实现6σ产品质量的途径和方法
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摘要
6σ管理作为一种品质突破策略在许多公司取得了巨大的成功，因而受到了越来越多的关注。6σ质量意味着产品的缺陷率仅为百万分之三点四，这种近乎完美的质量水平无疑将成为企业竞争致胜的利器。本文主要从6σ管理和现代质量工程技术相结合的角度来探讨如何实现6σ产品质量。
本文首先介绍6σ质量体系的基本内涵，对6σ质量的含义及其经济性特征进行分析，阐明了实现6σ质量的意义，进而对6σ管理的核心理念及其与传统质量管理的关系进行了分析。在此基础上，总结出实现6σ产品质量的两个基本原理：质量突破原理和持续改进原理。通过对6σ产品质量系统进行分析，提出了实现这一卓越质量的基本途径：实施6σ管理，提高设计质量以及对过程实施超严格的控制。其中，6σ管理的实施侧重从组织、策划和改进三个阶段性步骤来阐述。设计阶段着重论述了质量功能展开方法，针对其存在的缺陷和不足给出了改进的质量功能展开理论框架和系统的解决方法，并探讨了质量功能展开法与田口方法的综合应用，给出了相应的整合模型和说明。过程控制阶段，分析了6σ质量过程的特点，以不合格品间连续合格品数作为控制对象，并给出了过程的判异和判稳准则；在此基础上，引入了连续合格品数指数加权移动平均控制图来控制过程的微小波动；最后还对如何联合运用过程能力指数和过程性能指数来控制过程进行了分析。
The six sigma, as a broken strategy of product quality, has received increasingly considerable attention because of its enormous success in many companies. The quality level of six sigma means the defects of product only for 3.4ppm. This kind of almost perfect quality will doubtless become a sharp weapon, which would be taken in competition by enterprises. In this paper, we will mainly discuss how to realize six sigma's quality of product with the angle that six sigma combine with the modern quality engineering techniques.
At the beginning, in this paper, we talk about the basic intension of six sigma quality system, analyze the significations and economical characters of six sigma quality, and illustrate the meaning of achieving six sigma quality. And then, this paper analyzes the relations of six sigma management with traditional quality management. On this base, this paper summarizes two theories of achieving six sigma product quality: theories of quality breakthrough and continous improvement. Analyzing the six sigma product quality system, we provide a basic approach to achieve this excellent quality: implementing six sigma, advancing design quality and controlling the process supper strictly. On the stage of design, we mainly research the methods of QFD, IQFD and the integration of QFD with Taguchi Method. On the stage of process control, analyzing characters of six sigma process, we take the successive elgibles as controlling objects, and give the judgement principles of stable and abnormal process. On this base, we introduce a new control chart-EWMA control chart based on successive elgibles to control the tiny variable. Finally, in this paper, we discuss how to control six sigma process through the combination of PCI and PPL
本文首先介绍6σ质量体系的基本内涵，对6σ质量的含义及其经济性特征进行分析，阐明了实现6σ质量的意义，进而对6σ管理的核心理念及其与传统质量管理的关系进行了分析。在此基础上，总结出实现6σ产品质量的两个基本原理：质量突破原理和持续改进原理。通过对6σ产品质量系统进行分析，提出了实现这一卓越质量的基本途径：实施6σ管理，提高设计质量以及对过程实施超严格的控制。其中，6σ管理的实施侧重从组织、策划和改进三个阶段性步骤来阐述。设计阶段着重论述了质量功能展开方法，针对其存在的缺陷和不足给出了改进的质量功能展开理论框架和系统的解决方法，并探讨了质量功能展开法与田口方法的综合应用，给出了相应的整合模型和说明。过程控制阶段，分析了6σ质量过程的特点，以不合格品间连续合格品数作为控制对象，并给出了过程的判异和判稳准则；在此基础上，引入了连续合格品数指数加权移动平均控制图来控制过程的微小波动；最后还对如何联合运用过程能力指数和过程性能指数来控制过程进行了分析。
The six sigma, as a broken strategy of product quality, has received increasingly considerable attention because of its enormous success in many companies. The quality level of six sigma means the defects of product only for 3.4ppm. This kind of almost perfect quality will doubtless become a sharp weapon, which would be taken in competition by enterprises. In this paper, we will mainly discuss how to realize six sigma's quality of product with the angle that six sigma combine with the modern quality engineering techniques.
At the beginning, in this paper, we talk about the basic intension of six sigma quality system, analyze the significations and economical characters of six sigma quality, and illustrate the meaning of achieving six sigma quality. And then, this paper analyzes the relations of six sigma management with traditional quality management. On this base, this paper summarizes two theories of achieving six sigma product quality: theories of quality breakthrough and continous improvement. Analyzing the six sigma product quality system, we provide a basic approach to achieve this excellent quality: implementing six sigma, advancing design quality and controlling the process supper strictly. On the stage of design, we mainly research the methods of QFD, IQFD and the integration of QFD with Taguchi Method. On the stage of process control, analyzing characters of six sigma process, we take the successive elgibles as controlling objects, and give the judgement principles of stable and abnormal process. On this base, we introduce a new control chart-EWMA control chart based on successive elgibles to control the tiny variable. Finally, in this paper, we discuss how to control six sigma process through the combination of PCI and PPL
引文
[1] 罗国英．论我国企业的质量管理．中国质量，2002．12
[2] 赵国雄．质量管理面临的挑战及21世纪的发展趋势．中国质量，2000．11
[3] Mikel Harry.The Breakthrough Management Strategy Revolutionizing the World's Top Corporations. New York:Currency, 2000
[4] 蔡剑华．6sigma：企业卓越管理的目标．中国质量，2001．9
[5] Robert. Slater.The GE Way Fieldbook:Jaek Weleh's Battle Plan for Corporate Revolution.The McGraw-Hill, Inc.2000
[6] M·哈里、R·施罗德著，崔浩、袁锋译．6sigma风行美国的管理思潮．中国科技大学出版社，2002
[7] 康秉智．“WTO”呼唤中国产品高质量．中国质量，2000．12
[8] 王润身．进入21世纪的中国质量管理．中国质量，2000．8
[9] 赵晓容，陈俊芳．全新的质量管理—6SIGMA战略．科学学与科学技术管理，2002．3
[10] 李跃生．质量工程技术之我见．中国质量，2001．12
[11] 杨为民．提高产品质量的有效途径—源头治理、并行综合与过程控制．中国质量，2001．7
[12] 刘鸿恩．改进的质量功能展开—(Ⅰ)理论框架．系统工程理论与实践，1996．7
[13] 孙静．接近零不合格过程的质量控制．清华大学出版社，2001
[14] 钟庆龙，梁玉梅．六西格玛质量管理．经济师，2003．3
[15] J.Krames.TheJack Welch Lexicon of Leadership, New York: McGraw-Hill,Inc.2001
[16] Michael Hammer.Beyond Reengineering. New York: Harper Business, 1996
[17] PeterS. Pande, Robert P. Neuman.The Six Sigma Way. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000
[18] 郎志正．6西格玛法的本质和特点以及应用中需关注的问题．中国质量，2003．8
[19] 罗国英．企业应如何看待并应用6西格玛管理．中国质量，2003．2
[20] 杨跃进．6西格玛管理与其他管理方法和管理体系．中国质量，2003．9
[21] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局质最司．质量专业理论与实务．中国人事出版社，2001
[22] 文怀放，张驰．6sigma品质管理—方法／工具／策略．海天出版社，2001
[23] 杨跃进．六两格玛质量战略—世界级企业竞争致胜的武器．中国质量，2001．9
[24] David Enck, Phil Flories.Smater Six Sigma Business Solution.Smater Solution Ine.Austin, Texas, 2001
[25] Forrest W, Breyfogle.Implementing Six Sigma Business Solutions using Statistical
Methods.New York: Whiley-Interscience, 1999
[26] 刘颖听，朱承先．六西格玛的六大成功要素．六西格玛自由论坛论文集，2002．12
[27] Thomas Pyzdek著，孙静译．六西格玛手册．清华大学出版社，2003
[28] Sulivan LawrenceP.Quality Function Deployment.Quality Progress, 1998.6
[29] Hauser John, Don Clausing.The House of Quality.Harvard Business, 1998.3
[30] WilliamE.Eureka, NancyE.Ragn.The Customer-Driven Company: Managerial Perspective on QFD.ASI, 1988
[31] ClausingD.P, PughS.Enhanced Quality Function Deployment.Proceeding of the Design Productivity International Conference, vol 1, 1999
[32] CindyA.diano, Aleda V.Roth.Beyond the House of Quality: Dynamic of QFD.The Fifth Symposium on QFD, 1993,NOVi, Michgan
[33] RichardE.Zultner.Priorities: The Analytic Hierarchy Process in QFD.The Fifth Symposium on QFD, 1993, NOVi, Michgan
[34] 陈立周．稳健设计．机械工业出版社，1999
[35] 周亮，韩玉启，魏世振．田口方法与QFD的综合应用研究．科技进步与对策，2003．2
[36] Ross Phillip J. The Role of Taguchi Methods and Design of Experiments inQFD. Quality Progress. 1988.6
[37] Jing Sheng, Zhen He and Liang Xing Shi.Integration of Design of Experiments into Quality Function Deployment.The Asian Journal on Quality, vol.3.No 1, 2000
[38] Boeing Company.Advanced Quality System Training, 1991
[39] 孙静，张公绪．接近零不合格品过程的判稳与判异．北京科技火学学报，1998．4
[40] Roberts,S.W.Control Chart Tests Basedon Geometric Moving Averages.Technometrics, 1959.1
[41] Hunter, J.S.The Exponentially Weighed Moving Average.Journal of Quality Technology, 1986.18
[42] Montgomery, D.C.Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1991
[43] Crowder, S.V.A Sample Method for Studing Run-Length Distributions of Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Charts.Technometrics, 1987a, 29
[44] Crowder, S.V. Average Run Lengths of Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Charts.Journal of Quality Technology, 1987b, 19
[45] Bourke, P.D.Detecting a Shift in Fraction Nonconforming using Run-Length Control Charts With 100% Inspection.Journal of Quality Technology, 1991,23
[46] Lucas, J.M., Saccucci, M.S.The Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control
Schemes: Properties and Enhancements.Technometrics, 1990.32
[47] Crowder, S.V.Design of Exponential weighted Moving Average Schemes.Journal of Quality Technology, 1989.21
[48] 孙静，张公绪．美国摩托罗拉公司6σ控制方式讨论．中国质量，2000．5
[49] 孙静．过程性能指数．中国质量，2000．11
[50] 孙静，张公绪．接近零不合格品过程的几何EWMA控制．质量与可靠性，1999
[51] Thomas Pyzdek.The Six Sigma Revolution. Quality Management Australia, 2001.11
[52] GeraldJ. Hahn, NecipDoganaksoy.The Evolutionof Six Sigma.Quality Engineering, vol.3.No 12, 2000
[53] LarryR.Smith.Six Sigma and the Evolution of Quality in Product Development.Six Sigma Forum Magazine, volume 1. issue 1. November, 2001
[2] 赵国雄．质量管理面临的挑战及21世纪的发展趋势．中国质量，2000．11
[3] Mikel Harry.The Breakthrough Management Strategy Revolutionizing the World's Top Corporations. New York:Currency, 2000
[4] 蔡剑华．6sigma：企业卓越管理的目标．中国质量，2001．9
[5] Robert. Slater.The GE Way Fieldbook:Jaek Weleh's Battle Plan for Corporate Revolution.The McGraw-Hill, Inc.2000
[6] M·哈里、R·施罗德著，崔浩、袁锋译．6sigma风行美国的管理思潮．中国科技大学出版社，2002
[7] 康秉智．“WTO”呼唤中国产品高质量．中国质量，2000．12
[8] 王润身．进入21世纪的中国质量管理．中国质量，2000．8
[9] 赵晓容，陈俊芳．全新的质量管理—6SIGMA战略．科学学与科学技术管理，2002．3
[10] 李跃生．质量工程技术之我见．中国质量，2001．12
[11] 杨为民．提高产品质量的有效途径—源头治理、并行综合与过程控制．中国质量，2001．7
[12] 刘鸿恩．改进的质量功能展开—(Ⅰ)理论框架．系统工程理论与实践，1996．7
[13] 孙静．接近零不合格过程的质量控制．清华大学出版社，2001
[14] 钟庆龙，梁玉梅．六西格玛质量管理．经济师，2003．3
[15] J.Krames.TheJack Welch Lexicon of Leadership, New York: McGraw-Hill,Inc.2001
[16] Michael Hammer.Beyond Reengineering. New York: Harper Business, 1996
[17] PeterS. Pande, Robert P. Neuman.The Six Sigma Way. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000
[18] 郎志正．6西格玛法的本质和特点以及应用中需关注的问题．中国质量，2003．8
[19] 罗国英．企业应如何看待并应用6西格玛管理．中国质量，2003．2
[20] 杨跃进．6西格玛管理与其他管理方法和管理体系．中国质量，2003．9
[21] 国家质量监督检验检疫总局质最司．质量专业理论与实务．中国人事出版社，2001
[22] 文怀放，张驰．6sigma品质管理—方法／工具／策略．海天出版社，2001
[23] 杨跃进．六两格玛质量战略—世界级企业竞争致胜的武器．中国质量，2001．9
[24] David Enck, Phil Flories.Smater Six Sigma Business Solution.Smater Solution Ine.Austin, Texas, 2001
[25] Forrest W, Breyfogle.Implementing Six Sigma Business Solutions using Statistical
Methods.New York: Whiley-Interscience, 1999
[26] 刘颖听，朱承先．六西格玛的六大成功要素．六西格玛自由论坛论文集，2002．12
[27] Thomas Pyzdek著，孙静译．六西格玛手册．清华大学出版社，2003
[28] Sulivan LawrenceP.Quality Function Deployment.Quality Progress, 1998.6
[29] Hauser John, Don Clausing.The House of Quality.Harvard Business, 1998.3
[30] WilliamE.Eureka, NancyE.Ragn.The Customer-Driven Company: Managerial Perspective on QFD.ASI, 1988
[31] ClausingD.P, PughS.Enhanced Quality Function Deployment.Proceeding of the Design Productivity International Conference, vol 1, 1999
[32] CindyA.diano, Aleda V.Roth.Beyond the House of Quality: Dynamic of QFD.The Fifth Symposium on QFD, 1993,NOVi, Michgan
[33] RichardE.Zultner.Priorities: The Analytic Hierarchy Process in QFD.The Fifth Symposium on QFD, 1993, NOVi, Michgan
[34] 陈立周．稳健设计．机械工业出版社，1999
[35] 周亮，韩玉启，魏世振．田口方法与QFD的综合应用研究．科技进步与对策，2003．2
[36] Ross Phillip J. The Role of Taguchi Methods and Design of Experiments inQFD. Quality Progress. 1988.6
[37] Jing Sheng, Zhen He and Liang Xing Shi.Integration of Design of Experiments into Quality Function Deployment.The Asian Journal on Quality, vol.3.No 1, 2000
[38] Boeing Company.Advanced Quality System Training, 1991
[39] 孙静，张公绪．接近零不合格品过程的判稳与判异．北京科技火学学报，1998．4
[40] Roberts,S.W.Control Chart Tests Basedon Geometric Moving Averages.Technometrics, 1959.1
[41] Hunter, J.S.The Exponentially Weighed Moving Average.Journal of Quality Technology, 1986.18
[42] Montgomery, D.C.Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. New York: John Wiley& Sons, 1991
[43] Crowder, S.V.A Sample Method for Studing Run-Length Distributions of Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Charts.Technometrics, 1987a, 29
[44] Crowder, S.V. Average Run Lengths of Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Charts.Journal of Quality Technology, 1987b, 19
[45] Bourke, P.D.Detecting a Shift in Fraction Nonconforming using Run-Length Control Charts With 100% Inspection.Journal of Quality Technology, 1991,23
[46] Lucas, J.M., Saccucci, M.S.The Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control
Schemes: Properties and Enhancements.Technometrics, 1990.32
[47] Crowder, S.V.Design of Exponential weighted Moving Average Schemes.Journal of Quality Technology, 1989.21
[48] 孙静，张公绪．美国摩托罗拉公司6σ控制方式讨论．中国质量，2000．5
[49] 孙静．过程性能指数．中国质量，2000．11
[50] 孙静，张公绪．接近零不合格品过程的几何EWMA控制．质量与可靠性，1999
[51] Thomas Pyzdek.The Six Sigma Revolution. Quality Management Australia, 2001.11
[52] GeraldJ. Hahn, NecipDoganaksoy.The Evolutionof Six Sigma.Quality Engineering, vol.3.No 12, 2000
[53] LarryR.Smith.Six Sigma and the Evolution of Quality in Product Development.Six Sigma Forum Magazine, volume 1. issue 1. November, 2001