公路水毁机理与决策系统研究
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摘要
改革开放30年来,我国国民经济持续快速发展,公路交通事业也取得了跨越式发展。伴随而来的是滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等公路水毁灾害问题愈发突出,严重威胁着公路建设、交通运营和人民生命财产安全。因此,为解决公路尤其是山区低等级公路频繁多发的水毁灾害问题,保障公路畅通和行车安全,通过对大量公路水毁路段的现场调查和相关资料分析,展开水毁防治系统性、整体性研究,形成科学的灾害识别及预警预报方法和技术体系,具有十分重要的研究意义和实用价值。
本文通过现场资料调查分析、安全实时监测、理论计算研究、室内模型试验、系统开发应用等方法,全面深入地开展公路水毁机理与决策系统研究,进行暴雨型公路水毁的规律与成灾机理分析,深入分析和探讨降雨作用下公路路堤边坡水毁机制,初步展开潜在公路水毁模式识别研究,着重开展暴雨型公路水毁环境区划和预警预报研究,研究并开发了公路水毁数据资料网络化管理系统,为提高公路防灾抗灾能力、确保安全畅通提供技术支持,为正确判断公路水毁灾害的成灾可能性和合理施加预防性防护措施提供科学的决策依据。通过以上诸多研究,得到主要成果和结论具体如下：
(1)通过对诸多水毁现场资料的分析整理,按不同的划分标准对公路水毁进行类型划分,总结归纳得出地形地貌条件和山区公路特点是水毁产生的内因,气象条件是水毁产生的外因。
(2)为研究暴雨型公路水毁的成灾机理过程,根据时间对一次暴雨过程进行阶段划分,明确了各阶段不同的成灾机理,进而提出了公路水毁防灾减灾社会对策和科学技术对策。
(3)为了更深入地研究降雨作用下路堤边坡失稳破坏机制,通过构建路堤边坡概化模型,应用水力学剪切起动理论探讨了坡面冲刷的机理,推导出概化冲刷深度理论计算公式,并采用模型试验验证了公式的合理性与可靠性。
(4)通过坡面冲刷室内模型试验,模拟了边坡水毁过程中水的作用机制,分析了冲刷-渗透耦合过程中路堤边坡失稳坍塌破坏的力学机制,并通过模型试验的结果,得出了具有链式特性的实际路基水毁发育过程,为坡面工程防护措施决策提供技术保障。
(5)针对水毁灾害类型多样、成灾机理复杂的特点,展开潜在公路水毁模式识别研究,通过建立快速准确的坡面冲刷神经网络水毁模型,及时识别潜在水毁,并通过实例验算表明模型具有较好的预测效果,可以满足应用需求。
(6)采用模糊综合评判和层次分析法对一定区域内不同流域单元公路水毁综合易发指数进行评判,从而进行公路水毁环境区划,有助于正确认识公路水毁的时空演变规律。在环境区划的基础上,建立一种基于降雨量等级指数法的公路水毁预警预报方法,工程实践应用表明,该预报方法有良好的应用效果。
(7)为实现水毁资料的上报、评估、决策等过程资料的网络化管理,研究并开发了浙江省公路水毁网络化管理与决策系统,采用了Veb Service网络技术使系统满足在INTERNET上应用的要求,并结合水毁修复治理工程实例着重强调系统的实践应用。
Over the past thirty years of reform and opening up, China's national economy has achieved continuous and rapid development, so as leap frog development achieved in highway traffic construction. It is accompanied by more and more highway flood damage disasters such as landslides, rockfalls and debris flows, which seriously threat the road construction, transport operation and people's lives and property. Therefore, in order to solve the frequent disasters along highway especially low-grade highway in mountain areas and guarantee the road clearness, based on the field investigations of massive road water damage spots and the related data analysis, it is needed to expand systemic and holistic research of flood damage prevention&treatment and form scientific methods and technologies of disaster recognition and early-warning&prediction.Above all, this has important research significance and practical value.
By means of field investigation analysis, safety real-time monitoring, theoretical calculation, laboratory model test, system development and application, the dissertation has entirely, intensively and systematically excuted the research on mechanism and data management system of highway flood damage. And then, the law and disaster mechanism analysis of highway flood damage under rainstorm was conducted. The failure mechanism of highway embankment slope in rainfall action was thoroughly analysed and discussed. The pattern recognition of potential highway flood damage was initially expanded. The environmental regionalization and early-warning&prediction of highway flood damage caused by rainstorm were mainly emphasized. The management system of highway flood damage was developed and researched. These could supply technical support for improving road disaster prevention capabilities and ensuring road safe and smooth, also could supply scientific decision-making basis of judging disaster possibilities and imposing preventive protective measures. Finally, through the above studies, the main results and conclusions are as fallows:
(1) With field data analysis of massive road water damage spots, the types of highway flood damage were classified according to different criteria. Then general producing conditions of the flood damage were summarized, terrain conditions and the features of mountain road are its internal factor, as weather conditions is its external factor.
(2) In order to research disaster mechanism of flood damage under rainstorm, stage division of typhoon rainstorm is conducted according to time and action relationships between different stages and mechanisms are realized, then society countermeasure and science&technology countermeasure are proposed.
(3) In order to thoroughly study disaster mechanism of highway embankment slope in rainfall action, the generalized model of embankment slope was constructed to discuss scouring mechanism with application of hydraulic shear theory. Then theoretical calculation formula of generalized scouring depth was deduced, and whose rationality and reliability are verified by model test.
(4) Action mechanism of water in slope is simulated by scouring laboratory model test of slope surface, and failure mechanism of embankment slope in scouring-penetration coupling process is analysed. This phenomenon reflects destroy process of subgrade flood damage with chain characteristic, which could supply technical support for choosing appropriate defending measures.
(5) According to variant disaster types and complex mechanisms, pattern recognition research of potential flood damage is expanded with construction of rapid and veracious neural network model of slope surface scouring, to duly recgnise potential flood damages. The example checking presents that this model has preferable prediction effect which could satisfy the application requirement.
(6) Based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytic hierarchy process, the integrated prone index of highway washout of different watershed units are evaluated in a certain area. Thereby, highway washout environmental regionalization is conducted which is helpful to correctly understanding the spatial-temporal variations of highway washout disease. Moreover, a early-warning and prediction method is established based on rainfall rating index, whose application effect is good showed by engineering practice.
(7) In order to realize networking management of reporting&evaluating&decision-making of washout data, the management system of highway flood damage is developed. Then, adopting Web Service network technique to satisfy the need of application on INTERNET, and emphasizing engineering application combined with engineering examples of washout repair and treatment.
本文通过现场资料调查分析、安全实时监测、理论计算研究、室内模型试验、系统开发应用等方法,全面深入地开展公路水毁机理与决策系统研究,进行暴雨型公路水毁的规律与成灾机理分析,深入分析和探讨降雨作用下公路路堤边坡水毁机制,初步展开潜在公路水毁模式识别研究,着重开展暴雨型公路水毁环境区划和预警预报研究,研究并开发了公路水毁数据资料网络化管理系统,为提高公路防灾抗灾能力、确保安全畅通提供技术支持,为正确判断公路水毁灾害的成灾可能性和合理施加预防性防护措施提供科学的决策依据。通过以上诸多研究,得到主要成果和结论具体如下：
(1)通过对诸多水毁现场资料的分析整理,按不同的划分标准对公路水毁进行类型划分,总结归纳得出地形地貌条件和山区公路特点是水毁产生的内因,气象条件是水毁产生的外因。
(2)为研究暴雨型公路水毁的成灾机理过程,根据时间对一次暴雨过程进行阶段划分,明确了各阶段不同的成灾机理,进而提出了公路水毁防灾减灾社会对策和科学技术对策。
(3)为了更深入地研究降雨作用下路堤边坡失稳破坏机制,通过构建路堤边坡概化模型,应用水力学剪切起动理论探讨了坡面冲刷的机理,推导出概化冲刷深度理论计算公式,并采用模型试验验证了公式的合理性与可靠性。
(4)通过坡面冲刷室内模型试验,模拟了边坡水毁过程中水的作用机制,分析了冲刷-渗透耦合过程中路堤边坡失稳坍塌破坏的力学机制,并通过模型试验的结果,得出了具有链式特性的实际路基水毁发育过程,为坡面工程防护措施决策提供技术保障。
(5)针对水毁灾害类型多样、成灾机理复杂的特点,展开潜在公路水毁模式识别研究,通过建立快速准确的坡面冲刷神经网络水毁模型,及时识别潜在水毁,并通过实例验算表明模型具有较好的预测效果,可以满足应用需求。
(6)采用模糊综合评判和层次分析法对一定区域内不同流域单元公路水毁综合易发指数进行评判,从而进行公路水毁环境区划,有助于正确认识公路水毁的时空演变规律。在环境区划的基础上,建立一种基于降雨量等级指数法的公路水毁预警预报方法,工程实践应用表明,该预报方法有良好的应用效果。
(7)为实现水毁资料的上报、评估、决策等过程资料的网络化管理,研究并开发了浙江省公路水毁网络化管理与决策系统,采用了Veb Service网络技术使系统满足在INTERNET上应用的要求,并结合水毁修复治理工程实例着重强调系统的实践应用。
Over the past thirty years of reform and opening up, China's national economy has achieved continuous and rapid development, so as leap frog development achieved in highway traffic construction. It is accompanied by more and more highway flood damage disasters such as landslides, rockfalls and debris flows, which seriously threat the road construction, transport operation and people's lives and property. Therefore, in order to solve the frequent disasters along highway especially low-grade highway in mountain areas and guarantee the road clearness, based on the field investigations of massive road water damage spots and the related data analysis, it is needed to expand systemic and holistic research of flood damage prevention&treatment and form scientific methods and technologies of disaster recognition and early-warning&prediction.Above all, this has important research significance and practical value.
By means of field investigation analysis, safety real-time monitoring, theoretical calculation, laboratory model test, system development and application, the dissertation has entirely, intensively and systematically excuted the research on mechanism and data management system of highway flood damage. And then, the law and disaster mechanism analysis of highway flood damage under rainstorm was conducted. The failure mechanism of highway embankment slope in rainfall action was thoroughly analysed and discussed. The pattern recognition of potential highway flood damage was initially expanded. The environmental regionalization and early-warning&prediction of highway flood damage caused by rainstorm were mainly emphasized. The management system of highway flood damage was developed and researched. These could supply technical support for improving road disaster prevention capabilities and ensuring road safe and smooth, also could supply scientific decision-making basis of judging disaster possibilities and imposing preventive protective measures. Finally, through the above studies, the main results and conclusions are as fallows:
(1) With field data analysis of massive road water damage spots, the types of highway flood damage were classified according to different criteria. Then general producing conditions of the flood damage were summarized, terrain conditions and the features of mountain road are its internal factor, as weather conditions is its external factor.
(2) In order to research disaster mechanism of flood damage under rainstorm, stage division of typhoon rainstorm is conducted according to time and action relationships between different stages and mechanisms are realized, then society countermeasure and science&technology countermeasure are proposed.
(3) In order to thoroughly study disaster mechanism of highway embankment slope in rainfall action, the generalized model of embankment slope was constructed to discuss scouring mechanism with application of hydraulic shear theory. Then theoretical calculation formula of generalized scouring depth was deduced, and whose rationality and reliability are verified by model test.
(4) Action mechanism of water in slope is simulated by scouring laboratory model test of slope surface, and failure mechanism of embankment slope in scouring-penetration coupling process is analysed. This phenomenon reflects destroy process of subgrade flood damage with chain characteristic, which could supply technical support for choosing appropriate defending measures.
(5) According to variant disaster types and complex mechanisms, pattern recognition research of potential flood damage is expanded with construction of rapid and veracious neural network model of slope surface scouring, to duly recgnise potential flood damages. The example checking presents that this model has preferable prediction effect which could satisfy the application requirement.
(6) Based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation and analytic hierarchy process, the integrated prone index of highway washout of different watershed units are evaluated in a certain area. Thereby, highway washout environmental regionalization is conducted which is helpful to correctly understanding the spatial-temporal variations of highway washout disease. Moreover, a early-warning and prediction method is established based on rainfall rating index, whose application effect is good showed by engineering practice.
(7) In order to realize networking management of reporting&evaluating&decision-making of washout data, the management system of highway flood damage is developed. Then, adopting Web Service network technique to satisfy the need of application on INTERNET, and emphasizing engineering application combined with engineering examples of washout repair and treatment.
引文
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