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关于武术与西方体育审美方式特征的比较研究
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摘要
作为中西方文化组成部分的中国武术和西方体育,在数千年的发展历程中,以不同的文化底蕴为基础,经历了不同的发展道路,形成了各自的文化特色。中国传统的儒家、道家文化使武术成为最富有民族审美文化特征的传统体育项目。作为西方文明基础的希腊文化,如日神文化、酒神文化等,也使得以田径、体操、球类为代表的以争胜负为特点的西方体育具有其独特的审美特征。由于审美方式是民族文化心理的感性化、直观化的体现,通过审美方式,能够说明不同文化现象的许多内在联系。为了揭示武术和西方体育形成和发展的个性特征,促进武术美学和比较武术学的发展,弘扬武术文化优势,加强武术文化的交流,本文以武术和西方体育这两者为比较对象,运用比较等研究方法,以审美方式为参考系,以道与逻各斯分别为武术和西方体育审美的逻辑起点,并分别以中国传统美学的内在性和西方传统美学的外在性为背景理论假设,从人天关系和身心关系两条主线,对武术与西方体育的审美方式特征进行了较为全面的比较研究。
     研究认为,武术之美集自然、人、社会(主要是指武德之美)三位一体,其审美方式特征表现出辨证统一性:第一,追求与自然的和谐统一美。表现为自然仿生性、动物仿生性和合自然规律性的特征。第二,形美与神美的统一。表现为阳刚美与阴柔美的统一,静之美和虚之美的特征。并认为静之美和虚之美是武术审美方式的本质特征。第三,追求善与美的统一。
     西方体育在理性和感性的双重矛盾积淀中,其审美方式特征表现出二元对立性:第一,追求与自然的对立美和与神的和谐美。第二,在身心关系上,表现出只重形美和迷狂之美的特征。并认为迷狂之美是西方体育审美方式的本质特征。第三,追求真与美的统一。
     最后,本文在武术审美价值的现实评定与展望中取得以下建设性意见:第一,在社会可持续发展的战略实施中,特别是在重塑人类身心的和谐中,武术的审美价值将越来越受到重视。第二,竞技武术吸纳了西方体育的审美优势,随着武术的国际化发展,对竞技武术美学的价值研究,将是一个不容忽视的重要领域。
As components of Chinese and Western culture and based on different cultural tradition, Wushu and Competitive Sport have experienced different development patterns and developed respective cultural characteristics through thousands of years' development. The traditional Confucianism and Taoism culture of China make Wushu become a traditional sports event peculiar to national aesthetic culture. The Greek culture, on which the western civilization was based, such as sun god's culture and alcoholic drink god culture etc, also makes western sports, which are representative of track and field, gymnastics and the sphere and are characteristic of victory or defeat, show unique aesthetic features. As a result of the aesthetic approach which embodies perceptually and directly the national cultural psychology, many inherent contacts of cultural phenomena can be explained by aesthetic approach. In order to reveal the individual characteristics of Wushu and Competitive Sport during their formation and development carry
    forward the Wushu aesthetics and comparative study of Wushu, promote superiorities of Wushu culture and strengthen the intercommunion of Wushu culture, relatively overall comparative study has been carried out in this text. Wushu and Competitive Sport are taken as the objects of comparison and the aesthetical appreciation method is taken as the frame of reference in this text, with doctrine and logos being the respective logical starting point of Wushu and western sport aesthetical appreciation and the internality of Chinese traditional aesthetics and the externalism of western traditional aesthetics taken respectively as the background theoretical hypothesis. This paper carries on relatively overall comparative study of the characteristics of aesthetic approach Wushu and Western sports along two principal lines of the relation between man and nature, body and minds.
    It's concluded that Wushu aesthetics integrates nature, man and the society into a Trinity, and its characteristics of aesthetic approach reflects the dialectical unification. First, it pursues the harmonious and unitary beauty with nature, which is characteristic of the natural bionic combination, the creatural bionic and in conformity with the law of nature. Secondly, it seeks the combination of the shape beauty and spiritual beauty, namely the unity of the male beauty and female beauty characteristics and the serenity beauty and emptiness beauty which is thought of as the essential characteristic of Wushu aesthetic approach. Thirdly, it goes after the unity of the beautiful and the good.
    
    
    Deep rooted in the double contradictions between reason and sensation, the aesthetic approach of Competitive Sport, shows binary contrariety. First, it pursues the antithesis with nature and the harmony with spirit. Second, concerning the relation between body and minds, it only attaches importance to the characteristics of shape beauty and fancy beauty and regards fancy beauty as the essential characteristic of the aesthetic approach of western Competitive sport. Third, it follows the unification of beauty and truth.
    Finally, the following viewpoint constructive proposals drawn from the practical evaluation of and prospects for the aesthetic the aesthetical value of Wushu are as following. First, the aesthetic value of Wushu will become more important and play even greater role in remolding the harmony of man's body and minds sustainable during the implementation of societal development strategy. Second, competitive Wushu is the new outcome of the combination of the Chinese and the western. With Wushu developing internationally, studies of the aesthetic value of Competitive Wushu will be an important domain allowing of no ignorance.
引文
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