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烟草生育后期钾素积累规律研究
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摘要
通过大田和水培试验,研究了不同基因型烟草生育后期烟叶钾积累规律,探讨了引起生育后期烟叶钾呈负积累的原因,分析了烟叶钾含量性状的遗传特性及其与其它性状的相关性,试验结果如下:1.烟草生育后期随着烟叶的成熟与衰老,烟叶钾含量逐渐减少,烟叶钾积累率在不同基因型间存在明显的差异;2.通过对干物质积累率与烟叶钾素积累率的分析以及水培、断根和环剥等试验证明,干物质积累率高于烟叶钾积累率所引起的“稀释效应”、钾素通过茎韧皮部由地上部向根部的“回流”以及通过根系的“外排”均为烟草生育后期烟叶钾含量呈负积累的重要原因;通过打顶试验以及叶面喷施外源植物激素IAA和CTK,研究发现,不打顶保持植株顶端生长优势和喷激素延缓烟叶衰老有助于提高烟叶钾含量,说明打顶后根系成为生长中心,引起地上部的钾素重新分配给根部以供其生长需要,这也是造成生育后期烟叶钾含量降低的原因之一;3.相关分析表明,烟叶钾含量性状与株高、茎围和最大叶长的相关性达到了显著和极显著的水平,与叶数的相关虽未达到显著水平,但相关程度相对较高;烟叶钾含量与烟碱在上、中、下三部位叶之间均呈负相关关系,中部叶烟碱与烟叶钾含量的相关达到了极显著水平;烟叶钾含量性状与丙二醛、SOD和电导率以及与蛋白质、可溶性糖、叶绿素和自由水/束缚水之间的相关性均未达显著水平,但相关性质不同,烟叶钾含量性状与前三者之间表现负相关关系,而与后四者之间呈正相关关系;4.杂种优势分析显示,烟叶钾含量性状、植株性状和其它相关化学成分均存在着不同程度的杂种优势;5.不同基因型烟草的一般配合力和特殊配合力差异较大,方差分析表明,烟叶钾含量在不同基因型间的差异达极显著水平,因此可选择到烟叶钾含量性状差异较大的亲本以配出较好的组合,利用F_1提高烟叶钾含量,但在选择亲本时要考虑其配合力情况,并且宜在早代进行选择以培育富钾烟品种。
Field and water culture experiments were conducted to study the characteristic of accumulation, reasons of reducing and the mechanism of heredity of potassium content in tobacco leaves in the later growing stage. The results were as following: 1.Potassium content was reduced with tobacco leaf senesing in the later growing stage; the range of being reduced was different in different genotypes of tobacco. 2.The analysis about accumulation ratio of dry matter and potassium content in tobacco leaves, the results of experiments about water culture, cutting root and girdling phloem of tobacco stem, indicated that the important reasons of potassium content reduced in tobacco leaves were diluting effect of accumulation ratio of dry matter higher than that of potassium content, potassium going back from above of tobacco to its root and potassium being vented from root. It also found that potassium content could be improved if overground of tobacco was mainly growing part and the senescing of
    tobacco leaves was delayed through the experiments of topping tobacco and spraying exdogenous hormone (IAA and CTK) on leaves, which shown root became growing center after being topped, making potassium in overground of tobacco back to root, therefore, potassium content of tobacco leaves was reduced. 3.The analysis of correlation indicated that tobacco breeding with higher potassium content has the characteristics of higher stalk height, wider stalk circumference, longer leaf and more leaf number comparatively. The correlations between potassium content and nicotin among top, middle and bottom tobacco leaves were all negative. The correlation among potassium content and malondialdehyde (MDA),
    
    
    superoxide dismutase (SOD), conductance ratio; and protein, solubility sugar, chlorophyl and free water/bondage water were all attained marked level, however, the essence of correlation was different: the former was negative but the latter was positive. 4.The analysis of heterosis demonstrated there were different degree heterosis in the potassium content of tobacco leaf and other correlated characters, including agriculture, physiology and biochemistry. 5.There was definite difference in the general combining ability and special combining ability in different genotypes. The differentia of potassium content of tobacco leaf in different genotypes was achieved marked level. Therefore, it could be chosen proper
    parents to crossbreed so that the potassium content of tobacco leaf might be improved. But the combining abilities of parents must be thought when choosing them. Moreover, it is proper for choosing tobacco plants in earlier generations to cultivate new varieties with high potassium content.
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