学条件(如温度,压力和其它控制Ernest Henry矿床形成的因素)进行了讨论并建立了可能的成矿模型。
磁铁矿中微量元素含量在用磁铁矿作为指示标志进行矿床勘探时十分有用,我们用EMPA和LA ICP-MS去分析了调查了来自Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier和Ernest Henry IOCG矿床中的磁铁矿的微量元素的分布和组成。电子探针面扫描表明磁铁矿中元素分布不具有环带性。高Mn/Ti比可用于区分Ernest Henry与Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier其它IOCG矿床中的磁铁矿和其它的无矿化的富磁铁矿的角砾岩体。磁铁矿中微量元素的变化很大,在横穿矿床的样品中可达到2-3个数量级,甚至在一个在颗粒之间也有很大的变化。在所有分析了的48个样品中磁铁矿中的微量元素含量具有很大的变化,岩相学研究表明磁铁矿可以被划归到不同的成矿期次中,或者是相同成矿期次中含多个样品,但是这种现象被不同的后期沉淀过程所破坏。磁铁矿中微量元素的变化与矿床的的位置,成矿阶段,岩石类型和矿石品级之间都没有什么关系,但是它被一些局产的因素所控制,如结晶程度,变形程度,重新沉淀中氧化成为赤铁矿以及与之接触的硫化物的多少和磁铁故的来源,或是充填的或者交代围岩的。
所有的这些控制因素都反映了磁铁矿中的微量元素受多种因素综合控制,这些因素主要由流体成分,温度,氧化状态和水岩反应。来自IOCG矿床中不同地质背景的的磁铁矿具有明显的微量元素指示特征,虽然我们也知道有很多因素控制磁铁矿中的微量元素,但是我们又真不知道到底是什么样的因素或者过程影响磁铁矿中的微量元素。
除此之外,我们还建立和完善了一套使用LA ICP-MS去分析矿物(在这里主要是磁铁矿和硫化物)中的微量元素和稀土元素的方法。
The aims of this work are to investigate the formation of Ernest Henry IOCG and to understand the ore-forming process of Ernest Henry IOCG deposit by using trace element geochemistry of specific mineral and study on the physical and chemical characteristics of Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. SEM-CL is employed to investigate the characteristics of Quartz from a wide range of geological setting in Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. LA ICP-MS are used to determine the trace element concentration of both magnetite and related sulfides from Ernest Henry deposit and barren ironstone from regional area. Elemental mapping analysis on magnetite and sulfides were carried on the electron microprobe.electron microprobe coupled with a XCL were applied to investigate the trace element distribution in K-feldspar from the variety breccias within and around the Ernest Henry orebody.
Ernest Henry, the second largest IOCG deposit after Olympic Dam and Third largest Cu producer in Australia, is a typical IOCG deposit. The physical and chemical characteristic is important components to recognize this deposit. Before the study, an extremely detailed review of the development of global IOCG and minerals discussed in this work were summarized in Chapter Ⅱ and Chapter Ⅲ. Ore body at Ernest Henry is hosted by meta-volcanic rocks which comprise a multiple-components such as clasts, matrix and infill and lies in a very large brecciated system. Two types of breccias are identified at Ernest Henry deposit. There is a clear relationship between grade and breccia characteristic. The Cu-Au mineralization at Ernest Henry IOCG is intimately associated with the brecciation and consists of multiple hydrothermal activities and involved in at least two different ore-forming fluids (magmatic fluids and basinal fluids) in the formation of Ernest Henry orebody. Earlier Na-Ca alteration are perversely spread in the Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier, especially play an vital roles at Ernest Henry, which are overprinted by the later K-Mn-Fe-(Ba) alteration and Cu-Au mineralization.Quartz trace element and cathodoluminescence characteristics and feldspar cathodoluminescence also showing a very complex ore-forming components and process, for examples, in K-feldspar from the shallow part of the orebody, socid alteration are very strong, and the barium are more intensity with the latest carbonate flooding race element distribution in magnetite and pyrite are useful tool to distinguish the mineralized orebody from the regional unmineralized or barren mineralized ironstone at Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. The metal distribution along the downhole depth is studies as well in this study. At the end of chapter V, the source of metal, the source of ore-forming fluids, the temperature,pressure and other chemical-physical control on the ore-forming process of Ernest Henry IOCG deposit are discussed, and a potential ore forming models are presented.
Trace element concentration and distribution of magnetite plays a vital role in mineral exploration using minerals as an indicator. We use EMPA and LA ICP-MS to mapping and analysis the trace element of magnetite from Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier, especially concentrated on the magnetite from Ernest Henry IOCG deposit. Electron microprobe trace element mapping analysis indicates that magnetite is not zoned with respect to trace element distribution. High Mn/Ti ratios can be used to distinguish Ernest Henry and other regional Eastern Succession of Mount Isa Inlier IOCGs from unmineralized magnetite-rich breccia bodies in the region. Magnetite compositions vary widely across the deposit and most trace elements vary over two to three orders of magnitude among samples or even among grains within a single sample. In all48samples where large variations in magnetite trace element concentration exist among grains, petrography shows that the magnetite can be distinguished an may belong to a different paragenetic stage or multiple grains of the same paragenetic stage may have been affected by different post-precipitation processes. The trace element variations are not associated with location within the deposit, paragenesis, rock types and ore grade, but are controlled by many local factors such as the degree of crystallization; the degree of deformation; post-precipitation oxidation to hematite; the abundance of associated sulphides; the origin of the magnetite as infill or replacement of wall rock. The control factor of trace element in magnetite likely reflects a complex combination of fluid composition, temperature, redox conditions, and fluid rock interaction. Magnetite in IOCGs from different geological setting have markedly different trace element signatures.we really do not know what kind of factor have a impact on the trace element of magnetite although we know many factors.
In addition, a set of procedure of analyzing the trace element and rare earth element in minerals (in this section, mainly focused on the magnetite and sulfides) have been made better.
引文
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