自然崩落法矿岩工程质量数字化评价及模拟技术研究
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摘要
近年来资源不足已成为制约我国经济发展的重要因素之一,随着经济的发展,对矿物原料的需求日益增长,对贫矿的开采也开始提到日程上来,自然崩落法作为当前唯一能与露天开采经济效益相媲美的采矿方法,备受各国采矿工作者青睐。本文根据普朗铜矿首采区的工程地质情况,研究解决了自然崩落采矿法中可崩性评价和块度预测涉及的关键理论和技术问题,结合“特大型矿床井下高强度开采关键技术研究”项目展开理论与应用技术研究,主要研究内容和结论如下：
(1)提出用于自然崩落法矿岩工程质量数字化评价的指标体系,在此基础上,建立了一整套数据采集及处理方法,研究了指标量化方法。
(2)基于区域化变量的估值理论和三维可视化评价模型构建技术,提出了对矿岩可崩性进行区域化评价的方法,实现了基于VTK开发平台的评价区域三维可视化建模和基于八叉树的复杂地质体块段模型建模方法。
(3)提出了以构造面的空间展布规律为基础,采用Monte Carlo技术模拟节理系统,采用三维实体切割技术建立块体三维截取模型的矿岩块度预测新模型,该模型在综合考虑节理持续性和岩体的力学性质的基础上,按照统计学原理模拟构造面的空间展布,在指定的工程区域内,采用构造面对模型原型进行切割,最终形成由切割块体构成的块体集合,来预测矿岩块度,并根据一种新的块体形状分类方法,统计实体内部由构造面切割出的岩块大小和形状分布组成。
(4)在理论研究和矿岩块度预测系统需求分析的基础上,构建了矿岩块度预测系统体系,开发了相应的软件系统,并以此为基础,研究了节理间距分布形式、节理间距大小和完整岩石及弱面力学性质对块度分布的影响。
(5)应用开发出的矿岩块度预测系统,研究了岩块的实际体积V和切割面积A、三维形状指标ε、K和二维形状指标φ、三维筛分尺寸S3d和二维等同圆直径S2d之间的关系,推导出一系列应用二维特征参数估算三维特征参数的公式。
(6)对普朗铜矿首采区矿岩可崩性进行多角度、多方位、深层次评价研究表明,矿岩可崩性可分为Ⅱ-Ⅴ四个等级,总体上首采区属于Ⅲ类可崩性岩体,可崩性较好,采用自然崩落法是可行的,应用Laubscher崩落图法和Mathews稳定图法预测得到的矿岩持续崩落水力半径为22-26.24m。
(7)对普朗铜矿首采区3170水平以上矿岩原始块度预测结果表明,如按照5×5m2设计出矿口和出矿巷道,大块按等效尺寸大于1.26m计,原始块度大于1.26m的块体筛上累积百分比为59.85%,放矿口堵塞几率不大,块体形状以细长体、细长-扁平体和扁平-立方体为主。
本文的研究成果为发展新的自然崩落法矿岩工程质量数字化评价及模拟技术具有非常重要的意义,为普朗铜矿首采区进行自然崩落法采矿设计提供了有益的指导和参考依据。
In recent years, the lack of resources has become an important factor constraining China's economic development. With economic development, there is growing demand for raw mineral materials, and lean ore mining is being put on the agenda. Block caving method, as currently the only cost-effective method compared with open-pit mining methods has been favored by international mining enginners. In this paper, according to engineering geological conditions of first mining region of Pulang copper mine, combining "the key technology research on large underground deposits in high-intensity mining" project, some key theoretical and technical issues of cavability assessment and fragmentation prediction in block caving method are studied. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Digital evaluation index system for block caving method rock mass engineering quality is proposed. On this basis, data collection and processing system of these indexes are established, and the quantitative method of indicators is studied.
(2)The rock mass compartmentation cavability estimation method based on evaluation theory of regionalized variables and three-dimensional visualization evaluation model construction technology is proposed. Three-dimensional visualization evaluation model construction method based on VTK, and octree-based block model of complex geological bodies are achieved.
(3)Based on the law of the spatial distribution, using Monte Carlo technology to simulate joint system, and using three-dimensional solid cutting techniques to build a new rock mass fragmentation prediction model of block three-dimensional interception model. Based on consideration in the joint continuity and the mechanical properties of rock mass, the model simulated the spatial distribution of structure planes according to statistical principles, and predicted rock mass fragmentation using structure planes to cut model prototype and ultimately formed a block muster consisting cutting blocks. Then, according to a new method of the block shape classification, the distribution statistic rule of internal entities rock block, which are cut out by the structure planes, size and shape are studied.
(4)Based on the theoretical study and demand analysis, the rock mass fragmentation prediction system is constructed and relavent software system has been developed. And by the application of this system, the form of joint spacing distribution, joint spacing distance, and the impact of mechanical properties of integrity rock and weak surface on fragmentation distribution are studied.
(5) By the application of the rock mass fragmentation prediction system, the relationship between actual block volume V and the cutting area A, between three-dimensional shape indexε,κand two-dimensional shape index, between three-dimensional sieve size S3d and two-dimensional equivalent diameter S2d are studied to derive a series of formula for estimating three-dimensional geometric parameter from two-dimensional characteristic parameters.
(6) The results of multi-angle, multi-directional and in-depth evaluation of Pulang first mining region show that cavability of rock can be classified into four levels fromⅡtoⅤ. In general, the rock mass cavability of the first mining area is quite satisfactory and falls into ClassⅢ, which shows that block caving method is feasible in the first mining area. The sustained caving hydraulic radius has been calculated by Laubscher's caving chart and Mathews stability graph with values of 22-26.24m.
(7) The original fragment size prediction of rock mass above 3170m level of Pulang first mining region shows that, suppose we design a mine mouth and mine roadway to 5×5m2 and chunks are calculated according to the equivalent size of larger than 1.26m, the sieve cumulative percentage for blocks sized larger than 1.26m is 59.85 percent, and there will be little chance of blocking in ore drawing point, and the blocks in this region are mainly elongated, elongated-platy and platy-cubic in shape.
This research is of important significance for the development of new rock mass engineering quality digital assessment and simulation technology of block caving, and will provide useful guidance and reference to caving mining design of Pulang first mining region.
(1)提出用于自然崩落法矿岩工程质量数字化评价的指标体系,在此基础上,建立了一整套数据采集及处理方法,研究了指标量化方法。
(2)基于区域化变量的估值理论和三维可视化评价模型构建技术,提出了对矿岩可崩性进行区域化评价的方法,实现了基于VTK开发平台的评价区域三维可视化建模和基于八叉树的复杂地质体块段模型建模方法。
(3)提出了以构造面的空间展布规律为基础,采用Monte Carlo技术模拟节理系统,采用三维实体切割技术建立块体三维截取模型的矿岩块度预测新模型,该模型在综合考虑节理持续性和岩体的力学性质的基础上,按照统计学原理模拟构造面的空间展布,在指定的工程区域内,采用构造面对模型原型进行切割,最终形成由切割块体构成的块体集合,来预测矿岩块度,并根据一种新的块体形状分类方法,统计实体内部由构造面切割出的岩块大小和形状分布组成。
(4)在理论研究和矿岩块度预测系统需求分析的基础上,构建了矿岩块度预测系统体系,开发了相应的软件系统,并以此为基础,研究了节理间距分布形式、节理间距大小和完整岩石及弱面力学性质对块度分布的影响。
(5)应用开发出的矿岩块度预测系统,研究了岩块的实际体积V和切割面积A、三维形状指标ε、K和二维形状指标φ、三维筛分尺寸S3d和二维等同圆直径S2d之间的关系,推导出一系列应用二维特征参数估算三维特征参数的公式。
(6)对普朗铜矿首采区矿岩可崩性进行多角度、多方位、深层次评价研究表明,矿岩可崩性可分为Ⅱ-Ⅴ四个等级,总体上首采区属于Ⅲ类可崩性岩体,可崩性较好,采用自然崩落法是可行的,应用Laubscher崩落图法和Mathews稳定图法预测得到的矿岩持续崩落水力半径为22-26.24m。
(7)对普朗铜矿首采区3170水平以上矿岩原始块度预测结果表明,如按照5×5m2设计出矿口和出矿巷道,大块按等效尺寸大于1.26m计,原始块度大于1.26m的块体筛上累积百分比为59.85%,放矿口堵塞几率不大,块体形状以细长体、细长-扁平体和扁平-立方体为主。
本文的研究成果为发展新的自然崩落法矿岩工程质量数字化评价及模拟技术具有非常重要的意义,为普朗铜矿首采区进行自然崩落法采矿设计提供了有益的指导和参考依据。
In recent years, the lack of resources has become an important factor constraining China's economic development. With economic development, there is growing demand for raw mineral materials, and lean ore mining is being put on the agenda. Block caving method, as currently the only cost-effective method compared with open-pit mining methods has been favored by international mining enginners. In this paper, according to engineering geological conditions of first mining region of Pulang copper mine, combining "the key technology research on large underground deposits in high-intensity mining" project, some key theoretical and technical issues of cavability assessment and fragmentation prediction in block caving method are studied. The main research contents and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Digital evaluation index system for block caving method rock mass engineering quality is proposed. On this basis, data collection and processing system of these indexes are established, and the quantitative method of indicators is studied.
(2)The rock mass compartmentation cavability estimation method based on evaluation theory of regionalized variables and three-dimensional visualization evaluation model construction technology is proposed. Three-dimensional visualization evaluation model construction method based on VTK, and octree-based block model of complex geological bodies are achieved.
(3)Based on the law of the spatial distribution, using Monte Carlo technology to simulate joint system, and using three-dimensional solid cutting techniques to build a new rock mass fragmentation prediction model of block three-dimensional interception model. Based on consideration in the joint continuity and the mechanical properties of rock mass, the model simulated the spatial distribution of structure planes according to statistical principles, and predicted rock mass fragmentation using structure planes to cut model prototype and ultimately formed a block muster consisting cutting blocks. Then, according to a new method of the block shape classification, the distribution statistic rule of internal entities rock block, which are cut out by the structure planes, size and shape are studied.
(4)Based on the theoretical study and demand analysis, the rock mass fragmentation prediction system is constructed and relavent software system has been developed. And by the application of this system, the form of joint spacing distribution, joint spacing distance, and the impact of mechanical properties of integrity rock and weak surface on fragmentation distribution are studied.
(5) By the application of the rock mass fragmentation prediction system, the relationship between actual block volume V and the cutting area A, between three-dimensional shape indexε,κand two-dimensional shape index, between three-dimensional sieve size S3d and two-dimensional equivalent diameter S2d are studied to derive a series of formula for estimating three-dimensional geometric parameter from two-dimensional characteristic parameters.
(6) The results of multi-angle, multi-directional and in-depth evaluation of Pulang first mining region show that cavability of rock can be classified into four levels fromⅡtoⅤ. In general, the rock mass cavability of the first mining area is quite satisfactory and falls into ClassⅢ, which shows that block caving method is feasible in the first mining area. The sustained caving hydraulic radius has been calculated by Laubscher's caving chart and Mathews stability graph with values of 22-26.24m.
(7) The original fragment size prediction of rock mass above 3170m level of Pulang first mining region shows that, suppose we design a mine mouth and mine roadway to 5×5m2 and chunks are calculated according to the equivalent size of larger than 1.26m, the sieve cumulative percentage for blocks sized larger than 1.26m is 59.85 percent, and there will be little chance of blocking in ore drawing point, and the blocks in this region are mainly elongated, elongated-platy and platy-cubic in shape.
This research is of important significance for the development of new rock mass engineering quality digital assessment and simulation technology of block caving, and will provide useful guidance and reference to caving mining design of Pulang first mining region.
引文
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