黄河下游河道萎缩机理与基本输水输沙通道规模研究
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摘要
20世纪80～90年代,黄河下游经历了一场历史上少有的河床演变过程,河道萎缩,河床严重淤积,过水断面减少,河道泄洪排沙能力降低,威胁黄河的防洪安全。本论文针对黄河下游迫切需要解决的河道萎缩问题,采用实测资料分析和数学模型计算等研究手段,分析了黄河下游水沙变异特点和河道萎缩现象,探讨了黄河下游河道萎缩机制和调控临界指标,研究了不同水沙系列对塑造黄河下游输水输沙通道的作用和影响因素,提出了未来下游可能塑造与维持的基本输水输沙通道规模和综合措施,从而为黄河水沙调控体系建设和下游萎缩河道治理提供技术支撑。取得的主要研究成果包括：
(1)黄河下游来水来沙量及其过程从20世纪50年代以来呈明显的减小趋势,特别是1986年以后,来水来沙量及其过程发生了显著变异。主要表现为：来水来沙量显著减少,水沙关系更不协调,来水量年内分布颠倒和大流量出现几率显著减低。
(2)黄河下游出现的河道萎缩是在特定的水沙系列条件下的河床演变现象。其基本特点是：河道严重淤积、过水断面强烈缩小、河道排洪能力降低,并伴有畸形河弯发育和驼峰现象凸显等特殊现象。黄河下游河道萎缩的成因是连续多年枯水和含沙量偏高造成的河床持续淤积,这是河道萎缩的基础；中小流量历时加长,加剧了主槽的淤积；频繁的高含沙洪水增加了嫩滩的淤积,促进了河道的萎缩。据1986～1999年资料,提出了黄河下游河道萎缩的综合条件和水沙判别关系。黄河下游河道平面河势及断面形态的不稳定性表明,只要来水来沙条件有利,萎缩河道是可以复苏的。
(3)黄河下游花园口—利津河段冲淤相对平衡时的花园口的来沙系数约为0.012kg.s/m6、年平均流量约为1850m3/s；小浪底-利津河段冲淤相对平衡时的洪水来沙系数约为0.012kg.s/m6。黄河下游典型断面平滩面积随当年最大洪峰流量的增加而增大,平滩宽深比随汛期来沙系数(S/Q)的增加而增大,当汛期来沙系数大于0.04kg.s/m6时,各典型断面形态趋向于稳定。洪水过程中各典型断面最大过流面积随洪峰流量的增加而增大。在不漫滩洪水过程中,如果发生洪峰流量4000m3/s、最大含沙量45kg/m3的洪水,花园口断面和利津断面需要的最大过流面积分别约为1987m2和1603m2。花园口断面不漫滩洪水的最小宽深比随洪水平均来沙系数的增加而减小,高村、艾山和利津断面的最小宽深比则随着洪水平均来沙系数的增加而增大,当花园口、高村、艾山和利津断面的洪水平均来沙系数分别大于约0.04kg.s/m6、0.035kg.s/m6、0.03kg.s/m6和0.025kg.s/m6后,各断面最小宽深比变化不明显。黄河下游河道平滩流量具有随年来水量(汛期来水量)和当年洪峰流量的增加而增大的规律。若未来通过小浪底水库调节进入下游的年平均径流量维持在1986～2010年的水平,未来下游河道可能维持的平滩流量约为4000m3/s左右。
(4)小浪底水库采用泥沙多年调节运用方式,为黄河下游塑造一个平滩流量为4000m3/s左右的基本输水输沙通道提供了可能。基本输水输沙通道的塑造是通过牺牲小浪底水库的拦沙库容得到的,维持也是以部分牺牲拦沙库容为代价的。比较理想的基本输水输沙通道塑造和维持过程应该是,前5-8年水库应采用拦沙运用,控制排沙比不大于0.3,塑造出下游河道平滩流量4000左右的基本输水输沙通道,然后水库运用方式调整为泥沙多年调节、相机排沙运用,排沙比可提高到0.7左右,以维持这个基本输水输沙通道,避免出现河槽继续扩大再萎缩的现象,这样不仅可以延长小浪底水库拦沙库容的使用年限,而且对于黄河下游河道基本输水输沙通道的稳定也是有利的。
(5)小浪底水库拦粗排细对于增加黄河下游河道过流能力有利,还可以使塑造的下游基本输水输沙通道更窄深；河床粗化后将使塑造基本输水输沙通道要求的来水来沙条件更高,塑造的基本输水输沙通道更宽浅。黄河下游现有河道整治工程在塑造基本输水输沙通道中作用不明显,生产堤需要与河道整治工程相配合才能形成有效的排洪输沙通道,疏浚工程应与护滩工程和河道整治工程统一考虑才能有利于基本输水输沙通道的稳定。
(6)塑造和维持黄河下游河道基本输水输沙通道,近期主要通过小浪底水库调节出库水沙过程和河道综合治理措施的配合来实现；中长期应通过在中游修建大型水利枢纽与小浪底水库联合运用,并通过跨流域调水来调节水沙过程,长期维持基本输水输沙通道。按目前黄河下游实际的来水来沙情况,黄河下游河道塑造和维持约4000m3/s左右平滩流量的基本输水输沙通道是可能的和适当的。
The rare happened river evolution process occurred in the Lower Yellow River during the periods from1980s to1990s, which resulted in channel shrinkage, heavy silting, and significant decreasing of the flow area and flood-sediment carrying capacity, which threatened to the safety of flood protection, consequently. Therefore, the channel shrinkage is becoming a complicated problem and is urgent need to be studied in depth in the Lower Yellow River. In this thesis, combined with the data analysis and mathematical modeling, the characteristics of the variation of water and sediment and the phenomenon of channel shrinkage in the Lower Yellow River are analyzed; the mechanisms of channel shrinkage and regulation critical index are discussed. Furthermore, the roles of different water-sediment series on forming the channel for water-sediment transport and their influencing factors are studied, and the rational scale and comprehensive regulation measurements to form and maintain the channel for water-sediment transport are proposed, in aim to support the construction of the water-sediment regulation system in the Yellow River and to regulate the shrunk channel in the Lower Yellow River in technique. The main contents and achievements are as follows:
(1) The amounts and processes of incoming runoff and sediment in the Lower Yellow River showed a decreasing trend since the1950s. Especially, these trends had undergone significant variation after1986, which can be characterized as reduction of the amount of runoff and sediment obviously, un-conformity of water-sediment relationship, reversion of water allocation between the flood and dry seasons, and significantly decreasing occurrence of large floods.
(2) The Channel Shrinkage in the Lower Yellow River is one of river bed evolution processes under the particular incoming water-sediment conditions. Its main features show serious siltation, strongly reduction of cross-section, significant descent of flood carrying capacity, and always accompanied with the developing of special phenomenon, including abnormal river bends, channel hump, and so on. The channel shrinkage in the Lower Yellow River is principally caused by lower flow rate and higher sediment concentration in continuous years. Both the extending duration of small and medium flow and the frequently happened hyper-concentration floods promote the channel shrinkage, the former results in the serious siltation in the main channel, and the later increases the sedimentation in the newly-formed floodplain. the comprehensive conditions and water-sediment critical relationships were proposed based on the data from1986to1999. The instability of the river regime and the configuration of cross sections show that the shrunk channel can recover as long as the incoming water-sediment conditions are reasonable.
(3) Analysis results show that the reach from Huayuankou to Lijin is in relatively balance of scoring and silting when the incoming sediment coefficient is about0.012kg.s/m6and the yearly-averaged discharge is about1850m3/s at Huayuankou; the reach from Xiaolangdi to Lijin will not silt when the flood incoming sediment coefficient is about0.012kg.s/m6. The bankfull area of the typical cross-sections in the Lower Yellow River increases with the maximum flood peak discharge during the year, the ratio of bankfull width to depth increases with incoming sediment coefficient during the flood season. However, the configurations of cross-section tend to be stable when the flood incoming sediment coefficient is larger than0.04kg.s/m6. The maximum flow area of each typical cross-section is getting larger with increasing of peak discharge. The required flow area to transport the non-overbank flood, with the peak flow of4000m3/s and maximum sediment concentration of45kg/m3, at Huayuankou and Lijin are1987m2and1603m2, respectively. The minimum ratio of width to depth at Huayuankou decreases with the flood-averaged sediment coefficient, and vise verse at Gaocun, Aishan and Lijin. The variations of minimum ratio of width to depth are slight when the flood-averaged sediment coefficients are larger than0.04kg.s/m6,0.035kg.s/m6,0.03kg.s/m6,0.025kg.s/m6at Huayuankou, Gaocun, Aishan and Lijin stations, respectively. The bankfull discharge in the Lower Yellow River will increase with the annual runoff (or runoff during flood season) and peak flood flow, and it is possible to keep the bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s in the future, if the incoming annual runoff gets to the averaged value from1986to2010by Xiaolangdi reservoir operation.
(4) The multi-annual operation of Xiaolangdi reservoir make it possible to form the channel for water-sediment transport with bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s in the Lower Yellow River. Both forming and maintaining the basic channel for water-sediment transport are the results of the loss of some sediment storage capacity. The optimal procedures to form and maintain the basic water-sediment transport channel can be concluded as:to form the channel with bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s by retaining sediment in the early5to8years after Xiaolangdi reservoir operation and controlling the sediment delivery ratio less than0.3; and then, the multi-annual operation of regulating flow and sediment and discharging sediment at proper times can be adopted, the sediment deliver ratio can increase to about0.7to maintain the water-sediment transport channel, and to avoid the channel continuous expansion firstly and shrinking after then. This optimal reservoir operation is benefit to extend the service life of sediment storage capacity and to keep the basic water-sediment transport channel in stable.
(5) Trapping the coarser and delivering finer sediment particles in Xiaolangdi reservoir are in favor of increasing the water transport capacity and making the basic water-sediment transport channel narrow and deep in the Lower Yellow River. However, the river bed armoring brings forth higher requirement for incoming runoff and sediment conditions. Otherwise, the formed channel becomes wide and shallow. The existing river training works in the Lower Yellow River play less role on forming the water-sediment transport channel. The matching of production dikes and river training works is in need to form the effective flood draining and sediment transport channel. The engineering of dredging, flood-plain protection and river works should also be planed integrated to keep the formed water-sediment transport channel in stable.
(6) It can be realized to form and maintain the basic water-sediment transport channel in the Lower Yellow River by regulating the delivering process of water and sediment of Xiaolangdi reservoir and co-operating with the comprehensive river training measurements in the near future. Furthermore, to maintain the channel in the medium and long term, it can be achieved by the combined water-sediment regulation of Xiaolangdi reservoir, planed large-scale hydraulic projects in the middle reach of Yellow River and inter-basin water diversion engineering. According to practical flow and sediment process in the Lower Yellow River, it is possible and advisable to form and maintain a basic water-sediment transport channel with bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s.
(1)黄河下游来水来沙量及其过程从20世纪50年代以来呈明显的减小趋势,特别是1986年以后,来水来沙量及其过程发生了显著变异。主要表现为：来水来沙量显著减少,水沙关系更不协调,来水量年内分布颠倒和大流量出现几率显著减低。
(2)黄河下游出现的河道萎缩是在特定的水沙系列条件下的河床演变现象。其基本特点是：河道严重淤积、过水断面强烈缩小、河道排洪能力降低,并伴有畸形河弯发育和驼峰现象凸显等特殊现象。黄河下游河道萎缩的成因是连续多年枯水和含沙量偏高造成的河床持续淤积,这是河道萎缩的基础；中小流量历时加长,加剧了主槽的淤积；频繁的高含沙洪水增加了嫩滩的淤积,促进了河道的萎缩。据1986～1999年资料,提出了黄河下游河道萎缩的综合条件和水沙判别关系。黄河下游河道平面河势及断面形态的不稳定性表明,只要来水来沙条件有利,萎缩河道是可以复苏的。
(3)黄河下游花园口—利津河段冲淤相对平衡时的花园口的来沙系数约为0.012kg.s/m6、年平均流量约为1850m3/s；小浪底-利津河段冲淤相对平衡时的洪水来沙系数约为0.012kg.s/m6。黄河下游典型断面平滩面积随当年最大洪峰流量的增加而增大,平滩宽深比随汛期来沙系数(S/Q)的增加而增大,当汛期来沙系数大于0.04kg.s/m6时,各典型断面形态趋向于稳定。洪水过程中各典型断面最大过流面积随洪峰流量的增加而增大。在不漫滩洪水过程中,如果发生洪峰流量4000m3/s、最大含沙量45kg/m3的洪水,花园口断面和利津断面需要的最大过流面积分别约为1987m2和1603m2。花园口断面不漫滩洪水的最小宽深比随洪水平均来沙系数的增加而减小,高村、艾山和利津断面的最小宽深比则随着洪水平均来沙系数的增加而增大,当花园口、高村、艾山和利津断面的洪水平均来沙系数分别大于约0.04kg.s/m6、0.035kg.s/m6、0.03kg.s/m6和0.025kg.s/m6后,各断面最小宽深比变化不明显。黄河下游河道平滩流量具有随年来水量(汛期来水量)和当年洪峰流量的增加而增大的规律。若未来通过小浪底水库调节进入下游的年平均径流量维持在1986～2010年的水平,未来下游河道可能维持的平滩流量约为4000m3/s左右。
(4)小浪底水库采用泥沙多年调节运用方式,为黄河下游塑造一个平滩流量为4000m3/s左右的基本输水输沙通道提供了可能。基本输水输沙通道的塑造是通过牺牲小浪底水库的拦沙库容得到的,维持也是以部分牺牲拦沙库容为代价的。比较理想的基本输水输沙通道塑造和维持过程应该是,前5-8年水库应采用拦沙运用,控制排沙比不大于0.3,塑造出下游河道平滩流量4000左右的基本输水输沙通道,然后水库运用方式调整为泥沙多年调节、相机排沙运用,排沙比可提高到0.7左右,以维持这个基本输水输沙通道,避免出现河槽继续扩大再萎缩的现象,这样不仅可以延长小浪底水库拦沙库容的使用年限,而且对于黄河下游河道基本输水输沙通道的稳定也是有利的。
(5)小浪底水库拦粗排细对于增加黄河下游河道过流能力有利,还可以使塑造的下游基本输水输沙通道更窄深；河床粗化后将使塑造基本输水输沙通道要求的来水来沙条件更高,塑造的基本输水输沙通道更宽浅。黄河下游现有河道整治工程在塑造基本输水输沙通道中作用不明显,生产堤需要与河道整治工程相配合才能形成有效的排洪输沙通道,疏浚工程应与护滩工程和河道整治工程统一考虑才能有利于基本输水输沙通道的稳定。
(6)塑造和维持黄河下游河道基本输水输沙通道,近期主要通过小浪底水库调节出库水沙过程和河道综合治理措施的配合来实现；中长期应通过在中游修建大型水利枢纽与小浪底水库联合运用,并通过跨流域调水来调节水沙过程,长期维持基本输水输沙通道。按目前黄河下游实际的来水来沙情况,黄河下游河道塑造和维持约4000m3/s左右平滩流量的基本输水输沙通道是可能的和适当的。
The rare happened river evolution process occurred in the Lower Yellow River during the periods from1980s to1990s, which resulted in channel shrinkage, heavy silting, and significant decreasing of the flow area and flood-sediment carrying capacity, which threatened to the safety of flood protection, consequently. Therefore, the channel shrinkage is becoming a complicated problem and is urgent need to be studied in depth in the Lower Yellow River. In this thesis, combined with the data analysis and mathematical modeling, the characteristics of the variation of water and sediment and the phenomenon of channel shrinkage in the Lower Yellow River are analyzed; the mechanisms of channel shrinkage and regulation critical index are discussed. Furthermore, the roles of different water-sediment series on forming the channel for water-sediment transport and their influencing factors are studied, and the rational scale and comprehensive regulation measurements to form and maintain the channel for water-sediment transport are proposed, in aim to support the construction of the water-sediment regulation system in the Yellow River and to regulate the shrunk channel in the Lower Yellow River in technique. The main contents and achievements are as follows:
(1) The amounts and processes of incoming runoff and sediment in the Lower Yellow River showed a decreasing trend since the1950s. Especially, these trends had undergone significant variation after1986, which can be characterized as reduction of the amount of runoff and sediment obviously, un-conformity of water-sediment relationship, reversion of water allocation between the flood and dry seasons, and significantly decreasing occurrence of large floods.
(2) The Channel Shrinkage in the Lower Yellow River is one of river bed evolution processes under the particular incoming water-sediment conditions. Its main features show serious siltation, strongly reduction of cross-section, significant descent of flood carrying capacity, and always accompanied with the developing of special phenomenon, including abnormal river bends, channel hump, and so on. The channel shrinkage in the Lower Yellow River is principally caused by lower flow rate and higher sediment concentration in continuous years. Both the extending duration of small and medium flow and the frequently happened hyper-concentration floods promote the channel shrinkage, the former results in the serious siltation in the main channel, and the later increases the sedimentation in the newly-formed floodplain. the comprehensive conditions and water-sediment critical relationships were proposed based on the data from1986to1999. The instability of the river regime and the configuration of cross sections show that the shrunk channel can recover as long as the incoming water-sediment conditions are reasonable.
(3) Analysis results show that the reach from Huayuankou to Lijin is in relatively balance of scoring and silting when the incoming sediment coefficient is about0.012kg.s/m6and the yearly-averaged discharge is about1850m3/s at Huayuankou; the reach from Xiaolangdi to Lijin will not silt when the flood incoming sediment coefficient is about0.012kg.s/m6. The bankfull area of the typical cross-sections in the Lower Yellow River increases with the maximum flood peak discharge during the year, the ratio of bankfull width to depth increases with incoming sediment coefficient during the flood season. However, the configurations of cross-section tend to be stable when the flood incoming sediment coefficient is larger than0.04kg.s/m6. The maximum flow area of each typical cross-section is getting larger with increasing of peak discharge. The required flow area to transport the non-overbank flood, with the peak flow of4000m3/s and maximum sediment concentration of45kg/m3, at Huayuankou and Lijin are1987m2and1603m2, respectively. The minimum ratio of width to depth at Huayuankou decreases with the flood-averaged sediment coefficient, and vise verse at Gaocun, Aishan and Lijin. The variations of minimum ratio of width to depth are slight when the flood-averaged sediment coefficients are larger than0.04kg.s/m6,0.035kg.s/m6,0.03kg.s/m6,0.025kg.s/m6at Huayuankou, Gaocun, Aishan and Lijin stations, respectively. The bankfull discharge in the Lower Yellow River will increase with the annual runoff (or runoff during flood season) and peak flood flow, and it is possible to keep the bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s in the future, if the incoming annual runoff gets to the averaged value from1986to2010by Xiaolangdi reservoir operation.
(4) The multi-annual operation of Xiaolangdi reservoir make it possible to form the channel for water-sediment transport with bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s in the Lower Yellow River. Both forming and maintaining the basic channel for water-sediment transport are the results of the loss of some sediment storage capacity. The optimal procedures to form and maintain the basic water-sediment transport channel can be concluded as:to form the channel with bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s by retaining sediment in the early5to8years after Xiaolangdi reservoir operation and controlling the sediment delivery ratio less than0.3; and then, the multi-annual operation of regulating flow and sediment and discharging sediment at proper times can be adopted, the sediment deliver ratio can increase to about0.7to maintain the water-sediment transport channel, and to avoid the channel continuous expansion firstly and shrinking after then. This optimal reservoir operation is benefit to extend the service life of sediment storage capacity and to keep the basic water-sediment transport channel in stable.
(5) Trapping the coarser and delivering finer sediment particles in Xiaolangdi reservoir are in favor of increasing the water transport capacity and making the basic water-sediment transport channel narrow and deep in the Lower Yellow River. However, the river bed armoring brings forth higher requirement for incoming runoff and sediment conditions. Otherwise, the formed channel becomes wide and shallow. The existing river training works in the Lower Yellow River play less role on forming the water-sediment transport channel. The matching of production dikes and river training works is in need to form the effective flood draining and sediment transport channel. The engineering of dredging, flood-plain protection and river works should also be planed integrated to keep the formed water-sediment transport channel in stable.
(6) It can be realized to form and maintain the basic water-sediment transport channel in the Lower Yellow River by regulating the delivering process of water and sediment of Xiaolangdi reservoir and co-operating with the comprehensive river training measurements in the near future. Furthermore, to maintain the channel in the medium and long term, it can be achieved by the combined water-sediment regulation of Xiaolangdi reservoir, planed large-scale hydraulic projects in the middle reach of Yellow River and inter-basin water diversion engineering. According to practical flow and sediment process in the Lower Yellow River, it is possible and advisable to form and maintain a basic water-sediment transport channel with bankfull discharge of about4000m3/s.
引文
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