高性能橡胶纳米复合材料的制备及结构性能研究
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摘要
橡胶纳米复合材料是指以橡胶为基体(连续相)、填充颗粒以纳米尺度(小于100nm)分散于基体中的新型高分子复合材料。本文主要研究了三种橡胶纳米复合材料：丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料、氢化丁腈橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料和丁苯橡胶／华光炭黑纳米复合材料,分别讨论了这三种橡胶纳米复合材料的制备、结构和性能。
论文第一部分详细研究了湿法制备丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料的技术及材料的结构与性能,前期实验发现该技术存在的最大问题是白炭黑在与丁苯胶乳共絮凝的过程中有极大的沉降损失,不能完全复合进入橡胶基体中。本文主要采用了两种方法来解决该问题。
第一种方法为干法有机化处理白炭黑表面,然后将有机改性后的白炭黑在机械搅拌力的作用下混入水中制得有机化白炭黑的水浆,再与丁苯胶乳混合,加入絮凝剂破乳,经干燥、混炼和硫化,得到丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料,这种方法也被称为间歇湿法复合技术。研究了偶联剂与白炭黑混合分散次数、偶联剂用量以及有机化白炭黑水浆浓度对复合材料性能的影响,结果表明,偶联剂与白炭黑最佳混合分散次数为15次；有机化白炭黑水浆浓度最优为15%；随着偶联剂用量的增大,处理时间的延长,白炭黑表面有机化改性程度提高,偶联剂的接枝率提高,复合材料的力学性能提高。该间歇湿法复合技术制备得到的复合材料同传统干法制备得到的复合材料对比发现,湿法复合中偶联剂的利用效率较低,胶料的焦烧时间延长,材料的定伸应力低,但撕裂性能较好。
第二种方法为水相有机化处理白炭黑表面,即先将亲水的白炭黑在强机械搅拌下混入水中制得白炭黑水浆,然后滴加偶联剂,加热两者反应后得到有机化的白炭黑水浆,再与丁苯胶乳混合、絮凝、干燥、混炼和硫化,得到丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料,这种方法也被称为连续湿法复合技术。研究了不同制浆工艺、偶联剂与白炭黑水浆反应时间以及不同白炭黑复合份数对复合材料性能的影响,结果发现,增大白炭黑水浆的粘度(浓度),延长搅拌的时间,可以减小白炭黑颗粒在水中的尺寸,同时延缓白炭黑的沉降,最优的水浆固含量为15%。随着偶联剂反应时间的延长,有机化白炭黑在水相中的颗粒尺寸变大,白炭黑在复合过程中的损失减小。与干法混炼相比,湿法复合制得的材料具有精细均匀的填料分散,高的拉伸强度和撕裂强度,低的门尼粘度、永久变形、动态温升和动态压缩永久变形,两者具有一致的硬度、定伸应力和磨耗性能。另外,采用该连续湿法复合技术制备可以制得填料分散优良且性能保持良好的高填充(100phr)的丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料。
论文第二部分研究了原位改性分散技术中的工艺参数,如偶联剂用量、热处理时间、热处理温度对白炭黑填充氢化丁腈橡胶纳米复合材料结构和性能的影响,采用Payne效应表征了复合材料中的填料网络结构,研究发现,填料的微观分散随着偶联剂用量的增大、热处理温度的提高和热处理时间的延长而提高。发现该体系中不同于白炭黑填充非极性橡胶体系的反常现象,即常温下加入KH570会造成HNBR/白炭黑混合物中填料分散变差,经热处理或室温长时间的停放,填料的分散状况会变好。分析原因知该现象与偶联剂KH570、白炭黑表面硅羟基、HNBR大分子链上的氰基三者之间的相互作用存在竞争关系有关。
论文的第三部分研究了一种新型的具有特殊中空结构和高结构度的炭黑——华光炭黑(HG-CB)填充丁苯橡胶纳米复合材料的性能。通过力学性能、动态力学性能、功能性能的测试,发现随着华光炭黑用量的增大,华光炭黑在丁苯橡胶基体中形成了完善的填料网络结构,SBR/HG-CB复合物的门尼粘度、小应变下的储能模量值都大幅度上升；结合胶在填料含量为25phr时可以测得,并随着填料用量的增大而增大；SBR/HG-CB纳米复合材料的力学性能提高,并且在小填充份数下表现出高的增强效果。磨耗体积和体积电阻率随填料用量的增大而减小,导热系数随着填料用量的增大线性增大。与普通炭黑N330相比,SBR/HG-CB纳米复合材料具有高的拉伸强度、导热系数和好的导电性。
Rubber nano-composite is a kind of novel composite which is made of rubber as matrix(continuous phase) and particles as dispersed phases with at least one dimension size less than 100nm. In this paper, three kinds of rubber nano-composites have been studied:Styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)/silica nano-composite, hydrogenated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber(HNBR)/silica nano-composite and styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)/huaguang carbon black(HG-CB) nano-composite. The preparation, structure and properties of the them have been discussed.
In the first part, SBR/silica nano-composite prepared by wet compounding method has been studied in detail. In previous research, we found that the biggest problem of wet compounding method for SBR and silica is the loading weight of silica lost too much during the process of silica co-flocculated with SBR. In this paper, two kinds of methods have been used to resolve this problem.
The first method included several steps as follows:first, silica particles surface were organically modified by dry method; second, the organic silica slurry was prepared by putting the modified silica into water and mixed by mechanical agitation; the third step, SBR latex was blended with the organic silica aqueous suspension, and then emulsion was broke by adding into flocculating agent suspension; at last, the SBR/silica nano-composite was achieved by this intermittent wet compounding method via drying, mixing with other agent using traditional mixers and vulcanizing. The influence of blending times of coupling agent and silica, amount of coupling agent and slurry concentration on properties of composite was studied. The results show that, the optimum blending times of coupling agent and silica is 15 times; the greatest concentration of organic silica slurry is 15 percent; with the increasing of coupling agent amount and the surface modification time, the degree of the surface organic modification of silica, the grafting rate of coupling agent and mechanical properties of the composites all increase. Comparing this intermittent wet compounding method with traditional dry mixing method, the efficiency of coupling agent, stress at definite elongation by wet method is lower, scorch time of composite prolong, and tear strength becomes better.
The second method was that silica surface was organically modified in slurry. Firstly, the silica slurry was prepared by putting the hydrophilic silica particles into water and blending with intensity mechanical agitation. Then,the silane was added into the aqueous suspension to in-situ modify the silica nano-particles, and after that, mixed the suspension with SBR latex before adding flocculants to co-coagulate silica and rubber. The obtained SBR/silica nanocompounds were dried, further mixed using traditional mixers and vulcanized at last to give the nanocomposites by this continuous wet compounding method. In this part, effect of different preparing methods for silica slurry, reaction time of coupling agent and silica slurry and different amount of silica on the properties of composites was studied. The results illustrat that with the increase of concentration of slurry or extended the stirring time could decrease the particle size of silica in water, and delay the subsidence of silica. The optimal solid content of slurry is 15 percent. With the increase of reaction time of coupling agent and silica, the particle size of organic surface modified silica in water becomes larger, and the weight loss of silica co-coagulate with rubber latex decreases. Compared to the composites prepared by dry mixing method, the ones achieved by wet compounding method have better filler dispersion, higher tensile strength, lower tear strength, mooney viscosity, permanent deformation, dynamic compression set and dynamic temperature rise. And they have similar hardness, Stress at definite elongation and abrasion performance. What's more, by using this continuous wet compounding method, SBR/silica nano-composite loaded high concentration of filler(100phr) with great filler dispersion and good mechanical properties could be prepared.
In the second part, the effect of technological parameters of in-situ modified dispersion method, such as the amount of coupling agent, heat treated time, heat treated temperature on the structure and properties of HNBR/silica nanocomposites were studied. Payne effect was used to characterized the structure of filler network in composites. The results showed that the micro-dispersion of filler became better while increased the amount of coupling agent or rised the treated temperature or extended the treated time. Some abnormal phenomenons appeared in this system which was different from that of non-polared rubber loaded silica system. The dispersion of filler in uncured HNBR/silica compound became worse when coupling agent KH570 was introduced at room temperature, but after heat treated or store at room temperature for a long time, the dispersion of the filler in the composite became better. This abnormal phenomenon is related with the competition relationship of intereaction among coupling agent KH570, hydroxyl groups in the surface of silica and cyano group of HNBR.
In the third part, a novel carbon black with special hollow structure and high structure degree named Huaguang carbon black and the properties of SBR/huaguang carbon black nano-composite were studied. Mechanical test, dynamic mechanical test and functional properties tests have been used to characterized this new kind of composite. The results showed that with the increase of amount of huaguang carbon black, strong filler network structure was formed in SBR matrix, the mooney viscosity of SBR/HG-CB compound, storage modulus in small strain amplitude increased dramatically, and the mechanical properties of SBR/HG-CB nano-composite increased which showed great reinforce effect in low filler concentration. Content of bound rubber could be measured when the filler content was 25phr and the content of bound rubber increased while the concentration of filler increased. With the increase of filler content, the volume of wear and volume resistivity decreased and coefficient of thermal conductivity increased linearly. Comparison with common carbon black N330, the SBR/HG-CB nano-composite has higher tensile strength, greater thermal conductivity property and better electrical conductivity property.
论文第一部分详细研究了湿法制备丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料的技术及材料的结构与性能,前期实验发现该技术存在的最大问题是白炭黑在与丁苯胶乳共絮凝的过程中有极大的沉降损失,不能完全复合进入橡胶基体中。本文主要采用了两种方法来解决该问题。
第一种方法为干法有机化处理白炭黑表面,然后将有机改性后的白炭黑在机械搅拌力的作用下混入水中制得有机化白炭黑的水浆,再与丁苯胶乳混合,加入絮凝剂破乳,经干燥、混炼和硫化,得到丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料,这种方法也被称为间歇湿法复合技术。研究了偶联剂与白炭黑混合分散次数、偶联剂用量以及有机化白炭黑水浆浓度对复合材料性能的影响,结果表明,偶联剂与白炭黑最佳混合分散次数为15次；有机化白炭黑水浆浓度最优为15%；随着偶联剂用量的增大,处理时间的延长,白炭黑表面有机化改性程度提高,偶联剂的接枝率提高,复合材料的力学性能提高。该间歇湿法复合技术制备得到的复合材料同传统干法制备得到的复合材料对比发现,湿法复合中偶联剂的利用效率较低,胶料的焦烧时间延长,材料的定伸应力低,但撕裂性能较好。
第二种方法为水相有机化处理白炭黑表面,即先将亲水的白炭黑在强机械搅拌下混入水中制得白炭黑水浆,然后滴加偶联剂,加热两者反应后得到有机化的白炭黑水浆,再与丁苯胶乳混合、絮凝、干燥、混炼和硫化,得到丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料,这种方法也被称为连续湿法复合技术。研究了不同制浆工艺、偶联剂与白炭黑水浆反应时间以及不同白炭黑复合份数对复合材料性能的影响,结果发现,增大白炭黑水浆的粘度(浓度),延长搅拌的时间,可以减小白炭黑颗粒在水中的尺寸,同时延缓白炭黑的沉降,最优的水浆固含量为15%。随着偶联剂反应时间的延长,有机化白炭黑在水相中的颗粒尺寸变大,白炭黑在复合过程中的损失减小。与干法混炼相比,湿法复合制得的材料具有精细均匀的填料分散,高的拉伸强度和撕裂强度,低的门尼粘度、永久变形、动态温升和动态压缩永久变形,两者具有一致的硬度、定伸应力和磨耗性能。另外,采用该连续湿法复合技术制备可以制得填料分散优良且性能保持良好的高填充(100phr)的丁苯橡胶／白炭黑纳米复合材料。
论文第二部分研究了原位改性分散技术中的工艺参数,如偶联剂用量、热处理时间、热处理温度对白炭黑填充氢化丁腈橡胶纳米复合材料结构和性能的影响,采用Payne效应表征了复合材料中的填料网络结构,研究发现,填料的微观分散随着偶联剂用量的增大、热处理温度的提高和热处理时间的延长而提高。发现该体系中不同于白炭黑填充非极性橡胶体系的反常现象,即常温下加入KH570会造成HNBR/白炭黑混合物中填料分散变差,经热处理或室温长时间的停放,填料的分散状况会变好。分析原因知该现象与偶联剂KH570、白炭黑表面硅羟基、HNBR大分子链上的氰基三者之间的相互作用存在竞争关系有关。
论文的第三部分研究了一种新型的具有特殊中空结构和高结构度的炭黑——华光炭黑(HG-CB)填充丁苯橡胶纳米复合材料的性能。通过力学性能、动态力学性能、功能性能的测试,发现随着华光炭黑用量的增大,华光炭黑在丁苯橡胶基体中形成了完善的填料网络结构,SBR/HG-CB复合物的门尼粘度、小应变下的储能模量值都大幅度上升；结合胶在填料含量为25phr时可以测得,并随着填料用量的增大而增大；SBR/HG-CB纳米复合材料的力学性能提高,并且在小填充份数下表现出高的增强效果。磨耗体积和体积电阻率随填料用量的增大而减小,导热系数随着填料用量的增大线性增大。与普通炭黑N330相比,SBR/HG-CB纳米复合材料具有高的拉伸强度、导热系数和好的导电性。
Rubber nano-composite is a kind of novel composite which is made of rubber as matrix(continuous phase) and particles as dispersed phases with at least one dimension size less than 100nm. In this paper, three kinds of rubber nano-composites have been studied:Styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)/silica nano-composite, hydrogenated butadiene acrylonitrile rubber(HNBR)/silica nano-composite and styrene butadiene rubber(SBR)/huaguang carbon black(HG-CB) nano-composite. The preparation, structure and properties of the them have been discussed.
In the first part, SBR/silica nano-composite prepared by wet compounding method has been studied in detail. In previous research, we found that the biggest problem of wet compounding method for SBR and silica is the loading weight of silica lost too much during the process of silica co-flocculated with SBR. In this paper, two kinds of methods have been used to resolve this problem.
The first method included several steps as follows:first, silica particles surface were organically modified by dry method; second, the organic silica slurry was prepared by putting the modified silica into water and mixed by mechanical agitation; the third step, SBR latex was blended with the organic silica aqueous suspension, and then emulsion was broke by adding into flocculating agent suspension; at last, the SBR/silica nano-composite was achieved by this intermittent wet compounding method via drying, mixing with other agent using traditional mixers and vulcanizing. The influence of blending times of coupling agent and silica, amount of coupling agent and slurry concentration on properties of composite was studied. The results show that, the optimum blending times of coupling agent and silica is 15 times; the greatest concentration of organic silica slurry is 15 percent; with the increasing of coupling agent amount and the surface modification time, the degree of the surface organic modification of silica, the grafting rate of coupling agent and mechanical properties of the composites all increase. Comparing this intermittent wet compounding method with traditional dry mixing method, the efficiency of coupling agent, stress at definite elongation by wet method is lower, scorch time of composite prolong, and tear strength becomes better.
The second method was that silica surface was organically modified in slurry. Firstly, the silica slurry was prepared by putting the hydrophilic silica particles into water and blending with intensity mechanical agitation. Then,the silane was added into the aqueous suspension to in-situ modify the silica nano-particles, and after that, mixed the suspension with SBR latex before adding flocculants to co-coagulate silica and rubber. The obtained SBR/silica nanocompounds were dried, further mixed using traditional mixers and vulcanized at last to give the nanocomposites by this continuous wet compounding method. In this part, effect of different preparing methods for silica slurry, reaction time of coupling agent and silica slurry and different amount of silica on the properties of composites was studied. The results illustrat that with the increase of concentration of slurry or extended the stirring time could decrease the particle size of silica in water, and delay the subsidence of silica. The optimal solid content of slurry is 15 percent. With the increase of reaction time of coupling agent and silica, the particle size of organic surface modified silica in water becomes larger, and the weight loss of silica co-coagulate with rubber latex decreases. Compared to the composites prepared by dry mixing method, the ones achieved by wet compounding method have better filler dispersion, higher tensile strength, lower tear strength, mooney viscosity, permanent deformation, dynamic compression set and dynamic temperature rise. And they have similar hardness, Stress at definite elongation and abrasion performance. What's more, by using this continuous wet compounding method, SBR/silica nano-composite loaded high concentration of filler(100phr) with great filler dispersion and good mechanical properties could be prepared.
In the second part, the effect of technological parameters of in-situ modified dispersion method, such as the amount of coupling agent, heat treated time, heat treated temperature on the structure and properties of HNBR/silica nanocomposites were studied. Payne effect was used to characterized the structure of filler network in composites. The results showed that the micro-dispersion of filler became better while increased the amount of coupling agent or rised the treated temperature or extended the treated time. Some abnormal phenomenons appeared in this system which was different from that of non-polared rubber loaded silica system. The dispersion of filler in uncured HNBR/silica compound became worse when coupling agent KH570 was introduced at room temperature, but after heat treated or store at room temperature for a long time, the dispersion of the filler in the composite became better. This abnormal phenomenon is related with the competition relationship of intereaction among coupling agent KH570, hydroxyl groups in the surface of silica and cyano group of HNBR.
In the third part, a novel carbon black with special hollow structure and high structure degree named Huaguang carbon black and the properties of SBR/huaguang carbon black nano-composite were studied. Mechanical test, dynamic mechanical test and functional properties tests have been used to characterized this new kind of composite. The results showed that with the increase of amount of huaguang carbon black, strong filler network structure was formed in SBR matrix, the mooney viscosity of SBR/HG-CB compound, storage modulus in small strain amplitude increased dramatically, and the mechanical properties of SBR/HG-CB nano-composite increased which showed great reinforce effect in low filler concentration. Content of bound rubber could be measured when the filler content was 25phr and the content of bound rubber increased while the concentration of filler increased. With the increase of filler content, the volume of wear and volume resistivity decreased and coefficient of thermal conductivity increased linearly. Comparison with common carbon black N330, the SBR/HG-CB nano-composite has higher tensile strength, greater thermal conductivity property and better electrical conductivity property.
引文
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