对外援助的“欧洲模式”
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摘要
由于欧洲联盟在世界历史和全球政治进程中的独一无二特性,所谓的“欧洲模式”不仅存在于欧洲一体化的经济和社会发展领域,而且同时存在于欧盟对外关系和本文探讨的对外援助议题之中。在长期进行对外援助的过程中,欧盟逐渐形成了一种区别于其他援助方的方式、机制、理念、特质,这种模式集中体现在冷战后欧盟援助西巴尔干的案例中。因此,基于对欧盟援助西巴尔干案例的研究,本文尝试对外援“欧洲模式”的内涵进行概括和分析。文章主要可以分为6个部分,每一部分将围绕外援“欧洲模式”的一种特质或一个方面来具体展开:
(1)第一章探讨了欧盟持续、广泛和多边的对外援助政策。与其他援助方相比,欧盟在冷战结束前后一直向西巴尔干所有国家和地区投放着大量援助。此外,欧盟还一直倡议发起协调该地区援助的国际合作框架,其中最典型的反映就是1999年《东南欧稳定公约》的诞生。
(2)第二章探讨了欧盟各类对外援助工具的多样性和互补性。在援助西巴尔干案例中,欧盟就创设并运用了丰富多样但相互补充的外援工具,这些工具可以分为“地缘工具”和“主题工具”两个大类进行探讨。从本章对外援工具的探讨中,我们可以发现欧盟向西巴尔干受援方投入了大量资源,这些工具的创设和运用使得欧盟援助更为合理、有效。
(3)第三章探讨了欧盟对外援助的综合性。这一特质突出地反映在欧盟援助西巴尔干的目标、领域、形式、类别之中,基于对西巴尔干各方稳定、转轨和准备入盟等主要目标和领域的支持,欧盟通过不同类型的援助向西巴尔干输入了大量资金、技术、物资、人力资源。由此可见,欧盟无疑是西巴尔干最直接、最关键的援助方,其援助的综合性是美国或世界银行这样的援助方所无法比拟的。
(4)第四章探讨了欧盟对外援助全面、严格、灵活的条件性。外援条件性不仅植根于欧盟对外关系的一般性原则,而且反映出欧盟应对西巴尔干地区特殊挑战的紧迫需要。因此,欧盟在对西巴尔干的援助中特别强调“地区合作”、“尊重和保护少数民族”、“与前南问题国际法庭充分合作”等附加条件。
(5)第五章探讨了欧盟对外援助独特的多层治理体系。与世界其他援助方不同,欧盟本身拥有超国家、国家间、以及次国家三个主要的治理层次,不同层次之上与层次之间的行为角色围绕着外援议题进行着密切互动。基于对西巴尔干案例中欧盟外援从动议、决策、执行、管理到监督等政策过程的疏理,本章尝试对欧盟外援体系中独特的角色和机制进行一番探讨。
(6)第六章探讨了欧盟对外援助与其他政策工具的互动。这还包括贸易工具、共同外交行动工具、共同防务行动工具、入盟工具,毕竟,作为“软实力”的欧盟在西巴尔干运用了其几乎所有的典型对外工具。那么,欧盟外援工具将如何在适用条件、对象、程序、机制、方式等方面与其他政策工具配合互动呢?在欧盟的政策“工具箱”之中,对外援助又具体扮演着何种角色?作为一个拥有“多层体系”和“三大支柱”的特殊援助方,欧盟必须重新审视以上问题,并积极促进不同议题、工具和“支柱”之间的相互关联。
在对欧盟援助西巴尔干案例进行充分探讨的基础上,本文进而认为这一案例既体现了对外援助“欧洲模式”的一般典型特征,又在某些方面丰富了该模式的内涵。例如:外援“欧洲模式”常常具有目标及形式的综合性、受益对象的广泛性、实施工具的多样性、运作体系的多层性等内涵及特性。此外,欧盟在西巴尔干的援助实践不仅推动了安全要素在外援工具设计和条件限制中的凸显,而且进一步促进了外援工具与其他政策工具的配合互动。总之,对外援助“欧洲模式”曾经、正在、并将不断地发展演变,这值得我们对其继续关注。
Due to the uniqueness of EU in the process of world history and global politics, there is not only a so-called“Europe model”for EU economic and social development, but also a model for EU external relations, especially for foreign aid. During the long period of foreign aid, EU has gradually formed its mode, michenism, notion, characteristic, which is different from other international donors and can be well reflected in the process of EU aid to the Western Balkans.Therefore, based on the case of EU aid to the Western Balkans, this dissertation tries to generalize and analyze the socalled“Europe model for foreign aid”.The whole content can be divided to 6 parts, and every part concentrates on one aspect or trait of“Europe model for foreign aid”:
(1)The first chapter focuses on continuous, wide-spread and multi-lateral aid policy of EU. As in the case of Western Balkans, compared with other international donors, EU tends to supply generous aid to all benificiary countries in the region after the Cold War. Moreover, EU has tried to initiate the international coordinated networks for aid to this region, which can be clearly reflected in the born of the 1999 Stability Pact for the South Eastern Europe.
(2)The second chapter discusses the diversity and complementarity of the EU foreign aid instruments. As in the case of Western Balkans, EU designed diverse but complementary instruments for aid implementation, these instruments fall into two types: geographical instruments and thematic instruments. From the review and analysis of these aid instruments, we can see that EU imported virious kinds of resourses to the Western Balkans, and it is the aid instruments that makes EU aid more rational and effective.
(3)The third chapter makes an examnation of the comprehensiveness of EU foreign aid. This characteristic can be well reflected in the aims, issues, types and forms of EU’s aid to Western Balkans. Based on three main aims of stability, transition, and accession, EU imported capital, techniques, materails, and human resourse to Western Balkans, through different types of aid. We can hardly find this comprehensive trait in other donors like the U.S. and WB, for EU is no doubt the direct and critical donor in this region.
(4)The fourth chapter focuses on the all-round, strict but flexible conditionality of EU’s foreign aid.The conditionality is not only embedded in certain general value of EU external relations, but also reflects the needs to solve the unique ergent problems of Western Balkans.Therefore, EU laid much emphasis on the condition and clauses of“regional cooperation”,“respect and protection for the minorities”,“full cooperation with ICTY”, etc.
(5)The fifth chapter analyzes the unique multilevel regime of EU foreign aid. Unlike other international donors, EU embodies three main levels of governance (Supranational, National, and Sub-national), in which different actors interact with each other on the foreign aid issue. After sorts out EU’s policy process (from iniation, decision, implementation, management to supervision) of foreign aid to Western Balkans, this chapter tries to discuss the distinctive actors and michenisms in the EU foreign aid systems.
(6)The sixth chapter is about the interaction between EU’s foreign aid and some other policy instruments, e.g.: trade, common foreign and defence action, membership. After all, EU has applied nearly all of its typical policy instruments as a“Soft Power”in the Western Balkans, which raises a series of other questions, e.g.: how can EU foreign aid interact with other instruments? especially in working condition, target, procejure, michenism, approach, and some other aspects. What is the specific role of EU foreign aid in the“tool-kit”?As a unique donor with“Multi-level Systems”and“Three Pillars”, EU has to reconsider the above questions and enhance the correlations among different issues, instruments and“Pillars”.
Last but not least, based on the above discussion and analysis, my dissertation concluded that the“Western Balkans Case”is bodied with some typical elements of EU foreign aid model, e.g.: the comprehensive benificiary, the intentional use of grants in aid capitals, the multilevel regime of foreign aid. At the same time, the practices of foreign aid in the Western Balkans also enrich the content of the“Europe model for foreign aid”, e.g.: the extraordinary emphasis on the essence of regional stability and security, the evident interaction between aid instrument and other policy instruments. In a word, the“Europe model for foreign aid”was, is, and will be changing and refining all the time, which is worthwhile for us to observe continuously.
(1)第一章探讨了欧盟持续、广泛和多边的对外援助政策。与其他援助方相比,欧盟在冷战结束前后一直向西巴尔干所有国家和地区投放着大量援助。此外,欧盟还一直倡议发起协调该地区援助的国际合作框架,其中最典型的反映就是1999年《东南欧稳定公约》的诞生。
(2)第二章探讨了欧盟各类对外援助工具的多样性和互补性。在援助西巴尔干案例中,欧盟就创设并运用了丰富多样但相互补充的外援工具,这些工具可以分为“地缘工具”和“主题工具”两个大类进行探讨。从本章对外援工具的探讨中,我们可以发现欧盟向西巴尔干受援方投入了大量资源,这些工具的创设和运用使得欧盟援助更为合理、有效。
(3)第三章探讨了欧盟对外援助的综合性。这一特质突出地反映在欧盟援助西巴尔干的目标、领域、形式、类别之中,基于对西巴尔干各方稳定、转轨和准备入盟等主要目标和领域的支持,欧盟通过不同类型的援助向西巴尔干输入了大量资金、技术、物资、人力资源。由此可见,欧盟无疑是西巴尔干最直接、最关键的援助方,其援助的综合性是美国或世界银行这样的援助方所无法比拟的。
(4)第四章探讨了欧盟对外援助全面、严格、灵活的条件性。外援条件性不仅植根于欧盟对外关系的一般性原则,而且反映出欧盟应对西巴尔干地区特殊挑战的紧迫需要。因此,欧盟在对西巴尔干的援助中特别强调“地区合作”、“尊重和保护少数民族”、“与前南问题国际法庭充分合作”等附加条件。
(5)第五章探讨了欧盟对外援助独特的多层治理体系。与世界其他援助方不同,欧盟本身拥有超国家、国家间、以及次国家三个主要的治理层次,不同层次之上与层次之间的行为角色围绕着外援议题进行着密切互动。基于对西巴尔干案例中欧盟外援从动议、决策、执行、管理到监督等政策过程的疏理,本章尝试对欧盟外援体系中独特的角色和机制进行一番探讨。
(6)第六章探讨了欧盟对外援助与其他政策工具的互动。这还包括贸易工具、共同外交行动工具、共同防务行动工具、入盟工具,毕竟,作为“软实力”的欧盟在西巴尔干运用了其几乎所有的典型对外工具。那么,欧盟外援工具将如何在适用条件、对象、程序、机制、方式等方面与其他政策工具配合互动呢?在欧盟的政策“工具箱”之中,对外援助又具体扮演着何种角色?作为一个拥有“多层体系”和“三大支柱”的特殊援助方,欧盟必须重新审视以上问题,并积极促进不同议题、工具和“支柱”之间的相互关联。
在对欧盟援助西巴尔干案例进行充分探讨的基础上,本文进而认为这一案例既体现了对外援助“欧洲模式”的一般典型特征,又在某些方面丰富了该模式的内涵。例如:外援“欧洲模式”常常具有目标及形式的综合性、受益对象的广泛性、实施工具的多样性、运作体系的多层性等内涵及特性。此外,欧盟在西巴尔干的援助实践不仅推动了安全要素在外援工具设计和条件限制中的凸显,而且进一步促进了外援工具与其他政策工具的配合互动。总之,对外援助“欧洲模式”曾经、正在、并将不断地发展演变,这值得我们对其继续关注。
Due to the uniqueness of EU in the process of world history and global politics, there is not only a so-called“Europe model”for EU economic and social development, but also a model for EU external relations, especially for foreign aid. During the long period of foreign aid, EU has gradually formed its mode, michenism, notion, characteristic, which is different from other international donors and can be well reflected in the process of EU aid to the Western Balkans.Therefore, based on the case of EU aid to the Western Balkans, this dissertation tries to generalize and analyze the socalled“Europe model for foreign aid”.The whole content can be divided to 6 parts, and every part concentrates on one aspect or trait of“Europe model for foreign aid”:
(1)The first chapter focuses on continuous, wide-spread and multi-lateral aid policy of EU. As in the case of Western Balkans, compared with other international donors, EU tends to supply generous aid to all benificiary countries in the region after the Cold War. Moreover, EU has tried to initiate the international coordinated networks for aid to this region, which can be clearly reflected in the born of the 1999 Stability Pact for the South Eastern Europe.
(2)The second chapter discusses the diversity and complementarity of the EU foreign aid instruments. As in the case of Western Balkans, EU designed diverse but complementary instruments for aid implementation, these instruments fall into two types: geographical instruments and thematic instruments. From the review and analysis of these aid instruments, we can see that EU imported virious kinds of resourses to the Western Balkans, and it is the aid instruments that makes EU aid more rational and effective.
(3)The third chapter makes an examnation of the comprehensiveness of EU foreign aid. This characteristic can be well reflected in the aims, issues, types and forms of EU’s aid to Western Balkans. Based on three main aims of stability, transition, and accession, EU imported capital, techniques, materails, and human resourse to Western Balkans, through different types of aid. We can hardly find this comprehensive trait in other donors like the U.S. and WB, for EU is no doubt the direct and critical donor in this region.
(4)The fourth chapter focuses on the all-round, strict but flexible conditionality of EU’s foreign aid.The conditionality is not only embedded in certain general value of EU external relations, but also reflects the needs to solve the unique ergent problems of Western Balkans.Therefore, EU laid much emphasis on the condition and clauses of“regional cooperation”,“respect and protection for the minorities”,“full cooperation with ICTY”, etc.
(5)The fifth chapter analyzes the unique multilevel regime of EU foreign aid. Unlike other international donors, EU embodies three main levels of governance (Supranational, National, and Sub-national), in which different actors interact with each other on the foreign aid issue. After sorts out EU’s policy process (from iniation, decision, implementation, management to supervision) of foreign aid to Western Balkans, this chapter tries to discuss the distinctive actors and michenisms in the EU foreign aid systems.
(6)The sixth chapter is about the interaction between EU’s foreign aid and some other policy instruments, e.g.: trade, common foreign and defence action, membership. After all, EU has applied nearly all of its typical policy instruments as a“Soft Power”in the Western Balkans, which raises a series of other questions, e.g.: how can EU foreign aid interact with other instruments? especially in working condition, target, procejure, michenism, approach, and some other aspects. What is the specific role of EU foreign aid in the“tool-kit”?As a unique donor with“Multi-level Systems”and“Three Pillars”, EU has to reconsider the above questions and enhance the correlations among different issues, instruments and“Pillars”.
Last but not least, based on the above discussion and analysis, my dissertation concluded that the“Western Balkans Case”is bodied with some typical elements of EU foreign aid model, e.g.: the comprehensive benificiary, the intentional use of grants in aid capitals, the multilevel regime of foreign aid. At the same time, the practices of foreign aid in the Western Balkans also enrich the content of the“Europe model for foreign aid”, e.g.: the extraordinary emphasis on the essence of regional stability and security, the evident interaction between aid instrument and other policy instruments. In a word, the“Europe model for foreign aid”was, is, and will be changing and refining all the time, which is worthwhile for us to observe continuously.
引文
①陈志瑞:《“欧洲模式与欧美关系”研讨会综述》,《欧洲研究》2003年第4期,第151页。
②参见田德文研究员在2006年12月12日相关学术研讨会上的发言。张海洋、莫伟:《“欧洲模式及其对世界的影响”研讨会综述》,《欧洲研究》2007年第2期,第149页。
③周弘:《最大的援助方——欧盟及其成员国》,《人民日报》(第七版国际周刊)2002年06月17日。
①邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第515-572页。
②朱晓中:《以欧盟为主的西方国家对中东欧国家的援助》。周弘:前引书,第573-599页。
③贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第69-79页。刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第79页。
④Sieglinde Gst?hl,“Blurring Economic Boundaries? Trade and Aid in the EU’s Near Abroad”, in Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, pp.135-161.
①代表作可参见Qerim Qerimi ,“Southeast Europe’s EU integration: Dreams and realities”, (SEER SouthEast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs), issue: 04 / 2002, pp.43-56, www.ceeol.com.;Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans:Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006; 20; pp. 659-690;Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007;András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007;Jens Becker ,“The European Union and the western Balkans”, South-East Europe Review, S. 7– 27, 1/2008;扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期;孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期;柯静:《西巴尔干入欧盟前景分析》,《国际论坛》,2007年第6期,第92-93页;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文等。
②Jeffrey Simon,“Preventing Balkan Conflict:The Role of Euroatlantic Institutions”, No. 226, April 2007 , Strategic Forum , Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University , http://www.ndu.edu/inss, pp.4-6.
③李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第41-43页。
④朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第3-41页。
⑤瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第25-39页
①代表作可参见Hans-Georg Ehrhart,“A good idea,but a rocky road ahead: The EU and the Stability Pact for South East Europe”, in David Carment and Albrecht Schnabel eds., Conflict Prevention: Path to Peace or Grand Illusion?, Tokyo: The United Nations Uiversity Press, 2003, pp.112-132;“Policy of assurance: peace-building in south-easten Europe”, in Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007; ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, pp. 88– 108; Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000;刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期;刘作奎:《欧盟对巴尔干的冲突调解政策——一种新制度主义的分析》,周弘、[德]贝娅特·科勒—科赫主编:《欧盟治理模式》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年版,第211-225页等
②Christina M. Schweiss and Cindy R. Jebb,“The European Union in the Balkans: From Intervention to Accession”, in Janet Adamski, Mary Troy Johnson, and Christina M. Schweiss eds., Old Europe, New Security: Evolution for a Complex World, ASHGATE, 2006, pp.101-116.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.107.
①欧洲援助合作署官方网站:http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/who/index_en.htm,最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
②文章相关部分如未有关于欧盟成员国双边援助的特别说明,一般均指欧盟超国家层面对西巴尔干的援助行为。
③关于不同地区概念所涵盖的国家差异,可集中参见第12页表1。
④Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.12-13.
⑤柯静:《西巴尔干入欧盟前景分析》,《国际论坛》,2007年第6期,第92页;朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第3页。
①柯静:前引文,第92页。
②Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds., Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’s Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.236.
③例如:1991年6月25日,斯洛文尼亚和克罗地亚宣布从南联邦独立;1991年12月19日,马其顿宣布独立;1992年2月波黑穆—克联邦宣布独立。
①朱晓中:《从巴尔干到东南欧——冷战后巴尔干地缘政治变迁》,《东欧中亚研究》,1998年第3期,第94页。
②孔田平:《对东南欧“巴尔干化”的历史解读》,《欧洲研究》2006年第4期,第61页。
③摩尔多瓦有时也被称作是“东巴尔干”国家。可参见Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.12.
①http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm, p.5, p.9,最后一次访问时间为2010年1月19日。
②OECD,“DAC’s Glossary”, http://www.oecd.org/glossary/0,3414,en_2825_495602_1965693_1_1_1_1,00.html#1965586.,最后一次访问时间为2009年8日20日。
①Report from the Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM (2003) 139 final, p.25, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/85349_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
③Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.367.
④孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期,第17页。
①朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第4页。
②转引邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第571-572页。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.114-116.
②Jeffrey Simon,“Preventing Balkan Conflict:The Role of Euroatlantic Institutions”, No. 226, p. 3, April 2007 , Strategic Forum , Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University , http://www.ndu.edu/inss
③朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第6页;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第11页; Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans:Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006; 20; p. 676.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.243; Council Conclusion, 1996.2.26., pp.9-10, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
②Hans-Georg Ehrhart,“A good idea, but a rocky road ahead: The EU and the Stability Pact for South East Europe”, in David Carment and Albrecht Schnabel eds., Conflict Prevention: Path to Peace or Grand Illusion?, Tokyo: The United Nations Uiversity Press, 2003, p.122.
③Vladimir Gligorov,“Aiding Balkans”, GDN Conference, St. Petersburg, January 20, 2006, p.12.
①Council Conclusion, 1996.2.26., p.4, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.23.
③Council Conclusion, 1996.2.26., p.4, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
④Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.247.
⑤Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.104.
①2000年6月19-20日,欧洲理事会菲拉(Santa Maria Feira)峰会正式承认“稳定与联系进程”各国成为欧盟“准候选国”。
②“The Stabilisation and Association Process”,http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
①András INOTAI认为《东南欧稳定公约》的形成是欧盟、G-8、OECD和国际金融机构之间国际合作的结果,并用“地区性”(regionality)概括《东南欧稳定公约》生成的这种本质特性。András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.24.
②“The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe”, http://www.stabilitypact.org/ ,最后一次访问时间为2009年7月3日。Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.83.
③World Bank,“The Road to Stability and Prosperity in South Eastern Europe: A Regional Strategy Paper”, March 1, 2000, p.12, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/wb/wbrs/wbrs.pdf最后一次访问为2010年2月15日。
①“The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe”, http://www.stabilitypact.org/ ,最后一次访问时间为2009年7月3日;李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第58页;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第21页。
②Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.90.
③http://www.stabilitypact.org/about/achievements.asp ,最后一次访问时间为2009年7月3日。
④András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.277.
①“The Thessaloniki agenda for the Western Balkans: Moving towards European integration”, 2518th Council meeting of General Affairs and External Rrlations, Luxembourg, 16 June 2003, pp.6-7, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/thessaloniki_agenda_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月20日。
②Wim van Meurs ,“The next Europe: Southeastern Europe after Thessaloniki”, (SEER SouthEast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs), issue: 03 / 2003, pages: 9-16, on www.ceeol.com., p.12.
③Peter Cross and Guenola Rasamoelina, eds., Confilct Prevention Policy of the European Union. Recent Engagements, Future Instruments, CPN-Yearbook 1998/99, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999, p.91.
①扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第41页。
②DG External Relations of European Commission,“1991-1999 EU assistance to South-Eastern Europe”, 16.11.1999, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/ec/eu-see-91-99.pdf最后访问时间为2009年12月4日。
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
①欧盟委员会对1990-2000年期间欧盟超国家层面援助的统计也得出了同样的结果,参见Second Regional Conference for South East Europe, Conference Paper from the European Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association Process and CARDS Assistance 2000 to 2006”, p.5, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/ec/ec_sap_cards_2000-2006.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月2日;Daniel Daianu和Thanos Veremēs的研究也发现:这一时期接受欧盟超国家层面援助最多的西巴尔干国家依次为波黑、阿尔巴尼亚、科索沃、南联盟(塞尔维亚和黑山)、马其顿、克罗地亚、地区援助。参见Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.26.
②DG External Relations of European Commission,“1991-1999 EU assistance to South-Eastern Europe”, 16.11.1999, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/ec/eu-see-91-99.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月4日; Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.26.
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
①Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.68, p.365.
②Council Regulation (EC) No. 1628/96.
③Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans:Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006, 20, p. 676; Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.117;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第11页。
④András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.39.
⑤European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1999”, p.92, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/press_corner/key-documents/phare_legislation_and_publications_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
①European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1999”, p.101, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/press_corner/key-documents/phare_legislation_and_publications_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
②Steven Blockmans & Adam Lazowski eds., The European Union and Its Neighbours: A Legal Appraisal of the EU’s Policies of Stabilization, Partnership and Integration, T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, 2006, p.322.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007., p.117.
④但1995年8月7日,由于认为当时的克罗地亚政府未达到民主方面的相关标准,欧盟委员会曾暂停与克罗地亚的“法尔计划”谈判。Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.145.
⑤朱晓中:《以欧盟为主的西方国家对中东欧国家的援助》,周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第580页;Steven Blockmans: Ibid., p.269.
⑥Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Phare”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/phare/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①Report from the Commission, the Stabilisation and Association Process for South East Europe: Second Annual Report-Annex 1, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM(2003)139 final, p.29, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/85349_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月20日。
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.33.
②Official Journal of the European Communities, L306/1, 7.12.2000, Council Regulation (EC) No.2666/2000, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/financial_assistance/cards/general/2666_00_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.270.
④Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“CARDS”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/cards/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①Council Regulation (EC) No.2666/2000: Ibid., p.2.
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.270.
③Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Planning of the IPA”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/planning-ipa_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, Brussels, 5.3.2008, COM(2008) 127 final, p.19., http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月13日。
①Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Planning of the IPA”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/planning-ipa_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.26.
②European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1998”, p.77,http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/financial_assistance/phare/ar98/index_ar98.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第544页。
④DG ECHO, Financial Report 2008, p.51-56.
⑤Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.149.
⑥András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.39.
①有关“哥本哈根标准”原则在欧盟——西巴尔干关系中的运用,可详见本文第三章对援助条件性的相关探讨。
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Technical Assistance”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/technical-assistance/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月30日。
③“Technical Assistance”: Ibid.
④Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.153.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“The Western Balkans and European Integration”, Brussels, 21.5.2003, COM(2003) 285 final, p.4, http://www.seerecon.org/infrastructure/sectors/energy/documents/com_2003_0285.pdf最后一次访问时间为2010年2月25日。
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, Brussels, 5.3.2008, COM(2008) 127 final, p.14., http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月13日。
③Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Technical Assistance”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/technical-assistance/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月30日。
④“Regulation (EC) No.1717/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council of 15 November 2006 on Establishing an Instrument for Stability”, Official Journal, L327, 24/11/2006, pp.1-11
①European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/ifs/projects/western_balkans/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月6日。
②EuropeAid Co-operation Office,“Instrument for Stability, (IfS)”, http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/finance/ifs_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月21日。
③“Regulation (EC) No.1889/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council of 20 December 2006 on Establishing an Instrument for the promotion of democracy and human rights worldwide”, Official Journal, L386/1, 29/12/2006, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:386:0001:0011:EN:PDF最后一次访问时间为2010年1月16日。
①EuropeAid Co-operation Office,“European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, (EIDHR)”, http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/finance/eidhr_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月21日。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.22; Nathalic Tocci, The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peacein the Backyard, Routledge, 2007, p.78.
②András INOTAI: Ibid., p.356.
③扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第41页。
①Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.236.
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.22; Nathalic Tocci, The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peacein the Backyard, Routledge, 2007, p.283.
①Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf, p.2, p.8.
①Report from the Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM (2003) 139 final,p.23, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/85349_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
①Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Regional Cooperation”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/projects-in-focus/regional-cooperation/index_en.htm#2最后一次访问时间为2010年2月5日。
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.117.
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第586页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
①邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第536页。
②邝杨:上引文,第559页。
①邝杨:上引文,第559页。
②EIB,“EIB Financing in Western Balkans in 1995-2007: Albnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia”, pp.1-2, http://www.eib.org/attachments/country/factsheet_western_balkans_2008_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年7月29日。
③EIB,“The Weastern Balkans”, http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/enlargement/the-western-balkans/index.htm?lang=-en最后一次访问时间为2010年2月6日。
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, Brussels, 5.3.2008, COM(2008) 127 final, p.20, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月13日。
⑤EIB,“EIB Financing in Western Balkans in 1995-2007: Albnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia”, p.1, http://www.eib.org/attachments/country/factsheet_western_balkans_2008_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年7月29日。
⑥EIB,“The Weastern Balkans”, http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/enlargement/the-western-balkans/index.htm?lang=-en最后一次访问时间为2010年2月6日。
①EIB,“Enlargement Countries”, http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/enlargement/index.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月28日。
②“EIB Financing in Western Balkans in 1995-2007: Albnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia”, Ibid., p.3.
③EBRD,“About the EBRD and Southeast Europe”, http://www.ebrd.com/country/country/see/about.htm,最后一次访问时间为2010年2月10日。
④EBRD, http://www.ebrd.com/country/index.htm,最后一次访问时间为2010年2月10日。
⑤The Joint Office for South East Europe, http://www.seerecon.org/gen/whoisinvolved.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年7月6日。
①Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2008, SEC(2008) 288, p.24, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_annex_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月26日。
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Technical assistance”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/technical-assistance/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月5日。a
①Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers,2000, p.317.
②Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers,2000, p.337.
③Christina M. Schweiss and Cindy R. Jebb,“The European Union in the Balkans: From Intervention to Accession”, in Janet Adamski, Mary Troy Johnson, and Christina M. Schweiss eds., Old Europe, New Security: Evolution for a Complex World, ASHGATE, 2006, p.109.
④Leeda Demetropoulou,“Europe and Balkans: Membership Aspiration, EU Involvement and Europeanization Capacity in South Eastern Europe”, Southeast European Politics, November 2002, Vol.Ⅲ, No. 2-3, p.95-97.
⑤孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期,第56页。
⑥Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.337.
①贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第69-79页;刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第79页。
②Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.151.
③Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl: Ibid., p.150.
④Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.337.
①William Wallace,“Europe, the Necessary Partner”, Foreign Affairs, May/Jun 2001, Vol. 80, Iss. 3, p.22转引自孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期,第47页。
②周弘、张浚、张敏:《外援在中国》,社会科学文献出版社,2007年版,第11页。
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.312.
①由于人道主义援助的固有中立属性,本节对援助条件性的探讨主要适用于欧盟人道主义援助以外的其他类型。
②Olav Stokke, Aid and Political Conditionality, EADI Book Series 16, Frank CASS, 1995, p.11.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.303.
②Steven Blockmans: Ibid, p.303.
③Olav Stokke, Aid and Political Conditionality, EADI Book Series 16, Frank CASS, 1995, p.12.
④有关欧盟这些政策工具的详细情况,本文将在下一章给予专门探讨。
①Steven Blockmans: Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.245-246.
②Report from the Commission, the Stabilisation and Association Process for South East Europe: Second Annual Report, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM(2003)139 final, p.7, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=503DC0139最后一次访问时间为2009年12月10日。
③Steven Blockmans: Ibid, p.243.; András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.91.
④Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.241.
⑤Steven Blockmans, Ibid., pp.245-246.
①李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第65页。
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans,T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.245-246.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.145.
④刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期,第1页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.285.
②András INOTAI, Ibid, p.251.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.244.
①Steven Blockmans: Ibid, p.245.
②ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p. 96.
③Official Journal of the European Communities, L210/82, 31.7.2006, Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006,p.9, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.245.
②Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.241.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.246.
④Steven Blockmans: Ibid., p.300.
⑤Steven Blockmans: Ibid., p.272.
⑥Council Resolution (EC) No. 1085/2206 on Establishing an Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), 17 July 2006, Official Journal of the European Union, L210/82, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
①Council Regulation (EC) No.2666/2000, 5 December 2000, Official Journal of the European Communities, L306/1, p.4, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/financial_assistance/cards/general/2666_00_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.252.
③李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第65页;András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.287; ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p.98; Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.246.
①贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第65页。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.297.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.246.
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.289.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.130.
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, pp.23-24.
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.252.
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.289.
④邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第556页。
①Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.240.
①Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe, Kermit Blank,“European Integration from the 1980s: State-Centric v. Multi-level Governance”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.34, September1996, (3), p.371.
①EuropeAid , http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/who/about/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月25日;邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第563-564页。
②EuropeAid, http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/who/whoswho/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月11日。
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第563-564页。
①例如:《马约》第17编“发展合作”第130U条就明确规定:“发展合作领域的共同体政策,应是对成员国所执行的政策的补充。”戴炳然译:《欧洲共同体条约集》,复旦大学出版社1993年版,第433页。
②Philippe Schmitter, How to Democratize the European Union…and Why Bother ? Lanham: Row man & Littlefield, 2000, p.35.
③戴炳然:上引书,第433页。
①邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第561页。
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Former assistance”,http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/former-assistance_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月1日。
①Official Journal of the European Communities, L210/82, 31.7.2006, Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006, p.9, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
②刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期,第2页。
③European Reconstruciton Agency, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/ear/agency/agency.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月20日。
④Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2008, SEC(2008) 288, p.44, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_annex_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月26日。
⑤这一改革遵循的基本原则就是:“凡是能在本地加以管理和决定的援助事务,就不应该由设在布鲁塞尔的中央机关来处理。”邝杨:上引文,第564页。
⑥András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.378.
①European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1998”, p.16, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/financial_assistance/phare/ar98/index_ar98.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
②扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第43页。
③Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2007-2008”, Brussels, 6.11.2007, COM(2007) 663 final, p.14, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2007/nov/strategy_paper_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2010年1月25日。
④邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第565页。
⑤http://europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/evaluation/programme/cardsrep.htm转引自András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.42.
①Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“CARDS”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/cards/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。再如:在IPA援助工具下,欧盟委员会也和欧盟成员国代表共同组成了“IPA委员会”等联合机构,积极探讨此项援助的相关投放情况,并最终将评估结果反馈回欧盟委员会。详见Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006: Ibid.
②Official Journal of the European Communities, L210/82, 31.7.2006, Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006, p.4, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
③Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Planning of the IPA”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/planning-ipa_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①戴炳然译:《欧洲共同体条约集》,复旦大学出版社1993年版,第386页。
①European Commission,“A Security Europe in a Better World: A European Security Strategy”, 12 December 2003, pp.3-5, p.13, http://www.ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsup-load/78367.pdf.最后一次访问时间为2009年10月5日。
②Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, p.8. http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月15日。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.111.
②[美]杰里米-里夫金:《欧洲梦——21世纪人类发展的新梦想》,杨治宜译,重庆:重庆出版社2006年版,第269页
③Vladimir Gligorov, Mary Kaldor and Loukas Tsoukalis ,“BALKAN RECONSTRUCTION AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION”, Hellenic Observatory Occasional Paper, 1999, p.39, http://www.southeasteurope.org/documents/PolicyPaper.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年9月24日。
①Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月20日。
②Vladimir Gligorov, Mary Kaldor and Loukas Tsoukalis ,“BALKAN RECONSTRUCTION AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION”, Hellenic Observatory Occasional Paper, 1999, p.10, http://www.southeasteurope.org/documents/PolicyPaper.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
①World Bank,“The Road to Stability and Prosperity in Southeastern Europe:A Regional Strategy Paper”, March 1, 2000, p.9, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/wb/wbrs/wbrs.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年8月5日。
②Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月20日。
③“Policy of assurance: peace-building in south-easten Europe”, in Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.80.
④András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.26.
①ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p.101; András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, pp.357-359; Vladimir Gligorov,“Aiding Balkans”, GDN Conference, St. Petersburg, January 20, 2006, p.39.
①András INOTAI, Ibid., p.384.
②Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.238.
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.20.
④Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.239.
⑤Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl: Ibid. , p.239.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007., pp.118-120.
②Report from the Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe: Third Annual Report”, Brussels, 30.3.2004, COM(2004) 202 final, p.29, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=504DC0202最后一次访问时间为2009年12月8日。
③European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1998”, p.73, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/financial_assistance/phare/ar98/index_ar98.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月28日。
①扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第41页。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.181.
②Lenard J.Cohen,“The Balkans Ten Years After: From Dayton to the Edge of Democracy”, Current History, Nov. 2005, p.368.
①Heinz Kramer,“The European Union in the Balkans: Another Step towards European Integration”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 2000, p.4.
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“The Western Balkan countries on the road to the European Union”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/history_en.htm#2最后一次访问时间为2010年2月27日。
①Christina M. Schweiss and Cindy R. Jebb,“The European Union in the Balkans: From Intervention to Accession”, in Janet Adamski, Mary Troy Johnson, and Christina M. Schweiss eds., Old Europe, New Security: Evolution for a Complex World, ASHGATE, 2006, pp.109.
②“The Western Balkan countries on the road to the European Union”, Ibid.
③“The Western Balkan countries on the road to the European Union”, Ibid.
④“Policy of assurance: peace-building in south-easten Europe”, in Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, pp.111-112.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.232-239.
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.195.
③Steven Blockmans, Ibid., p.198.
①Steven Blockmans, Ibid., pp.194-198.
②Steven Blockmans, Ibid., p.238.
①Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月10日。
②ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p. 101.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.131.
④Pieter van Houten , Stefan Wolff ,“The External Management of Peace Processes: International Organisations and Conflict Regulation in the Western Balkans”, Presented at the 2008 Annual Convention of the International Studies Association San Francisco, 26-29 March 2008, p.11.
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.31.
②http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/west_balk/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年6月3日。
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.35.
②OECD-DAC, European Community Peer Review(2007), p.7.
③刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第82页。
④瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第35页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.363.
①http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/west_balk/index_en.htm;http://www.seerecon.org/gen/howmuch.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年12月5日。
②Office for South East Europe,“Assistance to South East Europe by Donor”, June 9, 2005, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/financial-flows-see.htm,最后一次访问时间为2009年5月2日。
③http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/west_balk/index_en.htm;http://www.seerecon.org/gen/howmuch.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年12月5日。
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Coucil,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, COM(2008) 127 final, Brussels,5.3.2008, p.19, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf,最后一次访问时间为2009年9月1日。
①Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’s Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.241.
①周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第9页。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.283.
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第566页。
①宋晓敏、莫伟:《讨论“欧洲模式”国际研讨会综述》,《欧洲研究》2007年第5期,第145页。
①Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.236.
②参见朱锋教授在2006年12月12日相关学术研讨会上的发言。此外,朱立群研究员在此次会议上谈及“欧洲模式”面临的挑战时也指出:“欧洲模式政治上的宽容度比较小,政治文化上的单一性比较突出。”详见张海洋、莫伟:《“欧洲模式及其对世界的影响”研讨会综述》,《欧洲研究》2007年第2期,第153页。
③Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf, p.4.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.302.
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.359; Plamen Ralchev, Ibid., p.11.
③“3C”是欧盟对外援助三项基本原则英文表述的缩写,这三项原则分别为“coordination(协调)”、“complementarity(互补)”、“coherence(一致)”。简言之,“协调”原则要求欧共体外援应与成员国外援相互协调;“互补”原则要求欧共体外援政策应与成员国外援政策互补;而“一致”原则要求欧盟确保对外关系、安全、经济、以及发展等对外行动的一致性。
④刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期,第3页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.278.
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.363.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.335.
①Steven Blockmans: Ibid, pp.315-316.
1.周弘:《对外援助与国际关系》,《欧洲》,2002年第3期
2.李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文
3.瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文
4.朱晓中:《从巴尔干到东南欧——冷战后巴尔干地缘政治变迁》,《东欧中亚研究》,1998年第3期
5.朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期
6.孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》,2003年第3期
7.扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期
8.童天齐:《<东南欧稳定公约>及其实施前景》,《国际问题研究》,2000年第2期
9.柯静:《西巴尔干入欧盟前景分析》,《国际论坛》,2007年11月第9卷第6期
10.王莉:《欧盟扩大新战略:变“吸纳”为“融合”》,《国际资科信息》,2006年第11期
11.史世伟:《欧洲联盟条约对发展政策的职权调整及其对成员国发展政策的影响》,《国际论坛》,2001年第5期
12.刘丽云:《国际政治学理论视角下的对外援助》,《教学与研究》,2005年第10期
13.刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期
14.贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期
15.刘作奎:《欧盟对巴尔干的冲突调解政策——一种新制度主义的分析》。周弘、[德]贝特·科勒—科赫主编:《欧盟治理模式》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年版,第211-225页
16.刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期
17.刘作奎:《国家构建的欧洲方式——欧盟对波黑政策的实证分析》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第4期
18.房乐宪:《欧盟对外关系中的“政治条件性”》,《世界经济与政治》,1999年第10期
19.张清敏:《援助外交》,《国际论坛》,2007年第6期
20.丁韶彬、杨蔚林:《西方国家对外援助:政策目标及其实现》,《世界经济与政治》,2008年第6期
21.王玉萍:《欧盟对外发展援助的原动力》,《烟台大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2006年第2期,第196页
22.王玉萍:《欧盟对外发展援助政策和共同外交与安全政策关系探析》,《当代世界与社会主义》,2006年第2期
1.“Policy of assurance: peace-building in south-easten Europe”, in Emil Kirchner & James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007
2. Hans-Georg Ehrhart,“A good idea, but a rocky road ahead: The EU and the Stability Pact for South East Europe”, in David Carment and Albrecht Schnabel eds., Conflict Prevention: Path to Peace or Grand Illusion?, Tokyo: The United Nations Uiversity Press, 2003
3. Vladimir Gligorov, Mary Kaldor and Loukas Tsoukalis,“Balkan Reconstruction and European Integration”, Hellenic Observatory Occasional Paper, 1999, http://www.southeasteurope.org/documents/PolicyPaper.pdf
4. Jerermy King,“Prospects for the Stability Pact: Demcratization, Economic Reconstruction and Security in Southeasten Europe”, Peacekeeping & International Relations, Sep.-Dce. 1999.
5. M Abramowitz, H Hurlburt,“Can the EU Hack the Balkans? A Proving Ground for Brussels Heading Off War in the Southern Balkans”, Foreign Affairs, 2002
6. Vachudova, M. A.,“The European Union, the Balkans and Turkey: Can‘Soft Power’Bring Stability and Democracy?”EES Newsletter, Woodrow Wilson International Center, January– February 2004
7. Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans: Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006; 20, http://eep.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/659
8. Plamen Ralchev,“THE EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf
9. Jens Becker,“The European Union and the Western Balkans”, South-East Europe Review, S. 7– 27, 1/2008
10. Ernst Sucharipa,“The Futuer of the Euorpean Union and the Role of the Balkans”, Review of International Affairs, January-March 2003, No.1109.
11. Leeda Demetropoulou,“Europe and Balkans: Membership Aspiration, EU Involvement and Europeanization Capacity in South Eastern Europe”, Southeast European Politics, November 2002, Vol.Ⅲ, No. 2-3
12. Srdjan Vucetic,“The Stability Pact for South Easten Euorpe as Security Community-Building Institution”, Southeast European Politics, October 2001, Vol.Ⅱ, No.2
13. Wirn van Meurs, Alexandros Yannis and Eliamep,“The European Union and the Balkans: From Stability Porcess to Southeastern Enlargement”, Review of Intenrational Affairs, July-September 2002
14. David Lemon,“The European is the World Largest Donor of Humanitarian and Development Aid”, European Affairs, November 2002
15. Emil Kirchner & James Sperling,“The New Security Threats in Europe: Theory and Evidence”, European Foreign Affairs Review, No.7, 2002
16. Romano Prodi,“EU Must Bring Peace to the Balkans”, International Herald Tribune, 21 March 2000
17. Norbert Pap, Péter Reményi,“Security Issues in the Region of South and West Balkan”, Regio Minorities, Politics, Society (English Edition), issue: 1 / 2007, pages: 2858, on www.ceeol.com.
18. Jeffrey Simon,“Preventing Balkan Conflict: The Role of Euroatlantic Institutions”, No. 226, April 2007, Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University, http://www.ndu.edu/inss
19. Wim van Meurs,“The next Europe: Southeastern Europe after Thessaloniki”, (SEER SouthEast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs), issue: 03 / 2003, pages: 9-16, on www.ceeol.com.
20. Qerim Qerimi,“Southeast Europe’s EU integration: Dreams and realities”, (SEER SouthEast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs), issue: 04 / 2002, pages: 43-56, on www.ceeol.com.
21. Othon Anastasakis and Dimitar Bechev,“EU Conditionality in South-East Europe: Bringing Commitment to the Process”, European Balkan Observer, Vol. 1, No. 2, November 2003
22. Laza Kekic,“Aid to the Balkans: Addicts and Pushers”, in Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001
23. D Bechev,“Carrots, sticks and norms: the EU and regional cooperation in Southeast Europe”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, 2006
24. D. Papadimitriou,“The European Union’s strategy in the post-communist Balkans: on carrots, sticks and indecisiveness”, Journal of Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 1(3), 2001
25. Dimitar Bechev,“Carrots, sticks and norms: the EU and regional cooperation in Southeast Europe”, Journal of Southern Europe and the Balkans, Volume 8, Number 1, April 2006
26. E. Kavalski,“The western Balkans and the EU: the probable dream of membership”, South East European Review, No. 1/2, 2003
27. ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005
28. SRDJAN VUCETIC,“The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe as a Security Community-Building Institution”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. II, No. 2, October 2001
29. Annemarie Peen Rodt, Stefan Wolff,“EU Reactive Crisis Management in the Western Balkans”, the Centre for the Study of European Governance, University of Nottingham (United Kingdom), the FP6 project“Human and Minority Rights in the Life Cycle of Ethnic Conflicts”
30. Vladimir Gligorov,“Aiding Balkans”, GDN Conference, St. Petersburg, January 20, 2006
31. Lenard J.Cohen,“The Balkans Ten Years After: From Dayton to the Edge of Democracy”, Current History, Nov. 2005
1.周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社2002年版
2.周弘、张浚、张敏:《外援在中国》,社会科学文献出版社2007年版
3. [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:《欧洲一体化与欧盟治理》,顾俊礼等译,中国社会科学出版社2004年版
4. [美]戴维·卡莱欧:《欧洲的未来》,冯绍雷、袁胜育、王蕴秀译,上海人民出版社2003年版
5.朱晓中:《中东欧与欧洲一体化》,社会科学文献出版社2002年版
6.马细谱:《巴尔干纷争》,北京大学出版社1999年版
7.王逸舟主编:《单极世界的阴霾——科索沃危机的警示》,社会科学文献出版社1999年版
8.赵乃斌、汪丽敏主编:《南斯拉夫的变迁》,中国社会科学院东欧中亚研究所,200l年版
9.肖元恺:《世界的防线——欧洲安全与国际政治》,新华出版社2001年版
10. [美]罗伯特·卡根著:《天堂与实力:世界新秩序下的美国与欧洲》,肖蓉、魏红霞译,新华出版社2004年版
11.朱立群:《欧洲安全组织与安全结构》,北京:世界知识出版社,2004年版
12.陈玉刚:《国家与超过家——欧洲一体化理论比较研究》,上海人民出版社2001年版
1. Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001
2. Paul J. J. Welfens, Stabilizing and integrating the Balkans: economic analysis of the stability pact, EU reforms and international organizations, Springer, 2001
3. Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000
4. Nathalic Tocci, The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peace in the Backyard, Routledge, 2007
5. Gergana Noutcheva, EU Conditionality and Balkan Compliance: Does Sovereignty Matters?, University of Pittsburgh, 2006
6. András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007
7. Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson eds., EU Development Cooperation: From Model to Symbol, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2004
8. Joseph A. McMahon, The Developent Co-operation Policy of the EC, London: Kluwer Law International Ltd., 1998
9. Alfredo C. Robles. Jr., EU Development Assistance to the Year 2000 and Beyond: A Theoretical Approach. European Studies: Essays by Filipino Scholars, University of Philippines, Center for Integrative and Development Studies with the Institute of International Legal Studies, 1999.
10. Caroll Lancaster, Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics, Chicago Uiniversity of Chicago Press, 2007
11. Emil Kirchner & James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007
12. David Carment and Albrecht Schnabel eds., Conflict Prevention: Path to Peace or Grand Illusion?, Tokyo: The United Nations Uiversity Press, 2003
13. Tom Gallagher, The Balkans after the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy, Routledge, 2003
14. Tom Gallagher, The Balkans in the New Millennium: In the Shadow of War and Peace, Routledge, 2005
15. Milton J. Esman, Ronald J. Herring, Carrots, Sticks, and Ethnic Conflict: Rethinking Development Assistance, University of Michigan Press, 2003
16. Olga Oliker, Aid during conflict: interaction between military and civilian assistance providers in Afghanistan, Rand Corporation, 2004
17. Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008
1.《东南欧稳定公约》官方网址:http://www.stabilitypact.org/
2.东南欧办公室The Joint Office for South East Europe官方网址:http://www.seerecon.org
3.东南欧地区合作理事会The Regional Cooperation Council (RCC)官方网址:http://www.rcc.int/
4.欧洲联盟委员会、扩大总司、对外关系总司等机构官方网址
5.经合组织官方网址:http://www.oecd.org/
6.经合组织发展援助委员会官方网址:http://www.oecd.org/dac
7.欧洲政策研究中心:http://www.ceps.be
8.欧洲政策研究中心www.ceps.be
9.防务和国际安全问题研究中心www.cdiss.org
10.英国诺丁汉大学网址:http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/
②参见田德文研究员在2006年12月12日相关学术研讨会上的发言。张海洋、莫伟:《“欧洲模式及其对世界的影响”研讨会综述》,《欧洲研究》2007年第2期,第149页。
③周弘:《最大的援助方——欧盟及其成员国》,《人民日报》(第七版国际周刊)2002年06月17日。
①邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第515-572页。
②朱晓中:《以欧盟为主的西方国家对中东欧国家的援助》。周弘:前引书,第573-599页。
③贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第69-79页。刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第79页。
④Sieglinde Gst?hl,“Blurring Economic Boundaries? Trade and Aid in the EU’s Near Abroad”, in Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, pp.135-161.
①代表作可参见Qerim Qerimi ,“Southeast Europe’s EU integration: Dreams and realities”, (SEER SouthEast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs), issue: 04 / 2002, pp.43-56, www.ceeol.com.;Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans:Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006; 20; pp. 659-690;Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007;András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007;Jens Becker ,“The European Union and the western Balkans”, South-East Europe Review, S. 7– 27, 1/2008;扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期;孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期;柯静:《西巴尔干入欧盟前景分析》,《国际论坛》,2007年第6期,第92-93页;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文等。
②Jeffrey Simon,“Preventing Balkan Conflict:The Role of Euroatlantic Institutions”, No. 226, April 2007 , Strategic Forum , Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University , http://www.ndu.edu/inss, pp.4-6.
③李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第41-43页。
④朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第3-41页。
⑤瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第25-39页
①代表作可参见Hans-Georg Ehrhart,“A good idea,but a rocky road ahead: The EU and the Stability Pact for South East Europe”, in David Carment and Albrecht Schnabel eds., Conflict Prevention: Path to Peace or Grand Illusion?, Tokyo: The United Nations Uiversity Press, 2003, pp.112-132;“Policy of assurance: peace-building in south-easten Europe”, in Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007; ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, pp. 88– 108; Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000;刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期;刘作奎:《欧盟对巴尔干的冲突调解政策——一种新制度主义的分析》,周弘、[德]贝娅特·科勒—科赫主编:《欧盟治理模式》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年版,第211-225页等
②Christina M. Schweiss and Cindy R. Jebb,“The European Union in the Balkans: From Intervention to Accession”, in Janet Adamski, Mary Troy Johnson, and Christina M. Schweiss eds., Old Europe, New Security: Evolution for a Complex World, ASHGATE, 2006, pp.101-116.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.107.
①欧洲援助合作署官方网站:http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/who/index_en.htm,最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
②文章相关部分如未有关于欧盟成员国双边援助的特别说明,一般均指欧盟超国家层面对西巴尔干的援助行为。
③关于不同地区概念所涵盖的国家差异,可集中参见第12页表1。
④Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.12-13.
⑤柯静:《西巴尔干入欧盟前景分析》,《国际论坛》,2007年第6期,第92页;朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第3页。
①柯静:前引文,第92页。
②Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds., Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’s Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.236.
③例如:1991年6月25日,斯洛文尼亚和克罗地亚宣布从南联邦独立;1991年12月19日,马其顿宣布独立;1992年2月波黑穆—克联邦宣布独立。
①朱晓中:《从巴尔干到东南欧——冷战后巴尔干地缘政治变迁》,《东欧中亚研究》,1998年第3期,第94页。
②孔田平:《对东南欧“巴尔干化”的历史解读》,《欧洲研究》2006年第4期,第61页。
③摩尔多瓦有时也被称作是“东巴尔干”国家。可参见Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.12.
①http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm, p.5, p.9,最后一次访问时间为2010年1月19日。
②OECD,“DAC’s Glossary”, http://www.oecd.org/glossary/0,3414,en_2825_495602_1965693_1_1_1_1,00.html#1965586.,最后一次访问时间为2009年8日20日。
①Report from the Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM (2003) 139 final, p.25, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/85349_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
③Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.367.
④孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期,第17页。
①朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第4页。
②转引邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第571-572页。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.114-116.
②Jeffrey Simon,“Preventing Balkan Conflict:The Role of Euroatlantic Institutions”, No. 226, p. 3, April 2007 , Strategic Forum , Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University , http://www.ndu.edu/inss
③朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期,第6页;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第11页; Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans:Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006; 20; p. 676.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.243; Council Conclusion, 1996.2.26., pp.9-10, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
②Hans-Georg Ehrhart,“A good idea, but a rocky road ahead: The EU and the Stability Pact for South East Europe”, in David Carment and Albrecht Schnabel eds., Conflict Prevention: Path to Peace or Grand Illusion?, Tokyo: The United Nations Uiversity Press, 2003, p.122.
③Vladimir Gligorov,“Aiding Balkans”, GDN Conference, St. Petersburg, January 20, 2006, p.12.
①Council Conclusion, 1996.2.26., p.4, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.23.
③Council Conclusion, 1996.2.26., p.4, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/028a0001.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
④Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.247.
⑤Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.104.
①2000年6月19-20日,欧洲理事会菲拉(Santa Maria Feira)峰会正式承认“稳定与联系进程”各国成为欧盟“准候选国”。
②“The Stabilisation and Association Process”,http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月10日。
①András INOTAI认为《东南欧稳定公约》的形成是欧盟、G-8、OECD和国际金融机构之间国际合作的结果,并用“地区性”(regionality)概括《东南欧稳定公约》生成的这种本质特性。András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.24.
②“The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe”, http://www.stabilitypact.org/ ,最后一次访问时间为2009年7月3日。Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.83.
③World Bank,“The Road to Stability and Prosperity in South Eastern Europe: A Regional Strategy Paper”, March 1, 2000, p.12, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/wb/wbrs/wbrs.pdf最后一次访问为2010年2月15日。
①“The Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe”, http://www.stabilitypact.org/ ,最后一次访问时间为2009年7月3日;李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第58页;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第21页。
②Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.90.
③http://www.stabilitypact.org/about/achievements.asp ,最后一次访问时间为2009年7月3日。
④András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.277.
①“The Thessaloniki agenda for the Western Balkans: Moving towards European integration”, 2518th Council meeting of General Affairs and External Rrlations, Luxembourg, 16 June 2003, pp.6-7, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/thessaloniki_agenda_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月20日。
②Wim van Meurs ,“The next Europe: Southeastern Europe after Thessaloniki”, (SEER SouthEast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs), issue: 03 / 2003, pages: 9-16, on www.ceeol.com., p.12.
③Peter Cross and Guenola Rasamoelina, eds., Confilct Prevention Policy of the European Union. Recent Engagements, Future Instruments, CPN-Yearbook 1998/99, Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999, p.91.
①扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第41页。
②DG External Relations of European Commission,“1991-1999 EU assistance to South-Eastern Europe”, 16.11.1999, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/ec/eu-see-91-99.pdf最后访问时间为2009年12月4日。
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
①欧盟委员会对1990-2000年期间欧盟超国家层面援助的统计也得出了同样的结果,参见Second Regional Conference for South East Europe, Conference Paper from the European Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association Process and CARDS Assistance 2000 to 2006”, p.5, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/ec/ec_sap_cards_2000-2006.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月2日;Daniel Daianu和Thanos Veremēs的研究也发现:这一时期接受欧盟超国家层面援助最多的西巴尔干国家依次为波黑、阿尔巴尼亚、科索沃、南联盟(塞尔维亚和黑山)、马其顿、克罗地亚、地区援助。参见Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.26.
②DG External Relations of European Commission,“1991-1999 EU assistance to South-Eastern Europe”, 16.11.1999, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/ec/eu-see-91-99.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月4日; Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.26.
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
①Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.68, p.365.
②Council Regulation (EC) No. 1628/96.
③Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans:Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006, 20, p. 676; Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.117;瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第11页。
④András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.39.
⑤European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1999”, p.92, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/press_corner/key-documents/phare_legislation_and_publications_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
①European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1999”, p.101, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/press_corner/key-documents/phare_legislation_and_publications_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
②Steven Blockmans & Adam Lazowski eds., The European Union and Its Neighbours: A Legal Appraisal of the EU’s Policies of Stabilization, Partnership and Integration, T.M.C. ASSER PRESS, 2006, p.322.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007., p.117.
④但1995年8月7日,由于认为当时的克罗地亚政府未达到民主方面的相关标准,欧盟委员会曾暂停与克罗地亚的“法尔计划”谈判。Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.145.
⑤朱晓中:《以欧盟为主的西方国家对中东欧国家的援助》,周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第580页;Steven Blockmans: Ibid., p.269.
⑥Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Phare”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/phare/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①Report from the Commission, the Stabilisation and Association Process for South East Europe: Second Annual Report-Annex 1, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM(2003)139 final, p.29, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/85349_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月20日。
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.33.
②Official Journal of the European Communities, L306/1, 7.12.2000, Council Regulation (EC) No.2666/2000, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/financial_assistance/cards/general/2666_00_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.270.
④Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“CARDS”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/cards/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①Council Regulation (EC) No.2666/2000: Ibid., p.2.
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.270.
③Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Planning of the IPA”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/planning-ipa_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, Brussels, 5.3.2008, COM(2008) 127 final, p.19., http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月13日。
①Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Planning of the IPA”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/planning-ipa_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.26.
②European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1998”, p.77,http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/financial_assistance/phare/ar98/index_ar98.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第544页。
④DG ECHO, Financial Report 2008, p.51-56.
⑤Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.149.
⑥András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.39.
①有关“哥本哈根标准”原则在欧盟——西巴尔干关系中的运用,可详见本文第三章对援助条件性的相关探讨。
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Technical Assistance”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/technical-assistance/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月30日。
③“Technical Assistance”: Ibid.
④Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.153.
①Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“The Western Balkans and European Integration”, Brussels, 21.5.2003, COM(2003) 285 final, p.4, http://www.seerecon.org/infrastructure/sectors/energy/documents/com_2003_0285.pdf最后一次访问时间为2010年2月25日。
②Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, Brussels, 5.3.2008, COM(2008) 127 final, p.14., http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月13日。
③Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Technical Assistance”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/technical-assistance/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月30日。
④“Regulation (EC) No.1717/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council of 15 November 2006 on Establishing an Instrument for Stability”, Official Journal, L327, 24/11/2006, pp.1-11
①European Commission, http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/ifs/projects/western_balkans/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月6日。
②EuropeAid Co-operation Office,“Instrument for Stability, (IfS)”, http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/finance/ifs_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月21日。
③“Regulation (EC) No.1889/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council of 20 December 2006 on Establishing an Instrument for the promotion of democracy and human rights worldwide”, Official Journal, L386/1, 29/12/2006, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:386:0001:0011:EN:PDF最后一次访问时间为2010年1月16日。
①EuropeAid Co-operation Office,“European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights, (EIDHR)”, http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/how/finance/eidhr_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月21日。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.22; Nathalic Tocci, The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peacein the Backyard, Routledge, 2007, p.78.
②András INOTAI: Ibid., p.356.
③扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第41页。
①Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.236.
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.22; Nathalic Tocci, The EU and Conflict Resolution: Promoting Peacein the Backyard, Routledge, 2007, p.283.
①Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf, p.2, p.8.
①Report from the Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe Second Annual Report - Annex 1”, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM (2003) 139 final,p.23, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/85349_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
①Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Regional Cooperation”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/projects-in-focus/regional-cooperation/index_en.htm#2最后一次访问时间为2010年2月5日。
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.117.
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第586页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.40.
①邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第536页。
②邝杨:上引文,第559页。
①邝杨:上引文,第559页。
②EIB,“EIB Financing in Western Balkans in 1995-2007: Albnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia”, pp.1-2, http://www.eib.org/attachments/country/factsheet_western_balkans_2008_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年7月29日。
③EIB,“The Weastern Balkans”, http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/enlargement/the-western-balkans/index.htm?lang=-en最后一次访问时间为2010年2月6日。
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, Brussels, 5.3.2008, COM(2008) 127 final, p.20, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月13日。
⑤EIB,“EIB Financing in Western Balkans in 1995-2007: Albnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia”, p.1, http://www.eib.org/attachments/country/factsheet_western_balkans_2008_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年7月29日。
⑥EIB,“The Weastern Balkans”, http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/enlargement/the-western-balkans/index.htm?lang=-en最后一次访问时间为2010年2月6日。
①EIB,“Enlargement Countries”, http://www.eib.org/projects/regions/enlargement/index.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月28日。
②“EIB Financing in Western Balkans in 1995-2007: Albnia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, FYR of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia”, Ibid., p.3.
③EBRD,“About the EBRD and Southeast Europe”, http://www.ebrd.com/country/country/see/about.htm,最后一次访问时间为2010年2月10日。
④EBRD, http://www.ebrd.com/country/index.htm,最后一次访问时间为2010年2月10日。
⑤The Joint Office for South East Europe, http://www.seerecon.org/gen/whoisinvolved.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年7月6日。
①Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2008, SEC(2008) 288, p.24, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_annex_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月26日。
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Technical assistance”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/technical-assistance/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月5日。a
①Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers,2000, p.317.
②Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers,2000, p.337.
③Christina M. Schweiss and Cindy R. Jebb,“The European Union in the Balkans: From Intervention to Accession”, in Janet Adamski, Mary Troy Johnson, and Christina M. Schweiss eds., Old Europe, New Security: Evolution for a Complex World, ASHGATE, 2006, p.109.
④Leeda Demetropoulou,“Europe and Balkans: Membership Aspiration, EU Involvement and Europeanization Capacity in South Eastern Europe”, Southeast European Politics, November 2002, Vol.Ⅲ, No. 2-3, p.95-97.
⑤孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期,第56页。
⑥Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.337.
①贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第69-79页;刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第79页。
②Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.151.
③Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl: Ibid., p.150.
④Shepard Forman, Stewart Patrick, Good intentions: pledges of aid for postconflict recovery, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000, p.337.
①William Wallace,“Europe, the Necessary Partner”, Foreign Affairs, May/Jun 2001, Vol. 80, Iss. 3, p.22转引自孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东亚中欧研究》,2003年第3期,第47页。
②周弘、张浚、张敏:《外援在中国》,社会科学文献出版社,2007年版,第11页。
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.312.
①由于人道主义援助的固有中立属性,本节对援助条件性的探讨主要适用于欧盟人道主义援助以外的其他类型。
②Olav Stokke, Aid and Political Conditionality, EADI Book Series 16, Frank CASS, 1995, p.11.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.303.
②Steven Blockmans: Ibid, p.303.
③Olav Stokke, Aid and Political Conditionality, EADI Book Series 16, Frank CASS, 1995, p.12.
④有关欧盟这些政策工具的详细情况,本文将在下一章给予专门探讨。
①Steven Blockmans: Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.245-246.
②Report from the Commission, the Stabilisation and Association Process for South East Europe: Second Annual Report, Brussels, 26.3.2003, COM(2003)139 final, p.7, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=503DC0139最后一次访问时间为2009年12月10日。
③Steven Blockmans: Ibid, p.243.; András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.91.
④Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.241.
⑤Steven Blockmans, Ibid., pp.245-246.
①李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第65页。
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans,T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.245-246.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.145.
④刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期,第1页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.285.
②András INOTAI, Ibid, p.251.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.244.
①Steven Blockmans: Ibid, p.245.
②ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p. 96.
③Official Journal of the European Communities, L210/82, 31.7.2006, Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006,p.9, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.245.
②Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.241.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.246.
④Steven Blockmans: Ibid., p.300.
⑤Steven Blockmans: Ibid., p.272.
⑥Council Resolution (EC) No. 1085/2206 on Establishing an Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA), 17 July 2006, Official Journal of the European Union, L210/82, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
①Council Regulation (EC) No.2666/2000, 5 December 2000, Official Journal of the European Communities, L306/1, p.4, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/financial_assistance/cards/general/2666_00_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.252.
③李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文,第65页;András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.287; ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p.98; Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.246.
①贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第65页。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.297.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.246.
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.289.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.130.
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, pp.23-24.
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.252.
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.289.
④邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第556页。
①Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.240.
①Gary Marks, Liesbet Hooghe, Kermit Blank,“European Integration from the 1980s: State-Centric v. Multi-level Governance”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.34, September1996, (3), p.371.
①EuropeAid , http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/who/about/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月25日;邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第563-564页。
②EuropeAid, http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/who/whoswho/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月11日。
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第563-564页。
①例如:《马约》第17编“发展合作”第130U条就明确规定:“发展合作领域的共同体政策,应是对成员国所执行的政策的补充。”戴炳然译:《欧洲共同体条约集》,复旦大学出版社1993年版,第433页。
②Philippe Schmitter, How to Democratize the European Union…and Why Bother ? Lanham: Row man & Littlefield, 2000, p.35.
③戴炳然:上引书,第433页。
①邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第561页。
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Former assistance”,http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/former-assistance_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月1日。
①Official Journal of the European Communities, L210/82, 31.7.2006, Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006, p.9, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
②刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期,第2页。
③European Reconstruciton Agency, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/ear/agency/agency.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月20日。
④Commission Staff Working Document, Brussels, 5.3.2008, SEC(2008) 288, p.44, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_annex_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月26日。
⑤这一改革遵循的基本原则就是:“凡是能在本地加以管理和决定的援助事务,就不应该由设在布鲁塞尔的中央机关来处理。”邝杨:上引文,第564页。
⑥András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.378.
①European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1998”, p.16, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/financial_assistance/phare/ar98/index_ar98.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月22日。
②扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第43页。
③Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council,“Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2007-2008”, Brussels, 6.11.2007, COM(2007) 663 final, p.14, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/key_documents/2007/nov/strategy_paper_en.pdf最后一次访问时间为2010年1月25日。
④邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第565页。
⑤http://europa.eu.int/comm/europeaid/evaluation/programme/cardsrep.htm转引自András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.42.
①Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“CARDS”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/cards/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。再如:在IPA援助工具下,欧盟委员会也和欧盟成员国代表共同组成了“IPA委员会”等联合机构,积极探讨此项援助的相关投放情况,并最终将评估结果反馈回欧盟委员会。详见Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006: Ibid.
②Official Journal of the European Communities, L210/82, 31.7.2006, Council Regulation (EC) No.1085/2006, p.4, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_210/l_21020060731en00820093.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月20日。
③Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“Planning of the IPA”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/how-does-it-work/financial-assistance/planning-ipa_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年1月28日。
①戴炳然译:《欧洲共同体条约集》,复旦大学出版社1993年版,第386页。
①European Commission,“A Security Europe in a Better World: A European Security Strategy”, 12 December 2003, pp.3-5, p.13, http://www.ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsup-load/78367.pdf.最后一次访问时间为2009年10月5日。
②Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, p.8. http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月15日。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.111.
②[美]杰里米-里夫金:《欧洲梦——21世纪人类发展的新梦想》,杨治宜译,重庆:重庆出版社2006年版,第269页
③Vladimir Gligorov, Mary Kaldor and Loukas Tsoukalis ,“BALKAN RECONSTRUCTION AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION”, Hellenic Observatory Occasional Paper, 1999, p.39, http://www.southeasteurope.org/documents/PolicyPaper.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年9月24日。
①Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月20日。
②Vladimir Gligorov, Mary Kaldor and Loukas Tsoukalis ,“BALKAN RECONSTRUCTION AND EUROPEAN INTEGRATION”, Hellenic Observatory Occasional Paper, 1999, p.10, http://www.southeasteurope.org/documents/PolicyPaper.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月6日。
①World Bank,“The Road to Stability and Prosperity in Southeastern Europe:A Regional Strategy Paper”, March 1, 2000, p.9, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/wb/wbrs/wbrs.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年8月5日。
②Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年12月20日。
③“Policy of assurance: peace-building in south-easten Europe”, in Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, p.80.
④András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.26.
①ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p.101; András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, pp.357-359; Vladimir Gligorov,“Aiding Balkans”, GDN Conference, St. Petersburg, January 20, 2006, p.39.
①András INOTAI, Ibid., p.384.
②Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.238.
③András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.20.
④Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.239.
⑤Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl: Ibid. , p.239.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007., pp.118-120.
②Report from the Commission,“The Stabilisation and Association process for South East Europe: Third Annual Report”, Brussels, 30.3.2004, COM(2004) 202 final, p.29, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=504DC0202最后一次访问时间为2009年12月8日。
③European Commission,“The Phare Programme:Annual Report 1998”, p.73, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/archives/financial_assistance/phare/ar98/index_ar98.htm最后一次访问时间为2010年2月28日。
①扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期,第41页。
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.181.
②Lenard J.Cohen,“The Balkans Ten Years After: From Dayton to the Edge of Democracy”, Current History, Nov. 2005, p.368.
①Heinz Kramer,“The European Union in the Balkans: Another Step towards European Integration”, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 2000, p.4.
②Enlargement Directorate General of the European Commission,“The Western Balkan countries on the road to the European Union”, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/enlargement_process/accession_process/how_does_a_country_join_the_eu/sap/history_en.htm#2最后一次访问时间为2010年2月27日。
①Christina M. Schweiss and Cindy R. Jebb,“The European Union in the Balkans: From Intervention to Accession”, in Janet Adamski, Mary Troy Johnson, and Christina M. Schweiss eds., Old Europe, New Security: Evolution for a Complex World, ASHGATE, 2006, pp.109.
②“The Western Balkan countries on the road to the European Union”, Ibid.
③“The Western Balkan countries on the road to the European Union”, Ibid.
④“Policy of assurance: peace-building in south-easten Europe”, in Emil Kirchner &James Sperling eds., EU security governance, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2007, pp.111-112.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, pp.232-239.
②Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.195.
③Steven Blockmans, Ibid., p.198.
①Steven Blockmans, Ibid., pp.194-198.
②Steven Blockmans, Ibid., p.238.
①Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, p.2, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf最后一次访问时间为2009年11月10日。
②ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005, p. 101.
③Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008, p.131.
④Pieter van Houten , Stefan Wolff ,“The External Management of Peace Processes: International Organisations and Conflict Regulation in the Western Balkans”, Presented at the 2008 Annual Convention of the International Studies Association San Francisco, 26-29 March 2008, p.11.
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.31.
②http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/west_balk/index_en.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年6月3日。
①Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001, p.35.
②OECD-DAC, European Community Peer Review(2007), p.7.
③刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期,第82页。
④瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文,第35页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.363.
①http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/west_balk/index_en.htm;http://www.seerecon.org/gen/howmuch.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年12月5日。
②Office for South East Europe,“Assistance to South East Europe by Donor”, June 9, 2005, http://www.seerecon.org/region/documents/financial-flows-see.htm,最后一次访问时间为2009年5月2日。
③http://ec.europa.eu/world/peace/geographical_themes/west_balk/index_en.htm;http://www.seerecon.org/gen/howmuch.htm最后一次访问时间为2009年12月5日。
④Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Coucil,“Western Balkans: Enhancing the European Perspective”, COM(2008) 127 final, Brussels,5.3.2008, p.19, http://ec.europa.eu/enlargement/pdf/balkans_communication/western_balkans_communication_050308_en.pdf,最后一次访问时间为2009年9月1日。
①Dieter Mahncke & Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad: Promises and Prospects of the EU’s Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.241.
①周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第9页。
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.283.
③邝杨:《欧共体:对外援助的演化与特征》。周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社,2002年版,第566页。
①宋晓敏、莫伟:《讨论“欧洲模式”国际研讨会综述》,《欧洲研究》2007年第5期,第145页。
①Dieter Mahncke& Sieglinde Gst?hl eds. Europe’s Near Abroad:Promises and Prospects of the EU’Neighbourhood Policy, PETER LANG, 2008, p.236.
②参见朱锋教授在2006年12月12日相关学术研讨会上的发言。此外,朱立群研究员在此次会议上谈及“欧洲模式”面临的挑战时也指出:“欧洲模式政治上的宽容度比较小,政治文化上的单一性比较突出。”详见张海洋、莫伟:《“欧洲模式及其对世界的影响”研讨会综述》,《欧洲研究》2007年第2期,第153页。
③Plamen Ralchev,“The EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf, p.4.
①Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.302.
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.359; Plamen Ralchev, Ibid., p.11.
③“3C”是欧盟对外援助三项基本原则英文表述的缩写,这三项原则分别为“coordination(协调)”、“complementarity(互补)”、“coherence(一致)”。简言之,“协调”原则要求欧共体外援应与成员国外援相互协调;“互补”原则要求欧共体外援政策应与成员国外援政策互补;而“一致”原则要求欧盟确保对外关系、安全、经济、以及发展等对外行动的一致性。
④刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期,第3页。
①András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.278.
②András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007, p.363.
③Steven Blockmans, Tough Love: the European Union’s Relations with the Western Balkans, T.M.C.ASSER PRESS, 2007, p.335.
①Steven Blockmans: Ibid, pp.315-316.
1.周弘:《对外援助与国际关系》,《欧洲》,2002年第3期
2.李丹琳:《东南欧的稳定与新地区主义》,中国社会科学院研究生院2002年博士学位论文
3.瞿金鸣:《科索沃危机后欧盟的西巴尔干战略》,山东大学2007年硕士学位论文
4.朱晓中:《从巴尔干到东南欧——冷战后巴尔干地缘政治变迁》,《东欧中亚研究》,1998年第3期
5.朱晓中:《欧洲一体化与巴尔干欧洲化》,《欧洲研究》,2006年第4期
6.孔田平:《欧盟的东南欧战略与东南欧的欧洲化》,《俄罗斯东欧中亚研究》,2003年第3期
7.扈大威:《欧盟对西巴尔干地区政策评析》,《国际问题研究》,2006年第2期
8.童天齐:《<东南欧稳定公约>及其实施前景》,《国际问题研究》,2000年第2期
9.柯静:《西巴尔干入欧盟前景分析》,《国际论坛》,2007年11月第9卷第6期
10.王莉:《欧盟扩大新战略:变“吸纳”为“融合”》,《国际资科信息》,2006年第11期
11.史世伟:《欧洲联盟条约对发展政策的职权调整及其对成员国发展政策的影响》,《国际论坛》,2001年第5期
12.刘丽云:《国际政治学理论视角下的对外援助》,《教学与研究》,2005年第10期
13.刘丽云:《试析欧盟发展政策的新特点、新取向和新功能》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期
14.贾文华:《欧盟官方发展援助变革的实证考察》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第1期
15.刘作奎:《欧盟对巴尔干的冲突调解政策——一种新制度主义的分析》。周弘、[德]贝特·科勒—科赫主编:《欧盟治理模式》,社会科学文献出版社,2008年版,第211-225页
16.刘作奎:《评析欧盟东扩政策中的条件限制模式——以欧盟在巴尔干地区的冲突调解为视角》,《国际论坛》,2008年第4期
17.刘作奎:《国家构建的欧洲方式——欧盟对波黑政策的实证分析》,《欧洲研究》,2009年第4期
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3. Vladimir Gligorov, Mary Kaldor and Loukas Tsoukalis,“Balkan Reconstruction and European Integration”, Hellenic Observatory Occasional Paper, 1999, http://www.southeasteurope.org/documents/PolicyPaper.pdf
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5. M Abramowitz, H Hurlburt,“Can the EU Hack the Balkans? A Proving Ground for Brussels Heading Off War in the Southern Balkans”, Foreign Affairs, 2002
6. Vachudova, M. A.,“The European Union, the Balkans and Turkey: Can‘Soft Power’Bring Stability and Democracy?”EES Newsletter, Woodrow Wilson International Center, January– February 2004
7. Mustafa Türkes and G?ksu G?kg?z,“The European Union’s Strategy towards the Western Balkans: Exclusion or Integration?”, East European Politics and Societies 2006; 20, http://eep.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/20/4/659
8. Plamen Ralchev,“THE EU Conditional Assistance as a Policy Tool towards Southeastern Europe”, Institute for Regional and International Studies, Sofia, 2004, http://www.fornet.info/documents/Ralchev-Presentation20Feb2004.pdf
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13. Wirn van Meurs, Alexandros Yannis and Eliamep,“The European Union and the Balkans: From Stability Porcess to Southeastern Enlargement”, Review of Intenrational Affairs, July-September 2002
14. David Lemon,“The European is the World Largest Donor of Humanitarian and Development Aid”, European Affairs, November 2002
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17. Norbert Pap, Péter Reményi,“Security Issues in the Region of South and West Balkan”, Regio Minorities, Politics, Society (English Edition), issue: 1 / 2007, pages: 2858, on www.ceeol.com.
18. Jeffrey Simon,“Preventing Balkan Conflict: The Role of Euroatlantic Institutions”, No. 226, April 2007, Strategic Forum, Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University, http://www.ndu.edu/inss
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20. Qerim Qerimi,“Southeast Europe’s EU integration: Dreams and realities”, (SEER SouthEast Europe Review for Labour and Social Affairs), issue: 04 / 2002, pages: 43-56, on www.ceeol.com.
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27. ANA E. JUNCOS,“The EU’s post-Conflict Intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina: (re)Integrating the Balkans and/or(re)Inventing the EU?”, Southeast European Politics, Vol. VI, No. 2, November 2005
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29. Annemarie Peen Rodt, Stefan Wolff,“EU Reactive Crisis Management in the Western Balkans”, the Centre for the Study of European Governance, University of Nottingham (United Kingdom), the FP6 project“Human and Minority Rights in the Life Cycle of Ethnic Conflicts”
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1.周弘主编:《对外援助与国际关系》,中国社会科学出版社2002年版
2.周弘、张浚、张敏:《外援在中国》,社会科学文献出版社2007年版
3. [德]贝娅特·科勒-科赫:《欧洲一体化与欧盟治理》,顾俊礼等译,中国社会科学出版社2004年版
4. [美]戴维·卡莱欧:《欧洲的未来》,冯绍雷、袁胜育、王蕴秀译,上海人民出版社2003年版
5.朱晓中:《中东欧与欧洲一体化》,社会科学文献出版社2002年版
6.马细谱:《巴尔干纷争》,北京大学出版社1999年版
7.王逸舟主编:《单极世界的阴霾——科索沃危机的警示》,社会科学文献出版社1999年版
8.赵乃斌、汪丽敏主编:《南斯拉夫的变迁》,中国社会科学院东欧中亚研究所,200l年版
9.肖元恺:《世界的防线——欧洲安全与国际政治》,新华出版社2001年版
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1. Daniel Daianu, Thanos Veremēs eds., Balkan reconstruction, Routledge, 2001
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5. Gergana Noutcheva, EU Conditionality and Balkan Compliance: Does Sovereignty Matters?, University of Pittsburgh, 2006
6. András INOTAI, The European Union and Southeast Europe: Troubled Water Ahead?, Brussels: Peter Lang publishing group, 2007
7. Karin Arts and Anna K. Dickson eds., EU Development Cooperation: From Model to Symbol, Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2004
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9. Alfredo C. Robles. Jr., EU Development Assistance to the Year 2000 and Beyond: A Theoretical Approach. European Studies: Essays by Filipino Scholars, University of Philippines, Center for Integrative and Development Studies with the Institute of International Legal Studies, 1999.
10. Caroll Lancaster, Foreign Aid: Diplomacy, Development, Domestic Politics, Chicago Uiniversity of Chicago Press, 2007
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12. David Carment and Albrecht Schnabel eds., Conflict Prevention: Path to Peace or Grand Illusion?, Tokyo: The United Nations Uiversity Press, 2003
13. Tom Gallagher, The Balkans after the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy, Routledge, 2003
14. Tom Gallagher, The Balkans in the New Millennium: In the Shadow of War and Peace, Routledge, 2005
15. Milton J. Esman, Ronald J. Herring, Carrots, Sticks, and Ethnic Conflict: Rethinking Development Assistance, University of Michigan Press, 2003
16. Olga Oliker, Aid during conflict: interaction between military and civilian assistance providers in Afghanistan, Rand Corporation, 2004
17. Emilian Kavalski, Extending the European Security Community: Constructing Peace in the Balkans, London/New York: Tauris Academic Studies, 2008
1.《东南欧稳定公约》官方网址:http://www.stabilitypact.org/
2.东南欧办公室The Joint Office for South East Europe官方网址:http://www.seerecon.org
3.东南欧地区合作理事会The Regional Cooperation Council (RCC)官方网址:http://www.rcc.int/
4.欧洲联盟委员会、扩大总司、对外关系总司等机构官方网址
5.经合组织官方网址:http://www.oecd.org/
6.经合组织发展援助委员会官方网址:http://www.oecd.org/dac
7.欧洲政策研究中心:http://www.ceps.be
8.欧洲政策研究中心www.ceps.be
9.防务和国际安全问题研究中心www.cdiss.org
10.英国诺丁汉大学网址:http://www.nottingham.ac.uk/