网络时代图像数据压缩研究
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摘要
数据压缩编码技术是解决“信息爆炸”的有效方法之一，而更高的品质和更低的码率一直是图像和音、视频压缩的目标。当前对数字图像格式、多媒体数据压缩技术的研究已不能满足目前各种各样的网络多媒体应用的需求。由于多媒体数据压缩的必要性和可能性，对多媒体数据压缩技术在网络传输中的研究和应用成为一个越来越活跃而且备受关注的热点领域之一，其中的重点是图像数据压缩，而JPEG2000就是在这种形势下图像压缩技术的最新成果。
本文主要工作是跟踪研究ISO/IEC推出的新一代静止图像压缩标准JPEG2000，使用该标准实现图像压缩和解压缩问题。在本课题中，作者对目前比较时兴的图像格式、多媒体数据的压缩方法以及相关的多媒体处理技术进行了综述，分析了其性能和实现方法。
作者对图像压缩的方法进行了回顾，对基于离散余弦变换(DCT)的压缩方法进行了分析，实现了JPEG格式的解码和编码；重点对当前兴起的基于小波变换(WT)的压缩方法进行了跟踪研究，相比JPEG2000标准的核心EBCOT算法作了一些简化和改变，实现了JPEG2000图像格式的编解码，并实现小型JPEG2000编解码演示系统，演示功能主要包括JPEG2000良好的低比特率压缩以及支持有损压缩和无损压缩的性能。
作者用本文介绍的JPEG2000压缩方法与传统JPEG压缩方法进行压缩效果纵向对比；并且和目前国内外优秀的JPEG2000压缩处理软件(LuraWave SmartCompress v3.0)进行压缩效果横向对比。
实验结果表明，在一些低复杂度的应用中，JPEG2000不可能代替JPEG，但对于有较好的图像质量、较低比特率或者是一些特殊特性的要求(渐进传输和感兴趣区域编码等)时，JPEG2000将是最好的选择，从而验证了采用JPEG2000图像压缩标准的优越性和可行性。本文介绍的JPEG2000压缩方法在较低比特率下，图像内容也很容易辨别，图像仍具有较好的视觉效果，并且和其它JPEG2000处理软件相比也有一定的特点。
Data compression technology is an effective method to deal with the problem of information blast, and the higher quality and the lower bit rate are the aim of multimedia data compression. With the increasing use of multimedia technologies and networks technologies, people have put forward the higher requirement at quality performance and some new applications. Because of the necessity and possibility of multimedia data compression, research on multimedia data compression is a popular and active field; especially the image data compression has a very important status in it. So ISO developed a new still image compression standard: JPEG2000, which is the late achievement in image compression technology.
In this paper, we summarize and compare the previous method of image data compression, analyze and give a method of JPEG image encoder-decoder based on DCT. And primary through analyzing the main algorithm (EBCOT) in the JPEG2000, this paper describes the new features and the advantages of the JPEG2000 over the previous standard. The main difference from the JPEG standard is the use of DWT rather than DCT. Based on EBCOT algorithm, the paper gives a simple wavelet-based image-coding scheme. The author makes it in one demo system of JPEG2000 encode-decoder by programming with VC++ and Delphi, including improve low bit-rats compression performance, lossless and lossy compression.
During the experiment, we compare the results of image data compression by JPEG and our JPEG2000 method respectively, also by LuraWave SmartCompress v3.0 Software and our JPEG2000 method respectively. As a conclusion, the JPEG stationary picture has a good compressing effect on middle and high bit rate, but exists a serious diamond effect at low bit rate resulting from the block-based DCT scheme. So JPEG images can not very well make the needs transmitting images by networks at high compressing rate. While JPEG2000 image performs very well at all bit rates. The experiment shows that the compression images have better vision effect by our JPEG2000 method, and it has some characters compared with other JPEG2000 compression software.
本文主要工作是跟踪研究ISO/IEC推出的新一代静止图像压缩标准JPEG2000，使用该标准实现图像压缩和解压缩问题。在本课题中，作者对目前比较时兴的图像格式、多媒体数据的压缩方法以及相关的多媒体处理技术进行了综述，分析了其性能和实现方法。
作者对图像压缩的方法进行了回顾，对基于离散余弦变换(DCT)的压缩方法进行了分析，实现了JPEG格式的解码和编码；重点对当前兴起的基于小波变换(WT)的压缩方法进行了跟踪研究，相比JPEG2000标准的核心EBCOT算法作了一些简化和改变，实现了JPEG2000图像格式的编解码，并实现小型JPEG2000编解码演示系统，演示功能主要包括JPEG2000良好的低比特率压缩以及支持有损压缩和无损压缩的性能。
作者用本文介绍的JPEG2000压缩方法与传统JPEG压缩方法进行压缩效果纵向对比；并且和目前国内外优秀的JPEG2000压缩处理软件(LuraWave SmartCompress v3.0)进行压缩效果横向对比。
实验结果表明，在一些低复杂度的应用中，JPEG2000不可能代替JPEG，但对于有较好的图像质量、较低比特率或者是一些特殊特性的要求(渐进传输和感兴趣区域编码等)时，JPEG2000将是最好的选择，从而验证了采用JPEG2000图像压缩标准的优越性和可行性。本文介绍的JPEG2000压缩方法在较低比特率下，图像内容也很容易辨别，图像仍具有较好的视觉效果，并且和其它JPEG2000处理软件相比也有一定的特点。
Data compression technology is an effective method to deal with the problem of information blast, and the higher quality and the lower bit rate are the aim of multimedia data compression. With the increasing use of multimedia technologies and networks technologies, people have put forward the higher requirement at quality performance and some new applications. Because of the necessity and possibility of multimedia data compression, research on multimedia data compression is a popular and active field; especially the image data compression has a very important status in it. So ISO developed a new still image compression standard: JPEG2000, which is the late achievement in image compression technology.
In this paper, we summarize and compare the previous method of image data compression, analyze and give a method of JPEG image encoder-decoder based on DCT. And primary through analyzing the main algorithm (EBCOT) in the JPEG2000, this paper describes the new features and the advantages of the JPEG2000 over the previous standard. The main difference from the JPEG standard is the use of DWT rather than DCT. Based on EBCOT algorithm, the paper gives a simple wavelet-based image-coding scheme. The author makes it in one demo system of JPEG2000 encode-decoder by programming with VC++ and Delphi, including improve low bit-rats compression performance, lossless and lossy compression.
During the experiment, we compare the results of image data compression by JPEG and our JPEG2000 method respectively, also by LuraWave SmartCompress v3.0 Software and our JPEG2000 method respectively. As a conclusion, the JPEG stationary picture has a good compressing effect on middle and high bit rate, but exists a serious diamond effect at low bit rate resulting from the block-based DCT scheme. So JPEG images can not very well make the needs transmitting images by networks at high compressing rate. While JPEG2000 image performs very well at all bit rates. The experiment shows that the compression images have better vision effect by our JPEG2000 method, and it has some characters compared with other JPEG2000 compression software.
引文
[1] 张益贞，刘滔．Visual C++实现MPEG/JPEG编解码技术[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2002
[2] 张丽．流媒体技术大全[M]．北京：中国青年出版社，2001
[3] 孙力，钱维莹．流媒体技术与创作[M]．北京：中国青年出版社，2002
[4] 搜新网流媒体论坛 WWW:http://www.souxin.com
[5] 流媒体中国 WWW:http://www.liumeiti.com
[6] Multimedia Lab WWW: http://www.iii.org.tw/special/res-page/repage-1．htm
[7] 钟玉琢，王琪．基于对象的多媒体数据压缩编码国际标准——MPEG-4 其其校验模型[M]．北京：科学出版社，2000
[8] 黎洪松．数字视频技术及其应用[M]．北京；清华大学出版社，1997
[9] WWW: http://www.wavecn. com, 2002
[10] The Microsoft, Inc. WWW: http://www. Microsoft. com, 2002
[11] The RealNetWorks, Inc. WWW: http://www, realnetworks, com, 2002
[12] The Apple, Inc. WWW: http://www. apple. com, 2002
[13] 丁贵广．多媒体数据压缩标准化的现状与发展[J]．计算机工程与应用，2001(1)
[14] R.C.冈萨雷斯，P.温茨著．数字图像处理[M]．北京：科学出版社，1981
[15] Kenneth R.Castlemen,朱志刚等译．数字图象处理[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[16] 何斌，马天予．Visual C++数字图象处理[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001
[17] Gregory K. Wallace. The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard ISO10918—1
[18] 云风．JPEG简易解码文档2.0 WWW:http://member.neteast.com/~cloudwu,2000
[19] Richard Romano, New ISO Standard Aims to Improve JPEG Format for the New Millennium[N], Micro Publishing 2000
[20] 徐佩霞，孙功宪．小波分析与应用实例[M]．北京：中国科学技术大学出版社，2001
[21] 胡昌华，张军波等．基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计——小波分析[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[22] 飞思科技产品研发中心．MATLAB6.5辅助小波分析与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[23] 胡广书．数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1997
[24] 姚天任，孙洪．现代数字信号处理[M]．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1999
[25] 宗孔德．多抽样率信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[26] G.K. Wallace, "The ]PEG Still Picture Compression Standard", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, Vol. 38, No 1, 1992
[27] M. Boliek, C. Christopoulos and E. Majani (editors), "JPEG2000 Part Ⅰ Final Draft International Standard," (ISO/IEC FDIS 15444-1), ISO/IEC JEC1/SC29/WG1 N1855, August 18, 2000
[28] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N505, "Call for contributions for JPEG 2000(JTC 1.29.14, 15444): Image Coding System," March 1997
[29] M. Boliek, C. Christopoulos and E. Majani (editors), "JPEG2000 Part Ⅰ Final Draft International Standard," (ISO/IEC FDIS 15444-1), ISO/IEC JEC1/SC29/WG1 N1855, August 18, 2000
[30] JPEG 官方网站 WWW: http://www, jpeg. org/jpeg2OOO, htm
[31] The LuraTech, Inc. LuraWave SmartCompress V3.0 SoftWare WWW: http://www. luratech, com, 2002
[32] LuraTech SmartCompress, LuraWave OCX-SDK. [C] Dec 2 1999
[33] WWW: http://jj2OOO, epfl. ch
[34] WWW: http://www. ece. uric. ca/~mdadams/jasper/
[35] Maryline, Diego Santa Cruz and Mathias Larsson. JPEG 2000 the Next Millennium Compression Standard for Still Images IR], 2000
[36] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N390R, "New work item: JPEG2000 image coding system," March 1997
[37] WWW: http://www, digitalimaging, org
[38] 丁贵广，郭宝龙．新一代静止图像压缩编码标准：JPEG2000概述．西安电子科技大学，guiguangd@263.net
[39] 张晓娣，刘贵忠．新一代静止图像压缩标准 JPEG20000，电信科学2001年第5期
[40] 林川，卢朝阳等．JPEG2000 标准及视频 DSP 实现[J]．现代电子技术，2001．(12)：84-87
[41] D. Taubman, "High Performance Scalable Image Compression With EBCOT", Proc. IEEE Int. Conference Image Processing, Vol. Ⅲ, pp.343-348, Kobe, Japan, October 1999
[42] D. Taubman, "High Performance Scalable Image Compression With EBCOT", IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 1158-1170, July 2000
[43] Shapiro J M. "Embedded image coding using zerotree of wavelet coefficients",IEEETrans. Signal Processing, 1993,41(12): 3445-3462
[44] A. Said and W. Pearlman, "A New, Fast and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees", IEEE Trans. On Circuit and System for Video Technology, 6(3):234-250, June 1996
[45] D. Taubman and A. Zakhor, "Multi-rate 3-D subband coding of video,"
IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 572-588, Sept. 1994
[46] Proposal of the Arithmetic Coder for JPEG2000, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N762, Mar, Oct. 1998
[47] David Taubman High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol9, No. 7, July 2000
[48] Pengwei Hao, Qingyun Shi. Proposal of reversible integer implementation for Multi component transforms[C]. Jun. 2000
[49] Dig35 General Metadata Requirements Digital Imaging Group[M],2000
[50] Jin Li, Sharp Laboratories of America Camas, WA. JPEG 2000 and Image Compression. China State Bureau of Technical Supervision, Lin Ning:cesiinde@public. bta. net. cn
[51] A. Said and W. Pearlman,"A New, Fast and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees", IEEE Trans. On Circuit and System for Video Technology, 6(3):234-250, June 1996
[52] D. Taubman and A. Zakhor, "Multi-rate 3-D subband coding of video," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 572-588, Sept. 1994
[53] 张兆扬，陈加卿等著．数字电视原理[M]．北京：科学出版社，8-9，1987
[54] 美国电影电视工程师协会，王贻良等译．数字电视入门[M]．北京：科学出版社，47-54，1992
[55] JPEG Imager V1.0 Software WWW: http://www. geocites, com/vas_b/
[56] The JPEG Wizard V1.3.8 Software WWW: http://www. pegasusimaging. com
[57] Image Wavelet Compressor V3.6 Software WWW: http://www.barrt, ru/parshukov/imcomp. htm
[58] Nister D, Christopoulos C. Lossless Region of Interest with Embedded Wavelet Image Coding. Signal Processing. 1999
[59] Santa Cruz D, karsson M, Askelof J, Ebrahimi T, Christopoulos C. Region of Interest coding in JPEG2000 for interactive client/server applications. Proc. IEEE. Int. Workshop Multimedia Signal
[60] David .J. Kruglinski, Scot Wingo. VC++6.0技术内幕[M].北京希望电子出版社，1999
[2] 张丽．流媒体技术大全[M]．北京：中国青年出版社，2001
[3] 孙力，钱维莹．流媒体技术与创作[M]．北京：中国青年出版社，2002
[4] 搜新网流媒体论坛 WWW:http://www.souxin.com
[5] 流媒体中国 WWW:http://www.liumeiti.com
[6] Multimedia Lab WWW: http://www.iii.org.tw/special/res-page/repage-1．htm
[7] 钟玉琢，王琪．基于对象的多媒体数据压缩编码国际标准——MPEG-4 其其校验模型[M]．北京：科学出版社，2000
[8] 黎洪松．数字视频技术及其应用[M]．北京；清华大学出版社，1997
[9] WWW: http://www.wavecn. com, 2002
[10] The Microsoft, Inc. WWW: http://www. Microsoft. com, 2002
[11] The RealNetWorks, Inc. WWW: http://www, realnetworks, com, 2002
[12] The Apple, Inc. WWW: http://www. apple. com, 2002
[13] 丁贵广．多媒体数据压缩标准化的现状与发展[J]．计算机工程与应用，2001(1)
[14] R.C.冈萨雷斯，P.温茨著．数字图像处理[M]．北京：科学出版社，1981
[15] Kenneth R.Castlemen,朱志刚等译．数字图象处理[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2002
[16] 何斌，马天予．Visual C++数字图象处理[M]．北京：人民邮电出版社，2001
[17] Gregory K. Wallace. The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard ISO10918—1
[18] 云风．JPEG简易解码文档2.0 WWW:http://member.neteast.com/~cloudwu,2000
[19] Richard Romano, New ISO Standard Aims to Improve JPEG Format for the New Millennium[N], Micro Publishing 2000
[20] 徐佩霞，孙功宪．小波分析与应用实例[M]．北京：中国科学技术大学出版社，2001
[21] 胡昌华，张军波等．基于MATLAB的系统分析与设计——小波分析[M]．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，1999
[22] 飞思科技产品研发中心．MATLAB6.5辅助小波分析与应用[M]．北京：电子工业出版社，2003
[23] 胡广书．数字信号处理——理论、算法与实现[M]．北京：清华大学出版社，1997
[24] 姚天任，孙洪．现代数字信号处理[M]．武汉：华中理工大学出版社，1999
[25] 宗孔德．多抽样率信号处理．北京：清华大学出版社，1996
[26] G.K. Wallace, "The ]PEG Still Picture Compression Standard", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, Vol. 38, No 1, 1992
[27] M. Boliek, C. Christopoulos and E. Majani (editors), "JPEG2000 Part Ⅰ Final Draft International Standard," (ISO/IEC FDIS 15444-1), ISO/IEC JEC1/SC29/WG1 N1855, August 18, 2000
[28] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N505, "Call for contributions for JPEG 2000(JTC 1.29.14, 15444): Image Coding System," March 1997
[29] M. Boliek, C. Christopoulos and E. Majani (editors), "JPEG2000 Part Ⅰ Final Draft International Standard," (ISO/IEC FDIS 15444-1), ISO/IEC JEC1/SC29/WG1 N1855, August 18, 2000
[30] JPEG 官方网站 WWW: http://www, jpeg. org/jpeg2OOO, htm
[31] The LuraTech, Inc. LuraWave SmartCompress V3.0 SoftWare WWW: http://www. luratech, com, 2002
[32] LuraTech SmartCompress, LuraWave OCX-SDK. [C] Dec 2 1999
[33] WWW: http://jj2OOO, epfl. ch
[34] WWW: http://www. ece. uric. ca/~mdadams/jasper/
[35] Maryline, Diego Santa Cruz and Mathias Larsson. JPEG 2000 the Next Millennium Compression Standard for Still Images IR], 2000
[36] ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N390R, "New work item: JPEG2000 image coding system," March 1997
[37] WWW: http://www, digitalimaging, org
[38] 丁贵广，郭宝龙．新一代静止图像压缩编码标准：JPEG2000概述．西安电子科技大学，guiguangd@263.net
[39] 张晓娣，刘贵忠．新一代静止图像压缩标准 JPEG20000，电信科学2001年第5期
[40] 林川，卢朝阳等．JPEG2000 标准及视频 DSP 实现[J]．现代电子技术，2001．(12)：84-87
[41] D. Taubman, "High Performance Scalable Image Compression With EBCOT", Proc. IEEE Int. Conference Image Processing, Vol. Ⅲ, pp.343-348, Kobe, Japan, October 1999
[42] D. Taubman, "High Performance Scalable Image Compression With EBCOT", IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 9, No. 7, pp. 1158-1170, July 2000
[43] Shapiro J M. "Embedded image coding using zerotree of wavelet coefficients",IEEETrans. Signal Processing, 1993,41(12): 3445-3462
[44] A. Said and W. Pearlman, "A New, Fast and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees", IEEE Trans. On Circuit and System for Video Technology, 6(3):234-250, June 1996
[45] D. Taubman and A. Zakhor, "Multi-rate 3-D subband coding of video,"
IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 572-588, Sept. 1994
[46] Proposal of the Arithmetic Coder for JPEG2000, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG1 N762, Mar, Oct. 1998
[47] David Taubman High Performance Scalable Image Compression with EBCOT IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol9, No. 7, July 2000
[48] Pengwei Hao, Qingyun Shi. Proposal of reversible integer implementation for Multi component transforms[C]. Jun. 2000
[49] Dig35 General Metadata Requirements Digital Imaging Group[M],2000
[50] Jin Li, Sharp Laboratories of America Camas, WA. JPEG 2000 and Image Compression. China State Bureau of Technical Supervision, Lin Ning:cesiinde@public. bta. net. cn
[51] A. Said and W. Pearlman,"A New, Fast and Efficient Image Codec Based on Set Partitioning in Hierarchical Trees", IEEE Trans. On Circuit and System for Video Technology, 6(3):234-250, June 1996
[52] D. Taubman and A. Zakhor, "Multi-rate 3-D subband coding of video," IEEE Trans. Image Processing, Vol. 3, pp. 572-588, Sept. 1994
[53] 张兆扬，陈加卿等著．数字电视原理[M]．北京：科学出版社，8-9，1987
[54] 美国电影电视工程师协会，王贻良等译．数字电视入门[M]．北京：科学出版社，47-54，1992
[55] JPEG Imager V1.0 Software WWW: http://www. geocites, com/vas_b/
[56] The JPEG Wizard V1.3.8 Software WWW: http://www. pegasusimaging. com
[57] Image Wavelet Compressor V3.6 Software WWW: http://www.barrt, ru/parshukov/imcomp. htm
[58] Nister D, Christopoulos C. Lossless Region of Interest with Embedded Wavelet Image Coding. Signal Processing. 1999
[59] Santa Cruz D, karsson M, Askelof J, Ebrahimi T, Christopoulos C. Region of Interest coding in JPEG2000 for interactive client/server applications. Proc. IEEE. Int. Workshop Multimedia Signal
[60] David .J. Kruglinski, Scot Wingo. VC++6.0技术内幕[M].北京希望电子出版社，1999