新疆天格尔山末次冰期冰川的分布特征研究
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摘要
以《天山天格尔峰区末次冰期冰川分布图》为基础资料，本文结合DEM数据，利用ArcGIS提取天格尔山地区的高程、坡度、坡向、现代冰川分布范围、末次冰期冰川分布范围及其物质平衡线高度。对提取的数据进行相关性分析，分别比较南北坡和以冰川面积中位数划分的两部分冰川，并结合平衡线高度计算方法，探讨研究区末次冰期冰川分布的面积、坡度、坡向和平衡线比值等特征以及与其它地区的差异。
研究表明：研究区末次冰期早中冰阶的冰川类型大多属于山谷冰川和复式山谷冰川，个别属于树枝状山谷冰川；乌鲁木齐河源地区末次冰期早中冰阶发育的冰川与其在末次冰盛期发育的冰川相比，不仅积累区面积比值大，而且积累区面积也大；与青藏高原及其周边山地（主要是高原西南部和南部）的末次冰盛期平衡线特征相比，天格尔山区末次冰期早中冰阶发育的冰川更偏向于大陆性冰川特征；坡度较小、面积较大的冰川，AAR值（积累区面积比值）相对较小，且与THAR值（冰川末端-冰斗后壁比值）、TSAM值（冰川末端-最高峰高差比值）、H fer值（冰川末端-分水岭平均高度比值）具相对较好的相关性；采用的数据处理方法，其结果与其他研究资料得到的结果基本吻合。
The elevation, slope, aspect, the distribution of modern glaciers, the range of the LastGlacier glaciers and its material equilibrium line altitude in the Tianger Mountain wereinvestigated by ArcGIS on the base of DEM date and the” the distribution of the glacier in theTianger Mountain during the Last Glacial”. In this research, we analyzedthe correlation of thesedata,comparison between southern and northern slope and between two types divided by themedian area value. Then we discussed the distribution, slope, aspect, and ratio of the equilibriumline of the Last Glacial in the Tianger Mountain and compared them with other areas.
The results suggested that valley glaciers and duplex valley glaciers were the major type ofthe Tianger Mountain area during the early and middle stages of the Last Glacial, and there werea few dendritic valley glaciers. In the headwater of Urumqi River, the early and middle stages ofthe Last Glacial not only had a higher ratio of accumulation area, but also had a larger area andmore continental features compared with the Last Glacial Maximum. Compared with the LastGlacial Maximum equilibrium line characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surroundingmountains, mainly in the south and southwest of the plateau, the glaciers of the TiangerMountain area during the early and middle stages of the Last Glacial were more continental. TheAAR value of the glaciers with smaller slope and larger area is relatively smaller, and had arelatively better correlation with THAR value, TSAM value and H fer value. The data results fromthis processing method basically meet those results in other studies.
研究表明：研究区末次冰期早中冰阶的冰川类型大多属于山谷冰川和复式山谷冰川，个别属于树枝状山谷冰川；乌鲁木齐河源地区末次冰期早中冰阶发育的冰川与其在末次冰盛期发育的冰川相比，不仅积累区面积比值大，而且积累区面积也大；与青藏高原及其周边山地（主要是高原西南部和南部）的末次冰盛期平衡线特征相比，天格尔山区末次冰期早中冰阶发育的冰川更偏向于大陆性冰川特征；坡度较小、面积较大的冰川，AAR值（积累区面积比值）相对较小，且与THAR值（冰川末端-冰斗后壁比值）、TSAM值（冰川末端-最高峰高差比值）、H fer值（冰川末端-分水岭平均高度比值）具相对较好的相关性；采用的数据处理方法，其结果与其他研究资料得到的结果基本吻合。
The elevation, slope, aspect, the distribution of modern glaciers, the range of the LastGlacier glaciers and its material equilibrium line altitude in the Tianger Mountain wereinvestigated by ArcGIS on the base of DEM date and the” the distribution of the glacier in theTianger Mountain during the Last Glacial”. In this research, we analyzedthe correlation of thesedata,comparison between southern and northern slope and between two types divided by themedian area value. Then we discussed the distribution, slope, aspect, and ratio of the equilibriumline of the Last Glacial in the Tianger Mountain and compared them with other areas.
The results suggested that valley glaciers and duplex valley glaciers were the major type ofthe Tianger Mountain area during the early and middle stages of the Last Glacial, and there werea few dendritic valley glaciers. In the headwater of Urumqi River, the early and middle stages ofthe Last Glacial not only had a higher ratio of accumulation area, but also had a larger area andmore continental features compared with the Last Glacial Maximum. Compared with the LastGlacial Maximum equilibrium line characteristics of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surroundingmountains, mainly in the south and southwest of the plateau, the glaciers of the TiangerMountain area during the early and middle stages of the Last Glacial were more continental. TheAAR value of the glaciers with smaller slope and larger area is relatively smaller, and had arelatively better correlation with THAR value, TSAM value and H fer value. The data results fromthis processing method basically meet those results in other studies.
引文
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[3]吴锡浩,祝一志.中国气候雪线的高程计算及变化规律[J].科学通报,1990,(06):451-453.
[4]施雅风,黄茂恒,姚檀栋,邓养鑫.中国冰川的环境—现在、过去和未来[M].科学出版社，2000：9-40
[5] H. Osmaston. Estimates of glacier equilibrium line altitudes by the Area×Altitude, theArea×Altitude Balance Ratio and the Area×Altitude Balance Index methods and theirvalidation Original Research Article [J]. Quaternary International,2005,138–139:22-31
[6] D. I Benna, F. Lehmkuhlb. Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers inhigh-mountain environments [J]. Quaternary International,2000,65–66:15–29
[7]王宁练,蒲健辰,刘时银,黄茂桓.山谷冰川稳定态时积累区面积比率研究[J].冰川冻土,1997,(02):73-78
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[12]刘少峰,王陶,张会平,程三友,孙亚平,雷国静.数字高程模型在地表过程研究中的应用[J].地学前缘,2005,(01):303-309
[13]赵洪壮,李有利,杨景春,吕红华.基于DEM数据的北天山地貌形态分析[J].地理科学,2009,(03):445-449
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[21]刘耕年,刘岳峰.天山乌鲁木齐河源分选环的发育特征[J].冰川冻土,1993,15(3):474-480
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[24]易朝路,刘克新,崔之久.天山乌鲁木齐河源末次冰期以来的冰川沉积物AMS测年及其意义[J].科学通报,1998,43(6):655-656
[25]易朝路,焦克勤,刘克新,等.冰碛物ESR测年与天山乌鲁木齐河源末次冰期系列[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):389-393
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[28]郑本兴,王存年.天山博格达峰地区第四纪冰期探讨[J].冰川冻土,1983,(03):123-132
[29]楼桐茂.新疆博格达山四工河流域第四纪冰川地形[J].冰川冻土,1989,(03):261-268+288
[30]李吉均,郑本兴,杨锡金,等.西藏冰川[M]．科学出版社,1986:1-328
[31] Louis,H. Schneegrenze und Schneegrenzbestmmung. Geographisches Taschenbuch,1955,19(54-55):414-428
[32] H fer H V. Gletscher und Eiszeitstudien. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie derWissenschaften [J]. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse,1879,1(79):331-367
[33]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶,等.地理信息系统—原理、方法和应用[M].科学出版社,2001:195-216
[34] Summerfield M A. Geomorphology and global tectonics. John Wiley&Sons Ltd. Press,2000:1-367
[35] Regine Hock, Holger Jensen. Application of Kriging Interpolation for Glacier Mass BalanceComputations [J]. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography,1999,81(4):611–619
[36]邓育武,谢自楚,李玲玲.基于GIS的西藏南部雪线场的建立及其空间分布特征[J].云南地理环境研究,2006,(03):10-14
[37]张瑞江,赵福岳,方洪宾,曾福年.青藏高原近30年现代雪线遥感调查[J].国土资源遥感,2010,(S1):59-63
[38]韩添丁,丁永建,叶柏生,谢昌卫.天山天格尔山南北坡降水特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2004,(06):761-766.
[39] Xu XK, Wang LQ, Yang JQ. Last Glacial Maximum climate inferences from integratedreconstruction of glacier equilibrium-line altitude for the head of the Urumqi River, TianshanMountains [J]. Quaternary International,2010,218(1-2):3-12.
[40] C. Yi, K. Liu, Z. Cui, K. Jiao, T. Yao, Y. He. AMS radiocarbon dating of the Quaternary glaciallandforms, source of the Urumqi River, Tien Shan–a pilot study of14C dating on inorganiccarbon [J]. Quaternary International,2004,121:99–107
[41] J. Zhao, S. Zhou, Y. He, Y. Ye, S. Liu. ESR dating of glacial tills and glaciations in the UrumqiRiver headwaters, Tianshan Mountains, China [J]. Quaternary International,2006,144:61–67
[42]李世杰.天山乌鲁木齐河源更新世晚期的古环境重建——地貌—环境—发展[M].1993,中国环境科学出版社：20—34
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[44] Li YK, Liu GN, Kong P, et al. Cosmogenic nuclide constraint on glacial chronology in thesource area of the Urumqi River, Tian Shan, China[J]. Journal of QuaternaryScience,2011,26(3):297-304
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[2]姚檀栋.冰川物质平衡、零平线及气候间的关系—以天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例[J].冰川冻土,1987,(04):289-300
[3]吴锡浩,祝一志.中国气候雪线的高程计算及变化规律[J].科学通报,1990,(06):451-453.
[4]施雅风,黄茂恒,姚檀栋,邓养鑫.中国冰川的环境—现在、过去和未来[M].科学出版社，2000：9-40
[5] H. Osmaston. Estimates of glacier equilibrium line altitudes by the Area×Altitude, theArea×Altitude Balance Ratio and the Area×Altitude Balance Index methods and theirvalidation Original Research Article [J]. Quaternary International,2005,138–139:22-31
[6] D. I Benna, F. Lehmkuhlb. Mass balance and equilibrium-line altitudes of glaciers inhigh-mountain environments [J]. Quaternary International,2000,65–66:15–29
[7]王宁练,蒲健辰,刘时银,黄茂桓.山谷冰川稳定态时积累区面积比率研究[J].冰川冻土,1997,(02):73-78
[8]鞠远江,刘耕年,张晓咏,傅海荣,魏遐,崔之久.山地冰川物质平衡线与气候[J].地理科学进展,2004,(3):43-49
[9]刘耕年,陈艺鑫,张梅,李川川,孔屏,Harbor J, Caffee M.W.喜马拉雅山佩枯岗日冰川地貌的年代学、平衡线高度和气候研究[J].冰川冻土,2011,(05):959-970
[10]张威,闫玲,崔之久,穆克华,李川川,牛云博.长白山现代理论雪线和古雪线高度[J].第四纪研究,2008,(04):739-745
[11]洪顺英,申旭辉,荆凤,杜则澄.基于SRTM-DEM的阿尔泰山构造地貌特征分析[J].国土资源遥感,2007,(03):62-66,108-109
[12]刘少峰,王陶,张会平,程三友,孙亚平,雷国静.数字高程模型在地表过程研究中的应用[J].地学前缘,2005,(01):303-309
[13]赵洪壮,李有利,杨景春,吕红华.基于DEM数据的北天山地貌形态分析[J].地理科学,2009,(03):445-449
[14]施雅风.简明中国冰川目录[M].上海科学普及出版社,2005:81-85
[15]施雅风,崔之久,苏珍,等.中国第四纪冰川与环境变化[M].河北科学技术出版社,2006:65-106,454-502
[16]]赵井东,王杰,上官冬辉.天山托木尔河流域第四纪冰川沉积序列及其初步年代学[J].冰川冻土,2009,(04):628-633
[17]中国科学院地理研究所冰川冻土研究室.天山乌鲁木齐河冰川与水文研究[M].科学出版社,1965
[18]施雅风,苏珍.天山乌鲁木齐河源冰川的形态特征与历史演变[C].天山乌鲁木齐河冰川与水文研究.科学出版社,1965:83-87
[19]杨怀仁,邱淑彰.乌鲁木齐河上游第四纪冰川与冰后期气候波动[J].地理学报,1965,31(3):194-211
[20]朱诚,崔之久.天山乌鲁木齐河源冰缘地貌的分布和演变过程[J].地理学报,1992,47(6):526-537
[21]刘耕年,刘岳峰.天山乌鲁木齐河源分选环的发育特征[J].冰川冻土,1993,15(3):474-480
[22]王靖泰.天山乌鲁木齐河源的古冰川[J].冰川冻土,1981,3（增刊）:57-63
[23]陈吉阳.天山乌鲁木齐河源全新世冰川变化的地衣年代学若干问题之初步研究[J].中国科学,1988, B(1):95-104
[24]易朝路,刘克新,崔之久.天山乌鲁木齐河源末次冰期以来的冰川沉积物AMS测年及其意义[J].科学通报,1998,43(6):655-656
[25]易朝路,焦克勤,刘克新,等.冰碛物ESR测年与天山乌鲁木齐河源末次冰期系列[J].冰川冻土,2001,23(4):389-393
[26]赵井东,周尚哲,崔建新,等.乌鲁木齐河源冰碛物的ESR测年研究[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(6):737-743
[27]郑本兴,张振栓.天山博格达峰地区与乌鲁木齐河源新冰期的冰川变化[J]．冰川冻土,1983,5(3):133-141
[28]郑本兴,王存年.天山博格达峰地区第四纪冰期探讨[J].冰川冻土,1983,(03):123-132
[29]楼桐茂.新疆博格达山四工河流域第四纪冰川地形[J].冰川冻土,1989,(03):261-268+288
[30]李吉均,郑本兴,杨锡金,等.西藏冰川[M]．科学出版社,1986:1-328
[31] Louis,H. Schneegrenze und Schneegrenzbestmmung. Geographisches Taschenbuch,1955,19(54-55):414-428
[32] H fer H V. Gletscher und Eiszeitstudien. Sitzungsberichte der Akademie derWissenschaften [J]. Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse,1879,1(79):331-367
[33]邬伦,刘瑜,张晶,等.地理信息系统—原理、方法和应用[M].科学出版社,2001:195-216
[34] Summerfield M A. Geomorphology and global tectonics. John Wiley&Sons Ltd. Press,2000:1-367
[35] Regine Hock, Holger Jensen. Application of Kriging Interpolation for Glacier Mass BalanceComputations [J]. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography,1999,81(4):611–619
[36]邓育武,谢自楚,李玲玲.基于GIS的西藏南部雪线场的建立及其空间分布特征[J].云南地理环境研究,2006,(03):10-14
[37]张瑞江,赵福岳,方洪宾,曾福年.青藏高原近30年现代雪线遥感调查[J].国土资源遥感,2010,(S1):59-63
[38]韩添丁,丁永建,叶柏生,谢昌卫.天山天格尔山南北坡降水特征研究[J].冰川冻土,2004,(06):761-766.
[39] Xu XK, Wang LQ, Yang JQ. Last Glacial Maximum climate inferences from integratedreconstruction of glacier equilibrium-line altitude for the head of the Urumqi River, TianshanMountains [J]. Quaternary International,2010,218(1-2):3-12.
[40] C. Yi, K. Liu, Z. Cui, K. Jiao, T. Yao, Y. He. AMS radiocarbon dating of the Quaternary glaciallandforms, source of the Urumqi River, Tien Shan–a pilot study of14C dating on inorganiccarbon [J]. Quaternary International,2004,121:99–107
[41] J. Zhao, S. Zhou, Y. He, Y. Ye, S. Liu. ESR dating of glacial tills and glaciations in the UrumqiRiver headwaters, Tianshan Mountains, China [J]. Quaternary International,2006,144:61–67
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