综合地球物理考古方法的应用可行性研究
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摘要
出于文物保护的需要,田野考古调查需要无损的探测技术。因此不会给地下文物带来损害的地球物理考古是考古调查发展的一个必然方向。地下考古遗存常常和周围介质存在物性差异,这就为应用地球物理方法进行考古奠定了物性基础。如夯土经过夯筑,其密度、介电常数、电导率以及磁导率等就会和周围的介质产生差异。根据考古遗存和周围介质在电性、磁性、地震波阻抗、放射性元素含量等方面的差异,就可以进行多种地球物理方法的探测,如探地雷达、高密度电法、磁法、地震勘探、放射性勘探等。每种地球物理方法,不仅有各自的优缺点,且只对某一两个物性差异比较敏感,一般具有多解性,还常常会受到近地表干扰。因此应用单种地球物理方法进行考古,虽能反映地下考古遗存信息,但其考古解译的准确性令人怀疑。综合地球物理考古则可以提供多方面的信息,综合发挥各种方法的优点,从而增强地球物理考古解译的准确性和可靠性。
地球物理考古理论研究的最终目的是将地球物理技术成功应用于实际的考古调查中,完成考古任务。故本文在进行综合地球物理考古方法的应用可行性研究时采用理论结合实际的思路,先进行单方法考古的理论研究,而后应用到实际考古中,并进行综合地球物理考古的实际应用研究。
针对在实际考古调查中遇到的几种考古目标,展开了相应的地球物理正演模拟,并结合实际探测数据综合研究,以提取夯土层(腾冲南诏古城)、石刻(西安唐陵)、地下古墓(腾冲南诏古城)的探地雷达响应特征；获得了古城墙(模拟良渚东城墙)、古河道(良渚古城遗址)的高密度电法响应特征,从而指导实际的考古探测。
许多考古遗址常位于城市或城市边缘,如良渚古城遗址,在这些遗址进行探地雷达考古时就会受到现代人工产品(如高压线、铁丝网、建筑等)的干扰。本文利用有限差分和射线理论,进行了地面以上物体的反射干扰的正演模拟和系统理论分析,提取了干扰特征,为干扰的有效识别和压制提供了基础。
地下考古目标是三维的,因此有必要进行三维地球物理考古研究。本文进行了三维探地雷达和三维高密度电法的实际应用研究。研究结果表明,与二维探测相比,结合有效的三维显示软件,三维探测能提供更为丰富的信息,其考古解译的成果也更为准确和可信。
本文首次应用综合地球物理方法开展了良渚古城外古水系分布情况的调查,还进行了文化层堆积的有效探测。在良渚古城遗址的东城墙遗址,还进行了多道面波分析实际探测研究,这在国内外尚属首次。
在不同遗址的实际应用成果表明,论文的理论研究成果具有实用价值,能在实际的考古调查中起到作用。
Field archaeological investigation required nondestructive detection technology for cultural relic safeguard. Most geophysical methods do not give damaging of underground cultural relics, so it is an inevitable need with the development of archaeological survey. The physical properties of underground archaeological remains are often different with the surrounding. medium, which laid a physical basis for the application of geophysical methods to archaeological survey, Such as rammed earth because after ram fighting, density, dielectric constant and conductivity may be different from the surrounding medium.A variety of geophysical methods, such as ground penetrating radar, resistivity tomography,magnetic,seismic, radioactive and so on could be used as the difference between the archaeological remains and the surrounding media in the electric, magnetic, seismic impedance, the difference in content of radioactive elements.However, a single species of geophysical methods have its advantages and disadvantages, only sensitive to one or two physical properties,which often has multiple solutions and subject to interference.Although a single method may reflect the information of the underground archaeological remains, it is questionable on the accuracy of the archaeological interpretation by it.Hence it is need to do comprehensive geophysical archaeological research.
The ultimate goal of the theory study of geophysical archaeologic is successfully applied in archaeological investigations and completion of the archaeological mission. So this paper did the single archaeological geophysics study first and then applied in practice.At the same time did a comprehensive exploration study of the application.
Encountered for several archaeological archaeological targets, expand the geophysical forward modeling combined with the actual detection data, to extract the GPR response characteristics of rammed layer (Tengchong Nanzhao city-site), stone(Xi an Tang Ling site), underground tomb (Tengchong Nanzhao city-site); and the resistivity tomography response characteristics of ancient city wall (analog Liangzhu east wall), the ancient river (Liangzhu ancient city-site) in order to guide the actual archaeological exploration.
Since many archaeological sites are often located in urban or urban fringe, archaeological survey by GPR would be interfered by modern products,such as power lines, barbed wire, construction, etc. This paper did the forward simulation and system theoretical analysis by finite difference and ray theory to extracte the reflection interference feature of objects above ground. It provides a basis for effective identification and suppression interference.
As underground archaeological goal is three-dimensional, it is necessary to carry out three-dimensional geophysical archaeologic research. This paper did the display and practical application study of three-dimensional ground penetrating radar and three-dimensional resistivity tomography. The results show that compared with the two-dimensional detection, three-dimensional detection combined with an effective three-dimensional display software, can provide richer information, and more accurate and credible archaeological interpretation.
This is the first application of comprehensive geophysical methods at Liangzhu ancient city-site to survey the ancient water system outside and inside the ancient city. The effective detection of the accumulation of cultural layer was made by comprehensive geophysical methods. This pape also did the actual detection study of the east City Wall Ruins in Liangzhu ancient city-site by multichannel analysis of surface waves method,which is the first time at home and abroad.
Practical application in different sites showed that the theoretical research of this paper has practical value, which can be applied to actual archaeological investigation.
地球物理考古理论研究的最终目的是将地球物理技术成功应用于实际的考古调查中,完成考古任务。故本文在进行综合地球物理考古方法的应用可行性研究时采用理论结合实际的思路,先进行单方法考古的理论研究,而后应用到实际考古中,并进行综合地球物理考古的实际应用研究。
针对在实际考古调查中遇到的几种考古目标,展开了相应的地球物理正演模拟,并结合实际探测数据综合研究,以提取夯土层(腾冲南诏古城)、石刻(西安唐陵)、地下古墓(腾冲南诏古城)的探地雷达响应特征；获得了古城墙(模拟良渚东城墙)、古河道(良渚古城遗址)的高密度电法响应特征,从而指导实际的考古探测。
许多考古遗址常位于城市或城市边缘,如良渚古城遗址,在这些遗址进行探地雷达考古时就会受到现代人工产品(如高压线、铁丝网、建筑等)的干扰。本文利用有限差分和射线理论,进行了地面以上物体的反射干扰的正演模拟和系统理论分析,提取了干扰特征,为干扰的有效识别和压制提供了基础。
地下考古目标是三维的,因此有必要进行三维地球物理考古研究。本文进行了三维探地雷达和三维高密度电法的实际应用研究。研究结果表明,与二维探测相比,结合有效的三维显示软件,三维探测能提供更为丰富的信息,其考古解译的成果也更为准确和可信。
本文首次应用综合地球物理方法开展了良渚古城外古水系分布情况的调查,还进行了文化层堆积的有效探测。在良渚古城遗址的东城墙遗址,还进行了多道面波分析实际探测研究,这在国内外尚属首次。
在不同遗址的实际应用成果表明,论文的理论研究成果具有实用价值,能在实际的考古调查中起到作用。
Field archaeological investigation required nondestructive detection technology for cultural relic safeguard. Most geophysical methods do not give damaging of underground cultural relics, so it is an inevitable need with the development of archaeological survey. The physical properties of underground archaeological remains are often different with the surrounding. medium, which laid a physical basis for the application of geophysical methods to archaeological survey, Such as rammed earth because after ram fighting, density, dielectric constant and conductivity may be different from the surrounding medium.A variety of geophysical methods, such as ground penetrating radar, resistivity tomography,magnetic,seismic, radioactive and so on could be used as the difference between the archaeological remains and the surrounding media in the electric, magnetic, seismic impedance, the difference in content of radioactive elements.However, a single species of geophysical methods have its advantages and disadvantages, only sensitive to one or two physical properties,which often has multiple solutions and subject to interference.Although a single method may reflect the information of the underground archaeological remains, it is questionable on the accuracy of the archaeological interpretation by it.Hence it is need to do comprehensive geophysical archaeological research.
The ultimate goal of the theory study of geophysical archaeologic is successfully applied in archaeological investigations and completion of the archaeological mission. So this paper did the single archaeological geophysics study first and then applied in practice.At the same time did a comprehensive exploration study of the application.
Encountered for several archaeological archaeological targets, expand the geophysical forward modeling combined with the actual detection data, to extract the GPR response characteristics of rammed layer (Tengchong Nanzhao city-site), stone(Xi an Tang Ling site), underground tomb (Tengchong Nanzhao city-site); and the resistivity tomography response characteristics of ancient city wall (analog Liangzhu east wall), the ancient river (Liangzhu ancient city-site) in order to guide the actual archaeological exploration.
Since many archaeological sites are often located in urban or urban fringe, archaeological survey by GPR would be interfered by modern products,such as power lines, barbed wire, construction, etc. This paper did the forward simulation and system theoretical analysis by finite difference and ray theory to extracte the reflection interference feature of objects above ground. It provides a basis for effective identification and suppression interference.
As underground archaeological goal is three-dimensional, it is necessary to carry out three-dimensional geophysical archaeologic research. This paper did the display and practical application study of three-dimensional ground penetrating radar and three-dimensional resistivity tomography. The results show that compared with the two-dimensional detection, three-dimensional detection combined with an effective three-dimensional display software, can provide richer information, and more accurate and credible archaeological interpretation.
This is the first application of comprehensive geophysical methods at Liangzhu ancient city-site to survey the ancient water system outside and inside the ancient city. The effective detection of the accumulation of cultural layer was made by comprehensive geophysical methods. This pape also did the actual detection study of the east City Wall Ruins in Liangzhu ancient city-site by multichannel analysis of surface waves method,which is the first time at home and abroad.
Practical application in different sites showed that the theoretical research of this paper has practical value, which can be applied to actual archaeological investigation.
引文
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