生态建筑设计知识框架的建立与应用研究
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摘要
当前全球面临自然环境恶化、资源环境短缺,人类在建设物质文明的同时坚持可持续的发展观和科学发展观是必要且紧迫的。探讨在全球的经济发展兼顾环保这一大趋势中,建筑行业应当大力发展和推广环保、节能和舒适的生态建筑。
生态建筑设计是一个知识密集的过程,完成一个复杂的生态建筑设计,将牵涉到建筑知识以外的物理、化学、生物学等大量知识,是一门综合性的学科。建筑师在这些方面的知识缺乏将阻碍生态建筑的发展。虽然目前国内外已经有了大量的生态建筑实例,但是这些生态建筑设计的相关知识和经验缺乏有效的归纳和整理,知识与经验的重用和共享性差。生态建筑设计时需花费大量时间搜索、查阅书本知识。因此,建立生态建筑设计的知识框架对于我国发展生态建筑具有十分重大的意义。
本文通过对国内外生态建筑案例的学习,获取生态建筑设计的相关知识,总结出生态建筑设计的原则、步骤和考虑因素以及生态建筑设计的技术,包括自然通风、超低能耗维护结构、自然采光、热泵空调、利用太阳能、绿色建材、智能控制、废水处理和回收、植被屋面等,建立了生态建筑设计的知识框架。
本文结合上海生态办公示范楼,针对我国和上海的经济发展水平、地域气候特征、当地资源条件,因地制宜地将生态建筑设计知识框架中的生态设计技术应用其中,实现了“综合建筑节能75%,再生能源利用率20%,再生资源利用率60%以及健康舒适环境”四大技术指标,为我国发展生态建筑提供了示范借鉴。
Currently, the whole world faces the worsening of the environment and the lack of the resources. It is necessary and urgent that the human should persist in the sustainable development conception and scientific conception while the material civilization is being developed. The environmental, energy saving and comfortable sustainable buildings should be developed.
The sustainable buildings design is a process of collecting knowledge, and it relates to lots of professional field, such as physics, chemistry, biology and etc, so it is a comprehensive subject. It will stop the developing of the sustainable building if the architectures are short of sustainable buildings knowledge. Now there are lots of sustainable building cases all over the world, but the design knowledge and experience have not been collected effectively. It will take long time on searching and book learning, so it is meaningful to establish the sustainable buildings design knowledge frame for developing the sustainable buildings in China.
The paper studies the sustainable building cases all over the world, acquiring the knowledge of sustainable buildings design, and summarizes the principles, procedure and factors. The paper also studies the techniques for the sustainable buildings design, including the natural ventilation design, lighting design, healthy air conditioning design, renewable energy, green construction material, intelligent control design, sources recycle, greenery design and etc., establish the sustainable buildings design knowledge frame.
Finally, the paper integrates the project of Shanghai sustainable Office Building to implement the sustainable buildings design technology properly considering the economy development level, difference area situation and local resource condition in china and shanghai. The project realizes the four great technology targets (75% energy saving, 20% rate of recycle energy, 60% rate of recycle resource and healthy comfortable environment). Furthermore, it provides demonstration for our improvement of the sustainable buildings.
生态建筑设计是一个知识密集的过程,完成一个复杂的生态建筑设计,将牵涉到建筑知识以外的物理、化学、生物学等大量知识,是一门综合性的学科。建筑师在这些方面的知识缺乏将阻碍生态建筑的发展。虽然目前国内外已经有了大量的生态建筑实例,但是这些生态建筑设计的相关知识和经验缺乏有效的归纳和整理,知识与经验的重用和共享性差。生态建筑设计时需花费大量时间搜索、查阅书本知识。因此,建立生态建筑设计的知识框架对于我国发展生态建筑具有十分重大的意义。
本文通过对国内外生态建筑案例的学习,获取生态建筑设计的相关知识,总结出生态建筑设计的原则、步骤和考虑因素以及生态建筑设计的技术,包括自然通风、超低能耗维护结构、自然采光、热泵空调、利用太阳能、绿色建材、智能控制、废水处理和回收、植被屋面等,建立了生态建筑设计的知识框架。
本文结合上海生态办公示范楼,针对我国和上海的经济发展水平、地域气候特征、当地资源条件,因地制宜地将生态建筑设计知识框架中的生态设计技术应用其中,实现了“综合建筑节能75%,再生能源利用率20%,再生资源利用率60%以及健康舒适环境”四大技术指标,为我国发展生态建筑提供了示范借鉴。
Currently, the whole world faces the worsening of the environment and the lack of the resources. It is necessary and urgent that the human should persist in the sustainable development conception and scientific conception while the material civilization is being developed. The environmental, energy saving and comfortable sustainable buildings should be developed.
The sustainable buildings design is a process of collecting knowledge, and it relates to lots of professional field, such as physics, chemistry, biology and etc, so it is a comprehensive subject. It will stop the developing of the sustainable building if the architectures are short of sustainable buildings knowledge. Now there are lots of sustainable building cases all over the world, but the design knowledge and experience have not been collected effectively. It will take long time on searching and book learning, so it is meaningful to establish the sustainable buildings design knowledge frame for developing the sustainable buildings in China.
The paper studies the sustainable building cases all over the world, acquiring the knowledge of sustainable buildings design, and summarizes the principles, procedure and factors. The paper also studies the techniques for the sustainable buildings design, including the natural ventilation design, lighting design, healthy air conditioning design, renewable energy, green construction material, intelligent control design, sources recycle, greenery design and etc., establish the sustainable buildings design knowledge frame.
Finally, the paper integrates the project of Shanghai sustainable Office Building to implement the sustainable buildings design technology properly considering the economy development level, difference area situation and local resource condition in china and shanghai. The project realizes the four great technology targets (75% energy saving, 20% rate of recycle energy, 60% rate of recycle resource and healthy comfortable environment). Furthermore, it provides demonstration for our improvement of the sustainable buildings.
引文
[1] 世界环境与发展委员会.我们共同的未来[M].吉林:吉林人民出版社,1997.23
[2] 李华东,鲁英男.高技术生态建筑[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2002.1
[3] 黄涛.生态建筑、绿色建筑在可持续发展建筑中的定位[J].新建筑,1998,(2)
[4] 夏海山.当代城市建筑生态转型与整体设计[A] .见:中国建筑学会 2005年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国建筑学会,2005.228~239
[5] 刘福智,刘 媛.绿色建筑与可持续发展理论的发展及概述[J] .沿海企业与科技,2005,(8) :137-138
[6] 杨京平.生态设计与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.169
[7] 夏云,夏葵,施燕.生态与可持续建筑[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.4-5
[8] 陈志新.智能建筑概论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.5
[9] 沈敏岚.市人均公共绿地面积达 11.5 平方米[EB/OL] . http://sh.xmnext.com/minsheng/2007/03/12/279451.html ,2006-03-12/2006-03-13
[10] 姚润明,昆·斯蒂摩司.可持续城市与建筑设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.233
[11] 汪维,王孝英,孙丽亨,等.上海生态建筑示范楼技术集成体系[EB/OL].http://www.jkpm.com.cn/cn/infomation/0603.asp,2006-03-06/2006-05-07
[12] 韩继红.上海生态建筑示范工程·生态办公室示范楼[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[13] 汤姆·伍利.绿色建筑手册 1[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006
[14] 何方.世界绿色建筑:潮流与标准[J].建设科技,2005,(6):34-35
[15] 钱锋.我国生态建筑实践需解决的问题[J].现代城市研究,2003,(3):61-63
[16] 毕会英.大学技术转移中的政府职能行为分析[J].科技成果纵横,2005,(6) :45~46
[17] GB/T 50378-2006,绿色建筑评价标准[S]
[18] C·亚历山大.建筑的永恒之道[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2004
[19] Allard F. Natural ventilation in buildings – a design handbook[M]. London: James & James, 1998
[20] Baker N, Steemers K. Daylight design of buildings[M]. London: James & James, 2002
[21] Baker N, Fanchiotti A, Steemers K. Daylighting in architecture – a European reference book[M]. London: James & James for the Commission of the European Communities, 1993
[22] Berge B. The ecology of building materials[M]. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2000
[23] Peuser F, Remmers K, Schnauss M. Solar thermal system: successful planning and construction[M]. Berlin: Solarpraxis, 2002
[24] Szokolay S. Introduction to architectural science: The basis of sustainable design[M]. Oxford: Elsevier Architectural Press, 2004
[25] Williamson T, Radford A, Bennetts H. Understanding sustainable architecture[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003
[26] 吴良镛.北京宪章.北京:国际建协(UIA)第 20 届大会,1999
[27] 夏云,夏葵.生态建筑与建筑的持续发展[J].建筑学报,1995,(6) :4~9
[28] 马小宝,乐清洪,滕霖.应用于工程设计的 KBE 技术[J].航空精密制造技术,2004,40(2):23~27
[29] 张曌，夏国平，李雪峰．设计知识服务系统的知识获取[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(6):928~931
[30] 韩花丽,刘裕,钟展,张琼丹.基于 KBE 的工程设计[J].机械研究与应用,2006,19(1):3~5
[31] 李大玲.知识技术的发展对知识工程的影响[J].图书情报工作,2006,50(4) :15~18
[2] 李华东,鲁英男.高技术生态建筑[M].天津:天津大学出版社,2002.1
[3] 黄涛.生态建筑、绿色建筑在可持续发展建筑中的定位[J].新建筑,1998,(2)
[4] 夏海山.当代城市建筑生态转型与整体设计[A] .见:中国建筑学会 2005年学术年会论文集[C],北京:中国建筑学会,2005.228~239
[5] 刘福智,刘 媛.绿色建筑与可持续发展理论的发展及概述[J] .沿海企业与科技,2005,(8) :137-138
[6] 杨京平.生态设计与技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2006.169
[7] 夏云,夏葵,施燕.生态与可持续建筑[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2001.4-5
[8] 陈志新.智能建筑概论[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2007.5
[9] 沈敏岚.市人均公共绿地面积达 11.5 平方米[EB/OL] . http://sh.xmnext.com/minsheng/2007/03/12/279451.html ,2006-03-12/2006-03-13
[10] 姚润明,昆·斯蒂摩司.可持续城市与建筑设计[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.233
[11] 汪维,王孝英,孙丽亨,等.上海生态建筑示范楼技术集成体系[EB/OL].http://www.jkpm.com.cn/cn/infomation/0603.asp,2006-03-06/2006-05-07
[12] 韩继红.上海生态建筑示范工程·生态办公室示范楼[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005
[13] 汤姆·伍利.绿色建筑手册 1[M].北京:机械工业出版社,2006
[14] 何方.世界绿色建筑:潮流与标准[J].建设科技,2005,(6):34-35
[15] 钱锋.我国生态建筑实践需解决的问题[J].现代城市研究,2003,(3):61-63
[16] 毕会英.大学技术转移中的政府职能行为分析[J].科技成果纵横,2005,(6) :45~46
[17] GB/T 50378-2006,绿色建筑评价标准[S]
[18] C·亚历山大.建筑的永恒之道[M].北京:知识产权出版社,2004
[19] Allard F. Natural ventilation in buildings – a design handbook[M]. London: James & James, 1998
[20] Baker N, Steemers K. Daylight design of buildings[M]. London: James & James, 2002
[21] Baker N, Fanchiotti A, Steemers K. Daylighting in architecture – a European reference book[M]. London: James & James for the Commission of the European Communities, 1993
[22] Berge B. The ecology of building materials[M]. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2000
[23] Peuser F, Remmers K, Schnauss M. Solar thermal system: successful planning and construction[M]. Berlin: Solarpraxis, 2002
[24] Szokolay S. Introduction to architectural science: The basis of sustainable design[M]. Oxford: Elsevier Architectural Press, 2004
[25] Williamson T, Radford A, Bennetts H. Understanding sustainable architecture[M]. London: Spon Press, 2003
[26] 吴良镛.北京宪章.北京:国际建协(UIA)第 20 届大会,1999
[27] 夏云,夏葵.生态建筑与建筑的持续发展[J].建筑学报,1995,(6) :4~9
[28] 马小宝,乐清洪,滕霖.应用于工程设计的 KBE 技术[J].航空精密制造技术,2004,40(2):23~27
[29] 张曌，夏国平，李雪峰．设计知识服务系统的知识获取[J].辽宁工程技术大学学报,2006,25(6):928~931
[30] 韩花丽,刘裕,钟展,张琼丹.基于 KBE 的工程设计[J].机械研究与应用,2006,19(1):3~5
[31] 李大玲.知识技术的发展对知识工程的影响[J].图书情报工作,2006,50(4) :15~18