基于RS&GIS的城市土地利用变化及其生态环境效应研究
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摘要
经济和社会的快速发展导致自然资源需求量的急剧增加,使城市发展面临巨大的人口、资源与环境压力,由此产生影响经济、社会可持续发展和生态安全问题。本研究区为成都市核心区,包括成华区、武侯区、青羊区、锦江区、金牛区、高新区、龙泉驿区、青白江区、新都区、温江区、双流县和郫县。目前,研究区处于经济高速发展、人口压力剧增、城市化进程不断加快的时期,人类活动对环境的扰动显得尤为突出。因此,选择经济和社会发展迅速的成都市核心区为研究区,以遥感影像为主要信息源,基于遥感与GIS技术,对研究区城市土地利用变化及其驱动力与生态环境效应进行深入分析,主要取得以下认识和成果:
(1)多层次遥感专题信息提取模型与计算方法集成探讨与应用实践。本文提出多层次专题信息提取模型与计算方法,重点研究全域影像上专题信息与背景信息分离方法,建立面向信息提取的应用方法体系,从而将专题信息提取过程中所需的地物波谱、空间结构与形态、空间相互作用关系等知识逐步融入到模型中,通过层次划分,采取分层分类的逻辑判别方式,选择不同的特征参数和分类方法;以研究区遥感数据为主要信息源,建立面向研究区土地利用变化遥感信息提取的应用方法体系和采用多层次遥感专题信息提取模型;在应用实践上,以研究区城市土地利用信息提取为具体应用对象,建立完整的信息提取算法体系,并结合实际情况来改进计算模型与方法。应用实践的结果表明,面向研究区土地利用的提取模型与计算方法增强了信息提取能力和提取效率。
(2)城市土地利用时空演变以速度加快、强度显著、建设用地不断侵吞耕地为主要特征。1992~2008年耕地面积持续减少、耕地面积减少12.066×104hm2,建设用地与林地面积持续增加面积分为6.225×104hm2和3.195×104hm2。土地利用程度综合指数总体上有逐渐增大趋势,1992~2000年间土地利用综合指数呈现了较小的下降波动,但是在2000~2008年间土地利用程度表现了较强的增长态势。1992~2000年、2000~2008年、1992~2008年的土地利用变化值在对应的三个研究时段内土地利用处于调整期和发展期。城市土地利用变化时空差异明显,耕地、林地、建设用地3种主要用地类型转化特点不同,耕地主要转化为建设用地,导致耕地持续减少,引起建设用地的持续扩展;林地以外的其他土地转化为林地,导致林地面积则由减少转变为稍有增加,耕地等向建设用地的转化土地利用空间演化分析表明,土地转移、流向时空差异显著。1992~2000年的转移量比重分析表明,最大的是林地,达29.9%,其次是耕地,达15.8%和建设用地,达5.17%;林地主要转化为耕地和农村宅基地,转入主要来自于水田,新增林地面积达3.309×104hm2;水域绝大部分转化为建设用地和林地,转入水域主要来自于林地,增加水域面积达4 484.51hm2;耕地(水田与旱地)大部分转化为林地和建设用地,转移减少耕地面积6.693×104hm2,其中,旱地面积却增加4.386×104hm2;建设用地主要由耕地和建设用地调整转入,增加面积达2.935×104hm2;2000~2008年的转移量比重分析表明,最大的是耕地,达14.5%,其次是建设用地,达8.07%;林地主要转化为水田和农村宅基地,转入主要来自于耕地,新增林地面积达1 139.72hm2;水域绝大部分转化为旱地,转入水域主要来自于林地、水田和旱地,增加水域面积达2.197×104hm2;耕地(水田与旱地)大部分转化为林地和建设用地,转移减少耕地面积5.372×104hm2,与1992~2000年不同的是,水田与旱地面积均减少,面积分布达3.714×104hm2和1.658×104hm2;建设用地主要由耕地和建设用地调整转入,增加面积达3.289×104hm2。
(3)导致城市土地利用变化的主要驱动力是经济发展、城市化等人文因素,反映了建设用地外延扩展的增强效应。综合集成研究区遥感数据与其它自然、经济、社会等数据,应用定性与定量方法,对研究区城市土地利用变化的驱动力分析表明,经济发展、城市化与人口增长是引起土地利用变化的主要原因,反映了在快速城市化进程中,社会、经济水平发展对建设用地的向外扩展的增强效应。
(4)城市土地利用变化的生态服务价值持续增加,但区域差异显著、结构简单,且主要由林地、水域与农业用地等生态系统支撑。在分析土地利用时空演变基础上,对研究区城市土地利用时空演变对城市水环境、大气环境、土壤环境、城市热岛等环境问题进行深入分析;城市土地利用变化的生态服务价值及其流向变化的计算和分析结果表明,研究期内生态系统服务价值1992~2008年期间增加5.26×108元,生态系统服务价值区域差异与流向变化显著,主要由林地、水域与农业用地等生态系统支撑,系统结构较简单。
(5)城市下垫面性质对地表热信息分布与强度影响显著。基于空间建模方法建立城市地温与不透水面反演模型,并通过随机样点的相关性分析、等温线与等透水面线叠加分析等方法对城市土地利用与地表热信息的关系进行了深入的研究。结果表明,研究区城市土地利用变化对地表温度的影响效应与城市地温对不透水面的响应显著,地表热信息分布和强度与城市下垫面性质表现为较显著的关系。
The development of economy and society has not only led to sharp increase demand for natural resources, but also has to be faced with immense pressure resulted from the resources, environment and population, and then the sustainable development of economy and society and ecological security issues has been produced. In this paper, the study area is the core region, includes the districts and counties in Chenghua, such as Wuhou, Qingyang, Jinjiang, Jinniu, Gaoxin, Longquanyi, Qingbaijiang, Xindu, Wenjiang, Shuangliu and Pxian. The study area is in the period of economy fast development, pressure resulted from the population sharp increase and urbanization process is picked up, the trouble resulted from human is especially extruded. So, encircled the global change and its response, Chengdu city was chosen study area by its fast development in economy and society. The spatio-temporal change of urban land use about 16 years within the study area and its driving forces and eco-environmental effect was analyzed based on RS images, RS and GIS technique, synthesizing integration the data such as RS data, economy and society data, and environmental data,and so on. The understanding and results are as follows.
(1) The synthesis integration of model and its calculation methods on multilayer RS thematic information extraction. The model and its calculation methods on multilayer RS thematic information extraction were brought forward in this paper. The separation methods between the thematic information and its background information within the whole region images were emphasis studied and application methods system of object-based RS information extraction was built. The knowledge about surface substance spectrum, space structure and its forms, the reciprocity relationships within the space, and so on was integrated into models step by step through delamination levels partition and logic distinguish based on delaminating classification resulted from different character parameters and different classification methods in the process of thematic information extraction. The RS thematic information extraction models and its calculation methods of object-based study area about the spatio-temporal change of urban land use were built based on RS data. The study results show that classification precision based on this methods is good with the Kappa is 0.871、0.857and 0.863. The application results about this thematic information extraction also show that this models and its calculation methods is agility and efficient.
(2) The speed of spatio-temporal change of urban land use is quickened and its intensity is notable. The study results show intensity of urban land use change is notable and the speed of spatio-temporal change of urban land use is quickened. The area of cultivated land is continuance decrease, about 12.066×104hm2, built-land area and forest land area is in the increase process, about 6.225×104hm2, 3.195×104hm2 in the year of 1992~2008, respectively. The integration index of urban land use degree within the study period has an increase current in the whole. The integration index of urban land use degree in 1992~2000 has a little descend current, while has a strong increase current in 2000~2008.The value of urban land use change in the period of 1992~2000, 2000~2008 and 1992~2008 is adjust period, development period. The difference of spatio-temporal change of urban land use is obviously. There is a different characteristic in cultivated land, forest land, and built-land, that is the cultivated land keeps decrease current in the process of transform, and other land was translated into forest land, so, the forest land is increase, built-land area is in the increase process current. The area transformed from the cultivated land into built-land has led to increase speed of urban expansion. The spatio-temporal diversity of urban land use in translation and directions is notable. In the period of 1992~2000, the results of the transform quantum proportion show that the maximum value is forest land, about 29.9%, the nest place is cultivated land and built-land, about 15.8%, 5.17%, respectively. Forest land was transformed into cultivated land and country residence land, the much area transformed from paddy land to forest land is 3.309×104hm2. The much area of water body land was transformed into built-land and forest land, while the area transformed from forest land is 4 484.51hm2. The much area of cultivated land was translated to built-land and forest land, about 6.693×104hm2, thereinto the area of dry land is increase 4.386×104hm2. The area of cultivated land was main transformed into built-land and its increase area is 2.935×104hm2. In the period of 2000~2008, the results of the transform quantum proportion show that the maximum value is cultivated land, about 29.9%, the nest place is built-land, about 8.07%, respectively. In the period of 2000~2008, the results of the transform quantum proportion show that the maximum value is cultivated land, about 29.9%, the nest place is built-land, about 8.07%, respectively. Much forest land area was transformed into country residence land and paddy field, while the increase area transformed from cultivated land is 1 139.72hm2. The much area of water body land was transformed into dry land, while the area translated from forest land and cultivated land is 2.197×104hm2. The much area of cultivated land was transformed into built-land and forest land is about 5.372×104hm2, thereinto the decrease area of dry land and paddy field is 3.714×104hm2, 1.658×104hm2 and 4.386×104hm2, respectively. The area of built-land mainly transformed from cultivated land is 3.289×104hm2.
(3) The economy development, urbanization level were the main caution for urban land use change. The factors on driving forces of urban land use change in study area was discussed, and its dynamical mechanism of urban land use change was open out applying for the quantitative method and qualitative method based on synthesis integration concerned data such as LUCC data, economy dada, society data ,and other natural data, and so on in study area. The results show that the economy development, urbanization level were the mostly caution. The development level of economy and society has led to enhance domino effect in built-land area at forth expanding in the course of urbanization process in study area.
(4) The value of ecosystem service was main supported by the ecosystem from the woodland, water body and farm land in study area. Environment protection in Chengdu city is not only very important for development of the society, economy, and ecosystem security, but also important strategy status for the eco-environmental protection for the upper reaches of Yangtse River and three gorges reservoir. Land use is in dynamical change and a complexity system, the fast development of economy and society, especial the fast urbanization process in Chengdu city has led to frequently human activity, intensity impact, land use manner and structure become complexity, ecosystem is also become frailness, therefore issues resulted from human activity has apparent, and become main restrict factors impacting on sustainable development of local society and economy. Land use change in study area has caused environmental response such as water environmental effect, atmosphere environmental effect, and soil environment effect, a series of environment problems, and so on. the result of surface temperature retrieval information from TM/ETM+ within Chengdu city based on methods of single-window algorithm and spatial modeling shows that the surface temperature lower with increasing distance from the inner city and impervious getting lower at the same time; there is positive correlation between surface temperature surface impervious. The results from the value of ecosystem service show that the total value increased 5.2 754×108 RMB yuan in study period, and the value of ecosystem service was main supported by the ecosystem from the woodland, waterbody and farm land in study area. The results also show that the regional difference of value of ecosystem service is notable.
(5) There is negative correlation relationship and positive correlation relationship between surface temperature information varying from the distance from the midtown to suburb and surface impervious ability. The study results on surface temperature information show the spatial distribution of the isotherms with the response of permeable surface is significant applying for two information obtain methods, such as single-window algorithm and a negative correlation between impervious surface and vegetation coverage in urban built-up area according to RS images in third ring road of Chengdu, to obtain surface temperature information and impervious surface area in the ERDAS spatial modeling module respectively. Through the random sample analysis, correlation analysis, as well as overlay analysis of isotherms and equal surface water lines, focusing on the urban surface temperature response to the effects of impervious surface on basis of former study. It is proved that the surface temperature lower with increasing distance from the inner city and impervious getting lower at the same time; there is positive correlation between surface temperature surface impervious in Chengdu that the correlation is 0.73. The spatial distribution of the isotherms with the response of permeable surface is significant.
(1)多层次遥感专题信息提取模型与计算方法集成探讨与应用实践。本文提出多层次专题信息提取模型与计算方法,重点研究全域影像上专题信息与背景信息分离方法,建立面向信息提取的应用方法体系,从而将专题信息提取过程中所需的地物波谱、空间结构与形态、空间相互作用关系等知识逐步融入到模型中,通过层次划分,采取分层分类的逻辑判别方式,选择不同的特征参数和分类方法;以研究区遥感数据为主要信息源,建立面向研究区土地利用变化遥感信息提取的应用方法体系和采用多层次遥感专题信息提取模型;在应用实践上,以研究区城市土地利用信息提取为具体应用对象,建立完整的信息提取算法体系,并结合实际情况来改进计算模型与方法。应用实践的结果表明,面向研究区土地利用的提取模型与计算方法增强了信息提取能力和提取效率。
(2)城市土地利用时空演变以速度加快、强度显著、建设用地不断侵吞耕地为主要特征。1992~2008年耕地面积持续减少、耕地面积减少12.066×104hm2,建设用地与林地面积持续增加面积分为6.225×104hm2和3.195×104hm2。土地利用程度综合指数总体上有逐渐增大趋势,1992~2000年间土地利用综合指数呈现了较小的下降波动,但是在2000~2008年间土地利用程度表现了较强的增长态势。1992~2000年、2000~2008年、1992~2008年的土地利用变化值在对应的三个研究时段内土地利用处于调整期和发展期。城市土地利用变化时空差异明显,耕地、林地、建设用地3种主要用地类型转化特点不同,耕地主要转化为建设用地,导致耕地持续减少,引起建设用地的持续扩展;林地以外的其他土地转化为林地,导致林地面积则由减少转变为稍有增加,耕地等向建设用地的转化土地利用空间演化分析表明,土地转移、流向时空差异显著。1992~2000年的转移量比重分析表明,最大的是林地,达29.9%,其次是耕地,达15.8%和建设用地,达5.17%;林地主要转化为耕地和农村宅基地,转入主要来自于水田,新增林地面积达3.309×104hm2;水域绝大部分转化为建设用地和林地,转入水域主要来自于林地,增加水域面积达4 484.51hm2;耕地(水田与旱地)大部分转化为林地和建设用地,转移减少耕地面积6.693×104hm2,其中,旱地面积却增加4.386×104hm2;建设用地主要由耕地和建设用地调整转入,增加面积达2.935×104hm2;2000~2008年的转移量比重分析表明,最大的是耕地,达14.5%,其次是建设用地,达8.07%;林地主要转化为水田和农村宅基地,转入主要来自于耕地,新增林地面积达1 139.72hm2;水域绝大部分转化为旱地,转入水域主要来自于林地、水田和旱地,增加水域面积达2.197×104hm2;耕地(水田与旱地)大部分转化为林地和建设用地,转移减少耕地面积5.372×104hm2,与1992~2000年不同的是,水田与旱地面积均减少,面积分布达3.714×104hm2和1.658×104hm2;建设用地主要由耕地和建设用地调整转入,增加面积达3.289×104hm2。
(3)导致城市土地利用变化的主要驱动力是经济发展、城市化等人文因素,反映了建设用地外延扩展的增强效应。综合集成研究区遥感数据与其它自然、经济、社会等数据,应用定性与定量方法,对研究区城市土地利用变化的驱动力分析表明,经济发展、城市化与人口增长是引起土地利用变化的主要原因,反映了在快速城市化进程中,社会、经济水平发展对建设用地的向外扩展的增强效应。
(4)城市土地利用变化的生态服务价值持续增加,但区域差异显著、结构简单,且主要由林地、水域与农业用地等生态系统支撑。在分析土地利用时空演变基础上,对研究区城市土地利用时空演变对城市水环境、大气环境、土壤环境、城市热岛等环境问题进行深入分析;城市土地利用变化的生态服务价值及其流向变化的计算和分析结果表明,研究期内生态系统服务价值1992~2008年期间增加5.26×108元,生态系统服务价值区域差异与流向变化显著,主要由林地、水域与农业用地等生态系统支撑,系统结构较简单。
(5)城市下垫面性质对地表热信息分布与强度影响显著。基于空间建模方法建立城市地温与不透水面反演模型,并通过随机样点的相关性分析、等温线与等透水面线叠加分析等方法对城市土地利用与地表热信息的关系进行了深入的研究。结果表明,研究区城市土地利用变化对地表温度的影响效应与城市地温对不透水面的响应显著,地表热信息分布和强度与城市下垫面性质表现为较显著的关系。
The development of economy and society has not only led to sharp increase demand for natural resources, but also has to be faced with immense pressure resulted from the resources, environment and population, and then the sustainable development of economy and society and ecological security issues has been produced. In this paper, the study area is the core region, includes the districts and counties in Chenghua, such as Wuhou, Qingyang, Jinjiang, Jinniu, Gaoxin, Longquanyi, Qingbaijiang, Xindu, Wenjiang, Shuangliu and Pxian. The study area is in the period of economy fast development, pressure resulted from the population sharp increase and urbanization process is picked up, the trouble resulted from human is especially extruded. So, encircled the global change and its response, Chengdu city was chosen study area by its fast development in economy and society. The spatio-temporal change of urban land use about 16 years within the study area and its driving forces and eco-environmental effect was analyzed based on RS images, RS and GIS technique, synthesizing integration the data such as RS data, economy and society data, and environmental data,and so on. The understanding and results are as follows.
(1) The synthesis integration of model and its calculation methods on multilayer RS thematic information extraction. The model and its calculation methods on multilayer RS thematic information extraction were brought forward in this paper. The separation methods between the thematic information and its background information within the whole region images were emphasis studied and application methods system of object-based RS information extraction was built. The knowledge about surface substance spectrum, space structure and its forms, the reciprocity relationships within the space, and so on was integrated into models step by step through delamination levels partition and logic distinguish based on delaminating classification resulted from different character parameters and different classification methods in the process of thematic information extraction. The RS thematic information extraction models and its calculation methods of object-based study area about the spatio-temporal change of urban land use were built based on RS data. The study results show that classification precision based on this methods is good with the Kappa is 0.871、0.857and 0.863. The application results about this thematic information extraction also show that this models and its calculation methods is agility and efficient.
(2) The speed of spatio-temporal change of urban land use is quickened and its intensity is notable. The study results show intensity of urban land use change is notable and the speed of spatio-temporal change of urban land use is quickened. The area of cultivated land is continuance decrease, about 12.066×104hm2, built-land area and forest land area is in the increase process, about 6.225×104hm2, 3.195×104hm2 in the year of 1992~2008, respectively. The integration index of urban land use degree within the study period has an increase current in the whole. The integration index of urban land use degree in 1992~2000 has a little descend current, while has a strong increase current in 2000~2008.The value of urban land use change in the period of 1992~2000, 2000~2008 and 1992~2008 is adjust period, development period. The difference of spatio-temporal change of urban land use is obviously. There is a different characteristic in cultivated land, forest land, and built-land, that is the cultivated land keeps decrease current in the process of transform, and other land was translated into forest land, so, the forest land is increase, built-land area is in the increase process current. The area transformed from the cultivated land into built-land has led to increase speed of urban expansion. The spatio-temporal diversity of urban land use in translation and directions is notable. In the period of 1992~2000, the results of the transform quantum proportion show that the maximum value is forest land, about 29.9%, the nest place is cultivated land and built-land, about 15.8%, 5.17%, respectively. Forest land was transformed into cultivated land and country residence land, the much area transformed from paddy land to forest land is 3.309×104hm2. The much area of water body land was transformed into built-land and forest land, while the area transformed from forest land is 4 484.51hm2. The much area of cultivated land was translated to built-land and forest land, about 6.693×104hm2, thereinto the area of dry land is increase 4.386×104hm2. The area of cultivated land was main transformed into built-land and its increase area is 2.935×104hm2. In the period of 2000~2008, the results of the transform quantum proportion show that the maximum value is cultivated land, about 29.9%, the nest place is built-land, about 8.07%, respectively. In the period of 2000~2008, the results of the transform quantum proportion show that the maximum value is cultivated land, about 29.9%, the nest place is built-land, about 8.07%, respectively. Much forest land area was transformed into country residence land and paddy field, while the increase area transformed from cultivated land is 1 139.72hm2. The much area of water body land was transformed into dry land, while the area translated from forest land and cultivated land is 2.197×104hm2. The much area of cultivated land was transformed into built-land and forest land is about 5.372×104hm2, thereinto the decrease area of dry land and paddy field is 3.714×104hm2, 1.658×104hm2 and 4.386×104hm2, respectively. The area of built-land mainly transformed from cultivated land is 3.289×104hm2.
(3) The economy development, urbanization level were the main caution for urban land use change. The factors on driving forces of urban land use change in study area was discussed, and its dynamical mechanism of urban land use change was open out applying for the quantitative method and qualitative method based on synthesis integration concerned data such as LUCC data, economy dada, society data ,and other natural data, and so on in study area. The results show that the economy development, urbanization level were the mostly caution. The development level of economy and society has led to enhance domino effect in built-land area at forth expanding in the course of urbanization process in study area.
(4) The value of ecosystem service was main supported by the ecosystem from the woodland, water body and farm land in study area. Environment protection in Chengdu city is not only very important for development of the society, economy, and ecosystem security, but also important strategy status for the eco-environmental protection for the upper reaches of Yangtse River and three gorges reservoir. Land use is in dynamical change and a complexity system, the fast development of economy and society, especial the fast urbanization process in Chengdu city has led to frequently human activity, intensity impact, land use manner and structure become complexity, ecosystem is also become frailness, therefore issues resulted from human activity has apparent, and become main restrict factors impacting on sustainable development of local society and economy. Land use change in study area has caused environmental response such as water environmental effect, atmosphere environmental effect, and soil environment effect, a series of environment problems, and so on. the result of surface temperature retrieval information from TM/ETM+ within Chengdu city based on methods of single-window algorithm and spatial modeling shows that the surface temperature lower with increasing distance from the inner city and impervious getting lower at the same time; there is positive correlation between surface temperature surface impervious. The results from the value of ecosystem service show that the total value increased 5.2 754×108 RMB yuan in study period, and the value of ecosystem service was main supported by the ecosystem from the woodland, waterbody and farm land in study area. The results also show that the regional difference of value of ecosystem service is notable.
(5) There is negative correlation relationship and positive correlation relationship between surface temperature information varying from the distance from the midtown to suburb and surface impervious ability. The study results on surface temperature information show the spatial distribution of the isotherms with the response of permeable surface is significant applying for two information obtain methods, such as single-window algorithm and a negative correlation between impervious surface and vegetation coverage in urban built-up area according to RS images in third ring road of Chengdu, to obtain surface temperature information and impervious surface area in the ERDAS spatial modeling module respectively. Through the random sample analysis, correlation analysis, as well as overlay analysis of isotherms and equal surface water lines, focusing on the urban surface temperature response to the effects of impervious surface on basis of former study. It is proved that the surface temperature lower with increasing distance from the inner city and impervious getting lower at the same time; there is positive correlation between surface temperature surface impervious in Chengdu that the correlation is 0.73. The spatial distribution of the isotherms with the response of permeable surface is significant.
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