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要素市场扭曲对中国经济外部失衡的影响研究
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摘要
自1978年底中国开始渐进式改革以来,中国的经济发展取得了巨大的进步,1978年到2012年,在扣除价格因素后,中国GDP年均达到了9.88%的持续高增长速度。作为拉动中国经济增长的“三驾马车”之一,对外贸易无疑是其中的亮点。虽然1978年之后历经了多年的逆差,但自1994年开始,中国对外贸易开始连年盈余,到2007年货物贸易顺差突破了2000亿美元大关,达到2643.4亿美元,2008年进一步上升为2954.6亿美元。受金融危机影响,2009年这一数值下降为1960.6亿美元,2010和2011年进一步收窄为1815.1亿美元和1551.4亿美元。2012年货物贸易差额重新上升为2311.1亿美元。
     不断增加的贸易顺差虽然在拉动经济增长、扩大就业、改善国际收支状况和增加外汇储备等方面功不可没,但也带来诸多负面影响。中国的贸易不平衡问题已日益为世界各国所关注。以中国国际收支“双顺差”为特征的中国经济外部失衡及其对全球经济失衡的影响近年来一直是国际经济政策争论的焦点。
     尽管国内外学者从各个角度对中国经济外部失衡及其影响进行了研究、分析并开出了各种“药方”,中国政府也做了各种努力,但成效不大。那么,到底是什么原因导致了中国经济的外部失衡,它的趋势将会如何?
     本文认为中国要素市场(劳动力市场、资本市场、土地市场、能源等自然资源及环境等市场)都存在着严重的扭曲现象,这些扭曲对中国经济发展方式产生了重大的影响,最终在各种因素的共同作用下导致了中国经济的外部失衡。
     中国要素市场扭曲的表现有其深刻的体制性根源。要素市场扭曲始于建国后计划经济体制下各种制度性安排;改革开放后,在经济的市场化过程中,产品市场和要素市场改革存在非对称性,产品市场基本市场化,要素市场化进程则显现出明显的滞后性,这主要是因为影响要素价格扭曲的各种体制性因素依旧存在并持续发挥惯性作用。这些体制性因素(户籍制度,土地制度,与土地制度密切结合的财税制度以及以GDP为主要指标的干部考核晋升机制等)最终“锁定”了我国的要素市场扭曲。因此,我国的要素市场扭曲呈现出一定的路径依赖特征。
     本文就是基于中国经济外部失衡和要素市场扭曲的特征事实来分析、建立两者间的理论传导机制并进行相应的经验分析。本文认为要素市场扭曲与外部失衡之间存在直接或者间接关系。为了探讨两者间的传导机制,理论方面建立了要素扭曲和外部失衡之间的微观和宏观理论基础,在实证方面采用面板数据模型分析要素扭曲和外部失衡之间的关系,并且将内部失衡也纳入分析框架。
     具体研究框架如下:
     第1章为绪论,主要包括论文的研究背景,研究的理论与现实意义,相关文献综述,研究的思路和方法及论文的创新与不足。
     第2章为中国经济外部失衡的主要表现及风险分析。随着中国对外贸易和利用外商直接投资快速发展,中国自2004年后表现出越来越凸出的外部失衡问题,即经常账户顺差和金融资本账户顺差的“双顺差”外部失衡格局。在分析经常账户和金融资本账户“双顺差”的形成基础上,进一步阐述了长期外部失衡的风险。
     第3章为中国经济外部失衡的深层次原因分析。本章首先对扭曲及要素扭曲的相关文献进行了梳理,界定了扭曲及要素扭曲的涵义。然后对要素市场扭曲的表现分劳动力、资本、土地、能源等自然资源及环境等五个方面进行了现状描述,认为在这五个方面都存在着严重的要素扭曲现象,这些扭曲对中国经济发展方式产生了重大影响。最后对要素市场扭曲的形成机制做了分析,认为中国要素市场扭曲的表现有其深刻的体制性根源。
     第4章为要素市场扭曲对中国经济外部失衡的影响机理分析。劳动力、资本、土地、能源、环境等要素扭曲降低了初次分配中的居民收入份额,加剧了收入不平等;社会保障不健全,因此需要进行预防性储蓄;同时,由于金融市场改革滞后,居民无法实现消费的跨期选择,因而降低了整个社会的边际消费倾向,最终降低了国内居民消费需求,内需不足。要素价格的扭曲降低了生产的成本,相当于是给企业补贴,使得企业的投资有利可图,提高了企业的投资积极性,扩大了产能;也正是由于中国要素市场的扭曲现象,FDI持续流入中国进行投资逐利,国内产能进一步扩大。产能增加而消费不足造成产能过剩,供过于求,内部结构性失衡。由于中国要素价格低,生产成本低,产品的价格比较低,外国需求增加,企业通过出口解决剩余产能,最终导致贸易顺差过大。贸易顺差持续扩大,带来结汇压力和人民币升值的预期,国际投机资本趁机流入,加上持续流入的FDI共同导致了资本项目顺差,最终导致了经常项目和资本项目双顺差,形成了中国经济的外部失衡。
     第5章为要素市场扭曲与中国经济外部失衡关系的实证分析。本章首先采用了C-D生产函数测定不同所有制类型企业在2000-2011年资本和劳动要素价格的扭曲程度。其次,采用面板数据模型分析了要素扭曲、内部失衡、外部失衡之间的传导效应。最后,研究结论表明要素扭曲对经常项目顺差产生显著负向边际效应;而在资本项目顺差方程中,资本扭曲也对资本项目顺差产生显著负向作用力,但劳动力扭曲产生正向效应统计上是非显著的;相对于外部失衡而言,内部失衡对要素扭曲效应相对较强。资本项目顺差对要素扭曲影响统计上非显著,而经常项目顺差则在一定程度上对要素扭曲产生统计上显著的正向效应。中国日益严峻的内部失衡、外部失衡、要素扭曲之间的恶性循环致使中国经济陷入难以解脱的困境,表明推进要素市场化进程的紧迫性。
     第6章为中国经济外部失衡的调整策略,认为只有通过转变经济发展方式、统筹内外经济均衡发展,转变政府职能、改变政绩观才能为继续理顺要素价格,消除要素市场扭曲提供政策和体制环境;而改革户籍制度、继续完善社会保障制度、加大对教育的投入,加快推进土地制度改革、完善土地流转制度,进一步推进能源和水等自然资源价格市场化改革,加大环境保护力度实行绿色发展及加快利率市场化和人民币汇率改革则是理顺要素价格,消除要素市场扭曲,从而调整中国经济外部失衡的可行途径。
Since the incremental reform beginning in late1978, China has made great progressin economic development. China’s GDP, after deducting price growh, had been growingat a rate of9.88%on average during1978and2012. After several years of deficit since1978, China’s foreign trade began to have surplus since1994. Foreign trade surplusexceeded$200billion in2007and reached$295.46billion in2008,and affected by thefinancial crisis, the value dropped to$196.06billion in2009. In2010and2011, itcontinues to drop to$181.51billion and$155.14billion. In2012, however, it increasedto$231.11billion again.
     The increasing trade surplus had contributed to stimulating economic growth,expanding employment, improving the balance of payments and increased foreignexchange reserves, but it has also brought many negative effects. Imbalance in China'strade has been attracting growing attention around the world. The problem of China'scurrent-account surplus is the focus of international economic policy debate in recentyears.
     Scholars from home and abroad have been studying and analyzing China’s externalimbalance and its impact, and putting forward some remedies to rebalance China’seconomy. Chinese government has also been making efforts to do the same thing. Theyhave made little success. Then, what on earth has resulted in the external imbalance ofChina and how will it be?
     The description of the status quo of factor market distortions is divided into fiveaspects: labor, capital, land, energy and other natural resources and environment. Thereare serious factor distortions in these five areas and all these distortions have greatinfluence on China's economic development mode.
     The formation mechanism of factor market distortions is analyzed. The Chinesefactor market distortions have profound systemic roots. factor market distortionsoriginated from the various arrangements of planned economy system; After the reformand opening up, in the course of marketing economy, the reform of product market andfactor market is not synchronized. The product market is almost completely marketed, but influence of various institutional factors which lead to price distortions existed andcontinued to play a role in factor price. These system obstacles include: the householdregistration system, land system, taxation system combined with the system of land andthe cadre evaluation mainly consisted of GDP performance. These institutional factorseventually "lock" the market factors of distortions. Therefore, the factors distortionshows some characteristics of path dependence.
     Based on the China's external imbalances and factor market distortions analysis, thetheoretical transmission mechanism between the two is analyzed. After all these jobs, thecorresponding empirical analysis is made. This paper argues for the existence of direct orindirect relationship between the factor market distortions and external imbalance. Inorder to explore the conduction mechanism between them, in theory, the micro andmacro theoretical basis is established between the factor distortions and externalimbalances, and in the empirical analysis, a panel data model is used to analyze therelationship between factor distortions and external imbalance. And the internalimbalances are included in the analysis framework.
     This paper consists of six chapters and is organized as follows:
     Chapter1is the introduction, including the research background, the theoretical andpractical meaning of the research, the related literature review, research ideas andmethods, and innovation and deficiency of the paper.
     Chapter2examines the main characters of the external imbalances in the Chineseeconomy, the reason of the imbalance and the risk of the long term of the imbalance.With the rapid development of China's foreign trade and the utilization of foreign directinvestment, the external imbalance of China’s economy becomes increasingly serioussince2004, namely the "double surplus" external imbalance of the current accountsurplus and capital account surplus. Based on the analysis of "double surplus" of thecurrent account and capital account, risks of persistent external imbalance are analyzed inthis chapter.
     Chapter3is the root reason of external imbalance China’s economy. Firstly, therelated literature of distortion and factor distortion theory is tailored and the meaning ofdistortion and factor distortion is defined. Secondly, Five aspects of factor marketdistortions, namely labor, capital, land, energy and other natural resources and environment, are analyzed. There are serious distortions in these five areas, which hasgreat influence in China's economic development pattern. Finally, formation mechanismof factor market distortions is analyzed which shows that there are profound systemicroots in China’s factor market distortions.
     Chapter4explores the mechanism of the impact of factor market distortions onChina's external imbalance. The distortions of factor market of labor, capital, land,energy and environment lead to lower share of household income in GNP and result inincome inequality; and due to the inadequate social security net in China, householdshave to save more for precautionary purpose; also underdevelopment of financial sectormakes it impossible for the household to have a choice of inter-temporal consumption.All these things tend to lower the marginal propensity to consume and result ininsufficient domestic consumer demand. Distortions of factor price lowers the cost ofproduction, which is equivalent to the enterprise subsidies, makes the enterpriseinvestment good prospects of gain, improves the investment enthusiasm of enterprises,and expands the production capacity;It is also because of distortions in the factorsmarket, FDI has been continuing to flow into China for investment profit, furtherextending production capacity. More production and less consumption lead to theproblem of excess of production capacity and internal structural imbalance. The lowprice of Chinese factors means low production cost, and the product price is relativelylow after the cost plus profit, which increases the foreign demand. Facing the insufficientdomestic consumption and pile up in excess of production capacity, enterprises have todispose the surplus capacity through exports, which eventually led to the trade surplus tobecome too large. Large trade surplus brings the pressure on the settlement of exchangeand an expectation of renminbi appreciation, which attract hot-money to flow into China.Hot-money together with the inflow FDI leads to the surplus of financial and capitalaccount (KA), and finally results in the twin surplus of balance of payment, i.e. externalimbalance of macro-economy.
     Chapter5is the empirical analysis of the relationship between the externalimbalances and factor market distortion. In this chapter, firstly, a C-D productionfunction is used to determine the degree of price distortion of labor and capital employedin enterprises of various ownerships during2000and2011. Then a panel data model is applied to analyze the transmission effect among the factor distortion, internal imbalanceand external imbalance. Finally, the studying result show that: factor distortions have asignificant negative marginal effect; while in KA surplus model, KA distortion exercise asignificant negative effect on KA surplus, however, it is not statistically significant forlabor distortion to have a positive effect; relative to external imbalance, internalimbalance has a much stronger effect in factor distortion. It is not statistically significantof KA surplus to have an effect on factor distortion whereas current account (CA) hassuch an effect to some extent. All these indicate that China is already trapped in a viciouscircle of increasingly serious internal imbalance, external imbalance and factor distortion,which needs the urgency of the reform of factor market.
     Chapter6is the adjustment strategy of China’s external imbalance. Only throughthe transformation of the mode of economic development, coordinated and balancedeconomic development, the transformation of government functions, and changing theview of achievement in local official’s post could a good policy and system environmentbe provided for the factors price to be straightened out and the factor market distortionsto be eliminated. The feasible ways to eliminate the factor market distortions are: firstly,continuing to reform the household registration system, to improve the social securitysystem and to strengthen the education investment; secondly, continuing to accelerate theconfirmation of the right of rural land use and to improve the land transfer system; thirdly,continuing to further promote the reform of the market of energy and natural resourceslike water price; and finally, continuing to accelerate the reform of market-orientedinterest rate and exchange rate.
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