新城市主义与宜居性住区研究
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摘要
论文分为背景和理论研究、比较研究和应用研究三个部分进行。背景和理论研究是基础,正是基于对新城市主义的深入认识和对中国住区的详细了解才能保证后续研究的方向不会产生偏差。比较研究是论文的重点,通过比较研究的过程找到新城市主义背景与中国住区发展现状的内在一致性,反思中国住区存在的问题。建立在前两部工作基础上的应用研究提出了宜居性住区发展的框架和规划策略,将理论研究与实践性探索相统一。
论文首先从十九世纪末产业的变革和城市化发展开始,回顾了田园城市、邻里单位、现代主义等理论的发展以及反思的过程,理清形成住区规划理论的思想基础,并指出西方国家二十世纪七十年代之后城市规划中的人本主义思想趋势。
论文针对新城市主义进行了重点研究,深入剖析其产生的背景和原因,结合新城市主义的产生过程阐述了新城市主义的原则、组织机构和工作方法,并对新城市主义的三个实践领域——社区规划、区域规划和生态可持续发展以及新城市主义的旧城改造实践进行了重点研究,分析了各自的特点、方向和实例。对于新城市主义的派生理论——精明增长运动、新城运动和紧凑城市思想进行了介绍。最后总结了新城市主义理论在住区层面的规划特点,理论和实践方面遭到的质疑,以及对中国住区发展的现实意义。
在第三章中,论文回顾了中国封建社会、近代时期以及现代城市住区的发展历程,总结了每一个阶段住区发展的特征、取得的进步和存在的问题,尤其对改革开放后住区发展出现的一些新的趋势更是进行了详尽的分析,印证了城市住区规划思想随社会和科技的进步而发展的动态性特征。
在比较研究部分中,论文根据基础研究的成果,将中国住区面临的新趋势与新城市主义发展的背景相比较,指出其内在的一致,建立比较研究的基础。通过二者的对照,找到人本主义、生态和可持续发展以及整体的城市观三个方面价值观的缺失是中国住区存在的问题和矛盾的深层次原因,在分析的基础上提出宜居性住区的构想,并建立宜居性住区的框架。
最后是应用研究,论文将宜居性住区的理论框架与当前城市和社会发展现状以及住区规划的特点相结合,在具体的规划策略上进行了重点的论述和探讨,并提出了宜居性住区规划和建设原则,建议采用“大开放、小封闭”、“大混居、小聚居”的适宜结构模式实现多层面的整合,同时尊重环境、建立人性化交通、完善公众参与的机制,体现人本主义和可持续发展的思想。
This thesis contains three parts, including the background and theory study, the comparative study, and the application study. The background and theory study is the base, which covers an in-depth study and understanding of new urbanism and detailed knowledge of residential areas in China, and thus ensures avoidance of deviation in the direction of the follow-up studies. The key part in this thesis is the comparative study focusing upon the innate consistency between the New Urbanism and the development of Chinese residential areas, and the introspection of the existing problems in China. And then based on these two parts, in the application study, the framework and planning strategies for the development of residentially suitable areas are put forward for the intension of putting theories into practice.
The thesis starts from the description of the industrial revolution and the development of urbanization in the 19th century. It reviews the developmental process of theories such as the modern city planning of garden cities, neighborhood units, modernism and introspection, sorts out the theoretical basic line for the residential planning, and points out the humanism tendency of city planning after 1970s in western countries.
Then comes the major study upon New Urbanism. The thesis thoroughly analyzes the background and causes for its emergence, describes the whole process and illustrates its principles, structures and working methods, sheds highlight on its three practical areas– community planning, regional planning and ecologically sustainable development, and new urbanizational reconstruction of old cities– with elaboration of their features and account of examples, and then introduces other derivative theories of the new urbanism– Smart Growth, New City Development and Compact City. Finally, in this part, the thesis summaries the planning features of residential areas of New Urbanism, the attacks it has received both in theoretical and practical aspects, and its current significance to the development of Chinese residential areas.
In the third chapter, the thesis reviews the development of urban residential areas from the period of feudalism, modern times to contemporary era. It summarizes the features, the progress and the problems in each phase. In particular, it analyses in details the new tendency in China after its opening up and reform, which embodies the dynamic features of the consistent development of the concept of urban residential areas with the development of the society and science and technology.
In the part of the comparison study, based on the previous basic study, the thesis compares the new tendency of Chinese residential areas and the background of the development of New Urbanism, which leads to the finding of their innate consistency and thus establishes the base for further comparisons. By further comparisons, it reaches the conclusion that the existing problems and the inner causes of contradictions in the development of Chinese residential areas result from the deficiency of the three concepts in the development of cities—Humanism, Ecological and Sustainable Development, and Integration. Based on these, it then puts forward the concept of Suitability for residential areas and its framework for their construction.
In the final part of the application study, by combining the theoretical framework of suitable residential areas with current condition of the cities and the development of the society and the features of the planning of the residential areas, the thesis discusses the related specific planning strategies, and puts forward the Mode of Suitable Construction– generally opening up, fractionally sealing off; generally mingling, fractionally compacting– to realize the integration of different aspects, and at the same to establish a system that respects the surrounding conditions, contains humanistic designs for traffic and enables sophisticated public participation, and thus embodies the concept of Humanism and Sustainable Development.
论文首先从十九世纪末产业的变革和城市化发展开始,回顾了田园城市、邻里单位、现代主义等理论的发展以及反思的过程,理清形成住区规划理论的思想基础,并指出西方国家二十世纪七十年代之后城市规划中的人本主义思想趋势。
论文针对新城市主义进行了重点研究,深入剖析其产生的背景和原因,结合新城市主义的产生过程阐述了新城市主义的原则、组织机构和工作方法,并对新城市主义的三个实践领域——社区规划、区域规划和生态可持续发展以及新城市主义的旧城改造实践进行了重点研究,分析了各自的特点、方向和实例。对于新城市主义的派生理论——精明增长运动、新城运动和紧凑城市思想进行了介绍。最后总结了新城市主义理论在住区层面的规划特点,理论和实践方面遭到的质疑,以及对中国住区发展的现实意义。
在第三章中,论文回顾了中国封建社会、近代时期以及现代城市住区的发展历程,总结了每一个阶段住区发展的特征、取得的进步和存在的问题,尤其对改革开放后住区发展出现的一些新的趋势更是进行了详尽的分析,印证了城市住区规划思想随社会和科技的进步而发展的动态性特征。
在比较研究部分中,论文根据基础研究的成果,将中国住区面临的新趋势与新城市主义发展的背景相比较,指出其内在的一致,建立比较研究的基础。通过二者的对照,找到人本主义、生态和可持续发展以及整体的城市观三个方面价值观的缺失是中国住区存在的问题和矛盾的深层次原因,在分析的基础上提出宜居性住区的构想,并建立宜居性住区的框架。
最后是应用研究,论文将宜居性住区的理论框架与当前城市和社会发展现状以及住区规划的特点相结合,在具体的规划策略上进行了重点的论述和探讨,并提出了宜居性住区规划和建设原则,建议采用“大开放、小封闭”、“大混居、小聚居”的适宜结构模式实现多层面的整合,同时尊重环境、建立人性化交通、完善公众参与的机制,体现人本主义和可持续发展的思想。
This thesis contains three parts, including the background and theory study, the comparative study, and the application study. The background and theory study is the base, which covers an in-depth study and understanding of new urbanism and detailed knowledge of residential areas in China, and thus ensures avoidance of deviation in the direction of the follow-up studies. The key part in this thesis is the comparative study focusing upon the innate consistency between the New Urbanism and the development of Chinese residential areas, and the introspection of the existing problems in China. And then based on these two parts, in the application study, the framework and planning strategies for the development of residentially suitable areas are put forward for the intension of putting theories into practice.
The thesis starts from the description of the industrial revolution and the development of urbanization in the 19th century. It reviews the developmental process of theories such as the modern city planning of garden cities, neighborhood units, modernism and introspection, sorts out the theoretical basic line for the residential planning, and points out the humanism tendency of city planning after 1970s in western countries.
Then comes the major study upon New Urbanism. The thesis thoroughly analyzes the background and causes for its emergence, describes the whole process and illustrates its principles, structures and working methods, sheds highlight on its three practical areas– community planning, regional planning and ecologically sustainable development, and new urbanizational reconstruction of old cities– with elaboration of their features and account of examples, and then introduces other derivative theories of the new urbanism– Smart Growth, New City Development and Compact City. Finally, in this part, the thesis summaries the planning features of residential areas of New Urbanism, the attacks it has received both in theoretical and practical aspects, and its current significance to the development of Chinese residential areas.
In the third chapter, the thesis reviews the development of urban residential areas from the period of feudalism, modern times to contemporary era. It summarizes the features, the progress and the problems in each phase. In particular, it analyses in details the new tendency in China after its opening up and reform, which embodies the dynamic features of the consistent development of the concept of urban residential areas with the development of the society and science and technology.
In the part of the comparison study, based on the previous basic study, the thesis compares the new tendency of Chinese residential areas and the background of the development of New Urbanism, which leads to the finding of their innate consistency and thus establishes the base for further comparisons. By further comparisons, it reaches the conclusion that the existing problems and the inner causes of contradictions in the development of Chinese residential areas result from the deficiency of the three concepts in the development of cities—Humanism, Ecological and Sustainable Development, and Integration. Based on these, it then puts forward the concept of Suitability for residential areas and its framework for their construction.
In the final part of the application study, by combining the theoretical framework of suitable residential areas with current condition of the cities and the development of the society and the features of the planning of the residential areas, the thesis discusses the related specific planning strategies, and puts forward the Mode of Suitable Construction– generally opening up, fractionally sealing off; generally mingling, fractionally compacting– to realize the integration of different aspects, and at the same to establish a system that respects the surrounding conditions, contains humanistic designs for traffic and enables sophisticated public participation, and thus embodies the concept of Humanism and Sustainable Development.
引文
1《新城市主义与现代住区规划》马永俊;胡希军,2004城市规划年会论文集(上),2004年
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4沙颂主,社会学概论,北京:中国经济出版社,1999
1 Lewis Mumford, The City in History, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York, 514-24
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3 Le Corbusier, The City of To-morrow, Transl. F.Etchells, London, 1929/1971, 179
4转引自梁鹤年,城市理想与理想城市,城市规划,1999,7
5 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great Amrican Cities, 1992, New York: Ramdom House,55
6 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great Amrican Cities, 1992, New York: Ramdom House
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14 David Mohney and Keller Easterling ed.,“Seaside, Making a Town in America. New York: Princeton Architectural Press. 1991
16 Charter of the New urbanism, http://209.31.179.62/charter
17 Andres Duany,“Our Urbanism, Duany Responds to Alex Krieger”Architecture, December 1998,转引自单皓,美国新城市主义,建筑师,2003,3
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21李晓慧,《新城市主义与居住区研究》,2003
22 Award for Excellence in Architecture, for the master plan of Seaside, FL: Florida Association of the AIA,1984;Builder’s Best Award, for Seaside, FL: Builder Magazine;Governor’s Urban Design Award, for the master plan of Seaside, FL: State of Florida,1986;"Best of the Decade -- 1980s”(Design), for master plan of Seaside, FL: Time Magazine ,1991;等等。引自http://www.dpz.com/company_honors.htm
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26杜安尼社团在1993年初纽约古根海姆博物馆举办的题为“滨海镇和真实的世界,有关美国新城市主义的辩论”的论坛。
28“日常城市主义”( Everyday Urbanism )强调对存在的理解和宽容,主张设计应该尊重已有的格局,具体地对待城市中多层次、复杂和矛盾的各种要求。John Chase, Margret Crawford, John Kaliski (Editor), Everyday Urbanism, New york: Monacelli, ,1999
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8 Christopher Alexander : A City Is Not A Tree
9 A·布拉姆卫语,转引自《生态建筑》,中国建筑工业出版社,2001
10麦克哈格,苗经纬译,《设计结合自然》,中国建筑工业出版社
3 Setha M Low, Behind the gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America, 2003
5 Oscar Newman, Defensible space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design, 1972
6杨德昆,重议城市干道网密度——对修改《城市道路交通规划设计规范》的建议,城市交通,2003.01
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10杭州2002年城市综合交通规划,转引自适应城市公共交通的居住区形态和模式,张磊,2004
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5 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great Amrican Cities, 1992, New York: Ramdom House,55
6 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great Amrican Cities, 1992, New York: Ramdom House
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