道路运输超限货物在途安全评估方法研究
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摘要
超限货物又称重大件货物、超限超重货物、大型物件,随着国内大型工程项目的大量开工建设,对这类货物(设备)需求的数量不断增长。由于超限货物的生产周期长、批量小、价值高等特点,因此,研究超限货物在运输过程中的安全具有重要的意义。
常见的超限货物运输方式主要有水路运输、铁路运输、公路运输、水陆联运等几种。传统的安全评估方法主要是依靠决策者经验,对于运输过程中存在的问题很少量化表达,对问题的描述与处理缺乏足够的科学依据。为改变安全评估现状,本文基于汽车行驶理论、事故致因理论、运用有限元分析法、层次分析法、模糊综合评价法、现代测试技术,结合超限货物运输的特点对运输过程进行了系统分析和综合评价,以便获得科学的评估方法。
本文在查阅了国内外相关文献的基础上,确定使用层次分析法——模糊综合评价法作为主要研究方法。首先根据超限货物运输的实际情况建立层次分析法所用的目标层、准则层、指标层,并通过专家打分(标度)的方式求得各项对系统安全的贡献程度,然后通过模糊综合评价法对系统的安全状态进行安全性评估。
由于模糊综合评价法涉及到隶属度问题,而该隶属度的取得主要是基于人为评价,为尽量减少人主观因素的影响,本文结合实际运输作业环境,利用相关理论对层次分析法指标层中各个因素的隶属度进行了重新评价：
(1)从汽车行驶安全的角度出发,分析了牵引车的配载、平板车的轴线配置情况对整体安全的影响；
(2)结合有限元分析方法判定车辆启动、刹车时加速度对货物安全的影响,并讨论了颠簸路况、摩擦受力、恶劣天气、货物加固方式对绑扎钢丝绳的受力的影响。
(3)结合传统的稳性计算原理,分析了在不同道路条件和绑扎方式下,货物的滑移稳定性系数与倾覆稳定性系数。
(4)将这些因素的评价结果汇总,对模糊综合评价法中的隶属度进行修正,得到较为精确的评价值。
针对在临时码头无浮吊设备的水陆联运卸货,极易出现事故这一现状,本文设计了一套浮态自调整的卸货系统。该系统可在不进行压舱水调节的情况下,自动提升卸货用主梁的高度,使船体逐渐上浮,避免船体突然跃起造成事故。数字数值测试分析结果验证了该系统的有效性,表明所提出的系统可对卸货过程进行有效的调节,避免船体突跃,有效保证卸货安全。
为能够快速得到超限货物道路运输的相关信息,本文设计了一套用来测试车辆通过性的检测装置,通过该系统可以快速掌握道路倾角、最大可通行高度、最大可通行宽度、最大加速度等信息,将未知信息量化,并结合相关的理论计算与仿真结果,重新生成模糊分析中的模糊矩阵中相关评价指标的隶属度,从而得到更为精确的评估结果。
为了验证仿真结果的有效性,设计了基于Visual Basic 6.0开发的超限货物运输安全监测系统,主要用来对在途运输的相关物理量进行监测,监测的主要内容包括道路倾角(横倾、纵倾)、钢丝绳张力、速度、加速度(前进方向、垂直方向)。2011年1月结合三峡地下电站荆门市500 kV换流站项目中的147 t重的超限货物进行了实车实验,并对评价结果中涉及的相关项目进行了验证,实验结果证明了评价有效性。
Overweight/oversize (OW/OS) cargo is also named after out-of-gauge freight, bulky and length cargo, heavy cargo, massive-product, abnormal load. The increasing demand for OW/OS cargos grows rapidly along with the construction of large-scale projects in globe. The OW/OS cargo has features of long production cycle, small batch and high value, hence research on the safety of this type of cargo during transportation is more important than other cargo.
The most commonly used transportation modes for OW/OS cargo are waterway transportation, railway transportation, road transportation and land-and-water co-ordinated transportation. Traditional safety assessment methods for transportation mainly depend on the experience of decision-makers. It is very hard for decision-makers to achieve the accurate data and even some data can not be handled properly because of the lack of theory. After analyzing the characteristics of OW/OS cargo's transportation, one systematical, comprehensive and reasonable safety assessment method is proposed and presented in the thesis which combines with vehicle driving theory, finite element theory, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCE) and accident-causing theories.
AHP-FCE is adopted as the main safety assessment method which combines the advantages of AHP and FCE. Firstly, AHP is used to build goal layer, factor layer, index layer according to the actual transportation conditions, and contribution to layers are then obtained through expert evaluating method and AHP. Finally, the FCE is employed to assess the system safety.
In order to avoid human factors'influence on membership-calculating in FCE, the actual transportation environment is taken into account. By using the related theory to revaluate the factors'membership in the index layer, the influence of human factors is reduced to the minimum.
The stowage of trailer tractor and axis configuration of platform lorry are firstly calculated in view of vehicle safety. Secondly, the finite element analysis (FEA) is applied to the safety evaluation where the acceleration is existence during vehicle' starting and breaking. In addition, the influence on the lashing steel wire ropes was taken into account. The impact factors include the unevenness pavement, friction, severe weather and strengthening modes for cargo. Thirdly, the cargo stability of sliding and overturning under different strengthening ways and road condition were computed according to traditional stability calculation theory. Finally, value of membership is adjusted based on calculation results which mentioned above, thus accurate safety assessment result can be achieved.
There would be an accident risk in the land-and-water coordinated transportation when unloading cargo on the temporary wharf without any large lifting equipment, In this study, it is the first time to develop a new floating self-adaptive unloading system to prevent the occurrence of accidents. After using of this system, the height of the unloading beam could be adjusted automatically without the ballast water regulation. Thus, the accidents caused by the sudden leaping of the ship could be avoided effectively. The numerical experiment results show that the proposed system can adaptively regulate the unloading process and keep the procedure of unloading in safe efficiently as well.
To further enhance the accuracy of membership values, a novel measuring system for vehicle's passing ability in space is proposed in this thesis. The proposed novel system has been authorized as a national invention patent. It can quickly record the information of the road condition, such as road inclination, the maximum allowance in height, the largest allowance in width, and the maximum acceleration, etc. Through the combination of unknown information and analysis results, the membership of the related evaluation in the fuzzy matrix can be refreshed and consummated. Therefore, the accurate assessment results could be attained.
To evaluate and validate the proposed safety methodology based on FCE, a special designed experiment is presented in this thesis. This experimental system is used to monitoring the transportation physical quantities which is developed based on Visual Basic 6.0. These physical quantities include road inclination (heel and trim), tension in lashing steel wire rope, speed, and acceleration of vehicle, etc. A series of experiments was implemented for the platform lorry with cargo which weights 147 tons in Three Gorges underground converter substation on January 2011. The test results suggest that the proposed transportation safety assessment system is feasible for practice use.
常见的超限货物运输方式主要有水路运输、铁路运输、公路运输、水陆联运等几种。传统的安全评估方法主要是依靠决策者经验,对于运输过程中存在的问题很少量化表达,对问题的描述与处理缺乏足够的科学依据。为改变安全评估现状,本文基于汽车行驶理论、事故致因理论、运用有限元分析法、层次分析法、模糊综合评价法、现代测试技术,结合超限货物运输的特点对运输过程进行了系统分析和综合评价,以便获得科学的评估方法。
本文在查阅了国内外相关文献的基础上,确定使用层次分析法——模糊综合评价法作为主要研究方法。首先根据超限货物运输的实际情况建立层次分析法所用的目标层、准则层、指标层,并通过专家打分(标度)的方式求得各项对系统安全的贡献程度,然后通过模糊综合评价法对系统的安全状态进行安全性评估。
由于模糊综合评价法涉及到隶属度问题,而该隶属度的取得主要是基于人为评价,为尽量减少人主观因素的影响,本文结合实际运输作业环境,利用相关理论对层次分析法指标层中各个因素的隶属度进行了重新评价：
(1)从汽车行驶安全的角度出发,分析了牵引车的配载、平板车的轴线配置情况对整体安全的影响；
(2)结合有限元分析方法判定车辆启动、刹车时加速度对货物安全的影响,并讨论了颠簸路况、摩擦受力、恶劣天气、货物加固方式对绑扎钢丝绳的受力的影响。
(3)结合传统的稳性计算原理,分析了在不同道路条件和绑扎方式下,货物的滑移稳定性系数与倾覆稳定性系数。
(4)将这些因素的评价结果汇总,对模糊综合评价法中的隶属度进行修正,得到较为精确的评价值。
针对在临时码头无浮吊设备的水陆联运卸货,极易出现事故这一现状,本文设计了一套浮态自调整的卸货系统。该系统可在不进行压舱水调节的情况下,自动提升卸货用主梁的高度,使船体逐渐上浮,避免船体突然跃起造成事故。数字数值测试分析结果验证了该系统的有效性,表明所提出的系统可对卸货过程进行有效的调节,避免船体突跃,有效保证卸货安全。
为能够快速得到超限货物道路运输的相关信息,本文设计了一套用来测试车辆通过性的检测装置,通过该系统可以快速掌握道路倾角、最大可通行高度、最大可通行宽度、最大加速度等信息,将未知信息量化,并结合相关的理论计算与仿真结果,重新生成模糊分析中的模糊矩阵中相关评价指标的隶属度,从而得到更为精确的评估结果。
为了验证仿真结果的有效性,设计了基于Visual Basic 6.0开发的超限货物运输安全监测系统,主要用来对在途运输的相关物理量进行监测,监测的主要内容包括道路倾角(横倾、纵倾)、钢丝绳张力、速度、加速度(前进方向、垂直方向)。2011年1月结合三峡地下电站荆门市500 kV换流站项目中的147 t重的超限货物进行了实车实验,并对评价结果中涉及的相关项目进行了验证,实验结果证明了评价有效性。
Overweight/oversize (OW/OS) cargo is also named after out-of-gauge freight, bulky and length cargo, heavy cargo, massive-product, abnormal load. The increasing demand for OW/OS cargos grows rapidly along with the construction of large-scale projects in globe. The OW/OS cargo has features of long production cycle, small batch and high value, hence research on the safety of this type of cargo during transportation is more important than other cargo.
The most commonly used transportation modes for OW/OS cargo are waterway transportation, railway transportation, road transportation and land-and-water co-ordinated transportation. Traditional safety assessment methods for transportation mainly depend on the experience of decision-makers. It is very hard for decision-makers to achieve the accurate data and even some data can not be handled properly because of the lack of theory. After analyzing the characteristics of OW/OS cargo's transportation, one systematical, comprehensive and reasonable safety assessment method is proposed and presented in the thesis which combines with vehicle driving theory, finite element theory, analytic hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method (FCE) and accident-causing theories.
AHP-FCE is adopted as the main safety assessment method which combines the advantages of AHP and FCE. Firstly, AHP is used to build goal layer, factor layer, index layer according to the actual transportation conditions, and contribution to layers are then obtained through expert evaluating method and AHP. Finally, the FCE is employed to assess the system safety.
In order to avoid human factors'influence on membership-calculating in FCE, the actual transportation environment is taken into account. By using the related theory to revaluate the factors'membership in the index layer, the influence of human factors is reduced to the minimum.
The stowage of trailer tractor and axis configuration of platform lorry are firstly calculated in view of vehicle safety. Secondly, the finite element analysis (FEA) is applied to the safety evaluation where the acceleration is existence during vehicle' starting and breaking. In addition, the influence on the lashing steel wire ropes was taken into account. The impact factors include the unevenness pavement, friction, severe weather and strengthening modes for cargo. Thirdly, the cargo stability of sliding and overturning under different strengthening ways and road condition were computed according to traditional stability calculation theory. Finally, value of membership is adjusted based on calculation results which mentioned above, thus accurate safety assessment result can be achieved.
There would be an accident risk in the land-and-water coordinated transportation when unloading cargo on the temporary wharf without any large lifting equipment, In this study, it is the first time to develop a new floating self-adaptive unloading system to prevent the occurrence of accidents. After using of this system, the height of the unloading beam could be adjusted automatically without the ballast water regulation. Thus, the accidents caused by the sudden leaping of the ship could be avoided effectively. The numerical experiment results show that the proposed system can adaptively regulate the unloading process and keep the procedure of unloading in safe efficiently as well.
To further enhance the accuracy of membership values, a novel measuring system for vehicle's passing ability in space is proposed in this thesis. The proposed novel system has been authorized as a national invention patent. It can quickly record the information of the road condition, such as road inclination, the maximum allowance in height, the largest allowance in width, and the maximum acceleration, etc. Through the combination of unknown information and analysis results, the membership of the related evaluation in the fuzzy matrix can be refreshed and consummated. Therefore, the accurate assessment results could be attained.
To evaluate and validate the proposed safety methodology based on FCE, a special designed experiment is presented in this thesis. This experimental system is used to monitoring the transportation physical quantities which is developed based on Visual Basic 6.0. These physical quantities include road inclination (heel and trim), tension in lashing steel wire rope, speed, and acceleration of vehicle, etc. A series of experiments was implemented for the platform lorry with cargo which weights 147 tons in Three Gorges underground converter substation on January 2011. The test results suggest that the proposed transportation safety assessment system is feasible for practice use.
引文
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