三线阵传感器影像真正射纠正中遮蔽区域的检测及补偿研究
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摘要
正射影像是同时具有影像特征和地图几何精度的图像,具有精度高、信息丰富、直观真实等优点。传感器技术日新月异的发展,促进了影像获取手段的多样化,影像质量也日益提高,进而提高了正射影像质量和生产效率。然而,传统正射影像在几何和辐射方面存在的问题,一定程度地制约了正射影像的应用范围。其中,几何方面存在的问题直接影响了正射影像纠正的准确性和完整性,主要表现在建筑物倾斜,建筑物重影及地物缺失等。造成这些问题的本质原因是由于建筑物对其他地物存在遮挡关系。真正射影像作为一种与传统正射影像相区别的概念被学者们提出和研究,具体是指在当前的影像尺度下,对除了地形之外,影像分辨率能够识别的重要地物(如建筑物、桥梁等)也进行了正确纠正的影像。
本文以城市地区传统正射影像几何方面存在的主要问题,即建筑物对其他地物的遮蔽为探讨范围,将真正射影像几何纠正作为研究的主要内容,以成像模型较为复杂的三线阵传感器影像为主要的研究对象,其中将以其代表——ADS40(Airborne Digital Sensor)影像为例展开研究,从分析遮蔽产生的本质原因入手,对真正射影像遮蔽区域的检测和补偿问题进行了深入分析和研究。
本文分为7章,主要内容包括真正射影像几何纠正原理、三线阵传感器ADS40系统组成及数据处理流程、ADS40影像遮蔽区域的检测和补偿、遮蔽区域检测及补偿方法对传统框幅式影像的验证等等。本文的主要工作和创新之处如下：
1.真正射影像纠正原理探讨及现有方法的问题分析。阐述了影响真正射影像几何纠正精度的主要因素,总结了现有方法的不足。通过实验分析了DSM模型精度对纠正及遮蔽检测结果的影响。
2.提出ADS40真正射纠正方法。通过对ADS40系统的发展过程及系统组成介绍,分析其技术参数及特色；详细介绍了ADS40影像纠正得到正射影像的原理及步骤；分析了ADS40影像上遮蔽产生的本质原因,提出了一种基于高程面投影的迭代检测算法(PPID)。该算法利用经过建筑物的投影光线与高程面相交,迭代求出投影光线与地面及其他建筑物的交点,从而得到了这些交点的集合形成的遮蔽区域。实验结果表明,该算法较现有的几种较经典的算法,细节检测更为精细,边缘更为平滑,且具有较高的实验效率。
3.对ADS40影像真正射纠正后的遮蔽地区进行补偿。根据ADS40影像相邻影像高重叠率的特点,选择以相邻影像对应像素补偿到ADS40影像的遮蔽区域。给出了造成相邻影像存在辐射差异的原因,并分析已有的解决方法及不足,提出了一种基于地物类的局部直方图匹配方法以及顺序选取修复原则。实验结果表明,基于地物类的局部直方图匹配方法较普通的整体直方图匹配更为准确,而顺序修复原则较基于底点的修复原则更能减小辐射差异给补偿带来的影响。
4.框幅式影像的遮蔽区域检测及补偿。利用ADS40影像的遮蔽检测及补偿方法对框幅式影像进行了验证；对框幅式影像的一种经典的遮蔽检测方法进行了改进。通过实验验证了ADS40遮蔽检测方法对框幅式影像遮蔽区域检测的效果。针对框幅式影像遮蔽区域补偿的特殊性,本文进一步提出了一种基于有效像素的样本纹理合成修复方法,该方法通过引入DBM模型,结合基于样本的纹理合成方法对遮蔽区域进行补偿。实验结果表明,该方法能够进一步修复利用相邻影像未补偿完全的区域,并有效消除建筑物屋顶纹理的扩散干扰,得到完整的真正射影像结果,且修复效果优于其他图像修复方法。
The orthophoto is the image that has image characteristics as well as the geometric accuracy of the map, which gains the advantages of high precision, abundant information and reflecting the true world. The improvements of the remote sensor promote the quality of the acquired images and the producing efficiency, while the problems of the conventional orthophoto affect its wide application. The accuracy and the completeness of the orthophoto are especially influenced by the geometric problems, which mainly include the building lean, the double mapping effect and the objects deficiency etc. The essential reason of the problems is the occlusion caused by the buildings. The true orthophoto is proposed by the researchers as a novel concept, which means that not only the terrain but also the important objects under current image scale (such as the building and bridge, etc.) are also rectified correctly.
In this dissertation, the geometric problem of the orthophoto in urban district that the occlusion caused by the buildings is taken as the scope of our inquiry, and the geometric rectification is taken as the main research problem while the ADS40 image which has relatively complex imaging model is treated as the research subjects. We begin with the essential reason of the occlusion produce, and will have a deep analysis of the occlusion detection and compensation.
This paper is composed of 7 chapters, which is mainly about the geometric principles of the true orthophoto, and the composition of the ADS40 systems as well as the process flow of the data. The occlusion detection and compensation of the ADS40 systems is elaborately illustrated. The verification in the frame images with the method of ADS40 images is also given. The main contribution of the paper is list as follows:
1. By introducing the development and composition of the ADS40 systems, the technical parameters and characteristics are analyzed. The rectification principle and progress of ADS40 images is elaborately introduced. A plane-projection-based iteration detection method(PPID) is proposed according to the essential reason of the occlusions' producing. In this algorithm, the intersection points of the projection rays and the planes are adopted and the intersection points of the projection rays and the terrain (or other buildings) are calculated. The final integration of the intersection points is the occlusion region. Experiments with the ADS40 aerial image data shows that comparing to other two representative methods, this method can obtain more accurate results, and additionally, it has better efficiency.
2. The characteristic of high overlapping coefficient is employed in the occlusion compensation by neighboring images. The reason of the radiation difference between the neighboring images is analyzed, and the existed process method and defaults are illustrated. An Object-classified-based partial histogram matching method and the sequenced selection principle is proposed. The experiment shows that the Object-classified-based method can obtain more precise result compare to the normal histogram matching method, and the sequence compensation principle will reduce the influence of the radiation compare to the nadir based compensation principle.
3. The occlusion detection and compensation methods of the ADS40 images are employed to verify the reliability using the frame images. Experiments show that the occlusion detection method is still good in both accuracy and efficiency by using the frame images. An improved method of the typical Z-buffer method used in occlusion detection method is proposed. As a result of the deficiency of information, it remains a quantity of pixels which can't be compensated by neighboring images. On the basis of introducing DBM, a valid-pixel-based inpainting method is proposed to fill up the remnant pixels. It is verified by the experimental results that this method can obtain better result on compensating occluded areas of true orthophotos comparing with other image inpainting algorithms.
本文以城市地区传统正射影像几何方面存在的主要问题,即建筑物对其他地物的遮蔽为探讨范围,将真正射影像几何纠正作为研究的主要内容,以成像模型较为复杂的三线阵传感器影像为主要的研究对象,其中将以其代表——ADS40(Airborne Digital Sensor)影像为例展开研究,从分析遮蔽产生的本质原因入手,对真正射影像遮蔽区域的检测和补偿问题进行了深入分析和研究。
本文分为7章,主要内容包括真正射影像几何纠正原理、三线阵传感器ADS40系统组成及数据处理流程、ADS40影像遮蔽区域的检测和补偿、遮蔽区域检测及补偿方法对传统框幅式影像的验证等等。本文的主要工作和创新之处如下：
1.真正射影像纠正原理探讨及现有方法的问题分析。阐述了影响真正射影像几何纠正精度的主要因素,总结了现有方法的不足。通过实验分析了DSM模型精度对纠正及遮蔽检测结果的影响。
2.提出ADS40真正射纠正方法。通过对ADS40系统的发展过程及系统组成介绍,分析其技术参数及特色；详细介绍了ADS40影像纠正得到正射影像的原理及步骤；分析了ADS40影像上遮蔽产生的本质原因,提出了一种基于高程面投影的迭代检测算法(PPID)。该算法利用经过建筑物的投影光线与高程面相交,迭代求出投影光线与地面及其他建筑物的交点,从而得到了这些交点的集合形成的遮蔽区域。实验结果表明,该算法较现有的几种较经典的算法,细节检测更为精细,边缘更为平滑,且具有较高的实验效率。
3.对ADS40影像真正射纠正后的遮蔽地区进行补偿。根据ADS40影像相邻影像高重叠率的特点,选择以相邻影像对应像素补偿到ADS40影像的遮蔽区域。给出了造成相邻影像存在辐射差异的原因,并分析已有的解决方法及不足,提出了一种基于地物类的局部直方图匹配方法以及顺序选取修复原则。实验结果表明,基于地物类的局部直方图匹配方法较普通的整体直方图匹配更为准确,而顺序修复原则较基于底点的修复原则更能减小辐射差异给补偿带来的影响。
4.框幅式影像的遮蔽区域检测及补偿。利用ADS40影像的遮蔽检测及补偿方法对框幅式影像进行了验证；对框幅式影像的一种经典的遮蔽检测方法进行了改进。通过实验验证了ADS40遮蔽检测方法对框幅式影像遮蔽区域检测的效果。针对框幅式影像遮蔽区域补偿的特殊性,本文进一步提出了一种基于有效像素的样本纹理合成修复方法,该方法通过引入DBM模型,结合基于样本的纹理合成方法对遮蔽区域进行补偿。实验结果表明,该方法能够进一步修复利用相邻影像未补偿完全的区域,并有效消除建筑物屋顶纹理的扩散干扰,得到完整的真正射影像结果,且修复效果优于其他图像修复方法。
The orthophoto is the image that has image characteristics as well as the geometric accuracy of the map, which gains the advantages of high precision, abundant information and reflecting the true world. The improvements of the remote sensor promote the quality of the acquired images and the producing efficiency, while the problems of the conventional orthophoto affect its wide application. The accuracy and the completeness of the orthophoto are especially influenced by the geometric problems, which mainly include the building lean, the double mapping effect and the objects deficiency etc. The essential reason of the problems is the occlusion caused by the buildings. The true orthophoto is proposed by the researchers as a novel concept, which means that not only the terrain but also the important objects under current image scale (such as the building and bridge, etc.) are also rectified correctly.
In this dissertation, the geometric problem of the orthophoto in urban district that the occlusion caused by the buildings is taken as the scope of our inquiry, and the geometric rectification is taken as the main research problem while the ADS40 image which has relatively complex imaging model is treated as the research subjects. We begin with the essential reason of the occlusion produce, and will have a deep analysis of the occlusion detection and compensation.
This paper is composed of 7 chapters, which is mainly about the geometric principles of the true orthophoto, and the composition of the ADS40 systems as well as the process flow of the data. The occlusion detection and compensation of the ADS40 systems is elaborately illustrated. The verification in the frame images with the method of ADS40 images is also given. The main contribution of the paper is list as follows:
1. By introducing the development and composition of the ADS40 systems, the technical parameters and characteristics are analyzed. The rectification principle and progress of ADS40 images is elaborately introduced. A plane-projection-based iteration detection method(PPID) is proposed according to the essential reason of the occlusions' producing. In this algorithm, the intersection points of the projection rays and the planes are adopted and the intersection points of the projection rays and the terrain (or other buildings) are calculated. The final integration of the intersection points is the occlusion region. Experiments with the ADS40 aerial image data shows that comparing to other two representative methods, this method can obtain more accurate results, and additionally, it has better efficiency.
2. The characteristic of high overlapping coefficient is employed in the occlusion compensation by neighboring images. The reason of the radiation difference between the neighboring images is analyzed, and the existed process method and defaults are illustrated. An Object-classified-based partial histogram matching method and the sequenced selection principle is proposed. The experiment shows that the Object-classified-based method can obtain more precise result compare to the normal histogram matching method, and the sequence compensation principle will reduce the influence of the radiation compare to the nadir based compensation principle.
3. The occlusion detection and compensation methods of the ADS40 images are employed to verify the reliability using the frame images. Experiments show that the occlusion detection method is still good in both accuracy and efficiency by using the frame images. An improved method of the typical Z-buffer method used in occlusion detection method is proposed. As a result of the deficiency of information, it remains a quantity of pixels which can't be compensated by neighboring images. On the basis of introducing DBM, a valid-pixel-based inpainting method is proposed to fill up the remnant pixels. It is verified by the experimental results that this method can obtain better result on compensating occluded areas of true orthophotos comparing with other image inpainting algorithms.
引文
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