农产品供应链的组织演进与关系治理研究
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摘要
近年来,在农业产业领域,合作生产、合同销售、战略联盟等契约型纵向协作的农产品供应链组织逐渐成为农业经济组织的新形式,并有不断扩大的趋势。识别农产品供应链组织形成和发展的一般规律；认识这种组织内在主体间关系的内涵、关系治理的机制和绩效,对从新的视角探究农产品竞争力的形成原因,分析现代农业产业组织的发展方向,探寻新的农产品质量安全的保障机制具有十分重要的意义。
论文以农产品供应链中间性组织特征为出发点,运用分工理论、交易成本理论和组织问关系理论对一般性供应链组织的形成原因进行了系统的解释,研究认为,分工是供应链组织产生的前提条件,而因追求分工经济而产生的节约交易成本、获得互补资源和谋取超额利润的目的是供应链组织产生的内在根本原因。在描述世界农产品供应链组织演进的历程后,论文将一般性供应链组织演进的经济学解释结论应用于农产品供应链组织形成与发展的分析,得到了良好的回应。
论文提出,农产品供应链组织是商品交换关系、社会交换关系和知识交换关系的结合。依据供应链主体问关系的疏密程度,农产品供应链组织的表现形式可进一步细分为：与普通伙伴的较稳定关系、与有选择的伙伴的非合同稳定关系、正式的合同关系、以及以关系为基础的战略联盟和以产权为基础的战略联盟五种类型。并以商品交换关系、社会交换关系和知识交换关系的为区分维度,建立了识别农产品供应链组织治理结构的变量指标体系。具体表现为：对关系性专用资产的投入水平、交易的不确定性程度、合作的时间长短、对合作伙伴选择的预期约束、相互依赖程度、双边信任程度、承诺水平、互惠互利联合的程度、信息交流水平、知识传递特征、知识整合特征等十一个维度。同时,资源的依赖程度、农业生产者组织发展水平、协作的信念、协作的能力、产品属性和国家特征是影响农产品供应链组织治理结构选择的主要因素。
在对农产品供应链组织内部关系治理定性分析的基础上,论文构建了一个关系结构特征、供应链主体行为特征和关系绩效之间的结构方程模型,并以农产品批发商与其稳定供应商之间的双边关系为例对模型进行了实证分析。分析结果表明：1)相互依赖和满意促进了双边沟通,并由此推动双方共同行动,提高了双边的关系绩效；2)关系性专用资产投资直接提高了双边的关系绩效；3)对前期重复交易的满意建立了双边的信任,间接提高了一方对另一方的承诺水平；4)一方对相互依赖的认识的重视直接提高了其对另一方的承诺水平。
总体来看,全文研究获得了以下主要结论：首先,分工是农产品供应链组织形成的逻辑起点,对分工经济的追求是农产品供应链组织生成的根本原因。其次,农产品供应链组织是商品交换关系,社会交换关系和知识交换关系的结合。再次,非正式治理机制在农产品供应链组织的关系治理中作用突出,其中关系性专用资产投资和共同行动是创造关系绩效的主要原因,双方间关系的满意和相互信任是促进农产品供应链主体关系紧密的重要推力。研究在以下几个方面体现了其创新性：对供应链组织生成的解释视角独特,有创新；对农产品供应链组织内部关系的认识有新意,并从关系内涵的三个维度出发,建立了新的区分农产品供应链组织形式的变量指标体系,在理论上有一定的创新；论文实证分析部分构建了“结构—行为—绩效”的实证分析框架和各变量间关系路径的模型,有一定的创新。
In recent years, the co-production, contract sales, strategic alliances and other contractual vertical collaboration have increasingly become the new economy organization form in the field of agricultural product supply chain. Identifying the general rule of formation, organization and development of agricultural product supply chain and understanding the relationship among main members in the supply chain and the relationship between governance mechanisms and performance are of great significance, which can help to explore the formation of the agricultural product competitiveness from a new perspective, analyze the development direction of modern agriculture industry organization, and find new agricultural product quality safety guarantee mechanism.
In this dissertation, research start form the characteristic of Inter-firm Organization of agricultural supply chain, We systematically explained the formation of the supply chain organizations using labor division theory, transaction cost theory and inter-organizational relations theory. The study concluded that the division of labor is the prerequisite to form a supply chain organization; and reducing the transaction costs, accessing to complementary resources and reaping excessive profits are the internal fundamental reasons to form the supply chain organization. Then, we showed that this conclusion can be applied to well explain the formation and development of the supply chain of agricultural products,
we deeply explored the internal relationships among members of the agricultural supply chain organization by combining the commodity exchange relationships, social exchange relationships and knowledge exchange relationships. The governance structure of the agricultural supply chain organizations can be represented as relationships. Based on the degree of closeness of relationships, the agricultural supply chain can be characterized into five types:a more stable relationship with partners, the partner of choice of non-contractual stable relationship, formal contractual relations, strategic alliances based on relationship and strategic alliances based on property rights. In the dissertation, we established an indexing system to characterize different forms of organization of the agricultural product supply chain based on the commodity exchange relationships, social exchange relationships and exchange of knowledge. Our indexing system includes eleven dimensions:the level of relationship-specific investment in assets, the level of uncertainty of the transaction, the length of cooperation, partner selection is expected constraints, the degree of dependence, the degree of trust, the level of commitment, the frequency of information exchange, characteristics of knowledge transfer, and degree of knowledge integration. We analyzed the factors that affect governance structure of the agricultural supply chain organizations. We suggest that resource dependence, the level of development of agricultural producer organizations, collaboration beliefs, collaborative capabilities, product attributes and national characteristics that affect agricultural supply chain organization's governance structure is the main factor.
Based on the qualitative analysis of agricultural supply chain members'relationship governance, we constructed a structural equation model to represent the structural relationships, member activities, and the performance in the agricultural supply chain organizations. We applied our model to study the relationship between agricultural product wholesalers and suppliers. We observed that1) interdependence and satisfaction between bilateral's mutual action and gain their relationship performance;2) Investment of one party on the other directly get the bilateral relationship performance;3) the satisfaction of pre-repeated transactions establishes the bilateral's trust and indirectly enhances the level of commitment of the onep party to the other;4) the increasingly understanding of the importance of interdependence by one party directly improves of the level of commitment of the party to the other.
Overall view, our research showed that pursuit of division of labor economy is fundamental cause of the formation of agricultural products supply chain organization; the member relationships of agricultural supply chain organization is the combination of commodity exchange relationship, social exchange relationship and knowledge exchange relationship; informal governance mechanisms plays a prominent role in the agricultural supply chain organization governance, it shows that relationship-specific asset investment and joint action are the main reason for improving performance of the agricultural product supply chain and satisfaction and trust between members of agricultural product supply chain promote close relationships. Our research is innovative in following areas:1) we provided innovative way to interpret agricultural product supply chain organization;2) we provided innovative explanation of the relationship among members of agricultural product supply chain;3) we estabalished a new indexing system to characterize different forms of organization of the agricultural product supply chain;4) our empirical analysis built a new "structure-action-performance" framework to study agricultural product supply chain.
论文以农产品供应链中间性组织特征为出发点,运用分工理论、交易成本理论和组织问关系理论对一般性供应链组织的形成原因进行了系统的解释,研究认为,分工是供应链组织产生的前提条件,而因追求分工经济而产生的节约交易成本、获得互补资源和谋取超额利润的目的是供应链组织产生的内在根本原因。在描述世界农产品供应链组织演进的历程后,论文将一般性供应链组织演进的经济学解释结论应用于农产品供应链组织形成与发展的分析,得到了良好的回应。
论文提出,农产品供应链组织是商品交换关系、社会交换关系和知识交换关系的结合。依据供应链主体问关系的疏密程度,农产品供应链组织的表现形式可进一步细分为：与普通伙伴的较稳定关系、与有选择的伙伴的非合同稳定关系、正式的合同关系、以及以关系为基础的战略联盟和以产权为基础的战略联盟五种类型。并以商品交换关系、社会交换关系和知识交换关系的为区分维度,建立了识别农产品供应链组织治理结构的变量指标体系。具体表现为：对关系性专用资产的投入水平、交易的不确定性程度、合作的时间长短、对合作伙伴选择的预期约束、相互依赖程度、双边信任程度、承诺水平、互惠互利联合的程度、信息交流水平、知识传递特征、知识整合特征等十一个维度。同时,资源的依赖程度、农业生产者组织发展水平、协作的信念、协作的能力、产品属性和国家特征是影响农产品供应链组织治理结构选择的主要因素。
在对农产品供应链组织内部关系治理定性分析的基础上,论文构建了一个关系结构特征、供应链主体行为特征和关系绩效之间的结构方程模型,并以农产品批发商与其稳定供应商之间的双边关系为例对模型进行了实证分析。分析结果表明：1)相互依赖和满意促进了双边沟通,并由此推动双方共同行动,提高了双边的关系绩效；2)关系性专用资产投资直接提高了双边的关系绩效；3)对前期重复交易的满意建立了双边的信任,间接提高了一方对另一方的承诺水平；4)一方对相互依赖的认识的重视直接提高了其对另一方的承诺水平。
总体来看,全文研究获得了以下主要结论：首先,分工是农产品供应链组织形成的逻辑起点,对分工经济的追求是农产品供应链组织生成的根本原因。其次,农产品供应链组织是商品交换关系,社会交换关系和知识交换关系的结合。再次,非正式治理机制在农产品供应链组织的关系治理中作用突出,其中关系性专用资产投资和共同行动是创造关系绩效的主要原因,双方间关系的满意和相互信任是促进农产品供应链主体关系紧密的重要推力。研究在以下几个方面体现了其创新性：对供应链组织生成的解释视角独特,有创新；对农产品供应链组织内部关系的认识有新意,并从关系内涵的三个维度出发,建立了新的区分农产品供应链组织形式的变量指标体系,在理论上有一定的创新；论文实证分析部分构建了“结构—行为—绩效”的实证分析框架和各变量间关系路径的模型,有一定的创新。
In recent years, the co-production, contract sales, strategic alliances and other contractual vertical collaboration have increasingly become the new economy organization form in the field of agricultural product supply chain. Identifying the general rule of formation, organization and development of agricultural product supply chain and understanding the relationship among main members in the supply chain and the relationship between governance mechanisms and performance are of great significance, which can help to explore the formation of the agricultural product competitiveness from a new perspective, analyze the development direction of modern agriculture industry organization, and find new agricultural product quality safety guarantee mechanism.
In this dissertation, research start form the characteristic of Inter-firm Organization of agricultural supply chain, We systematically explained the formation of the supply chain organizations using labor division theory, transaction cost theory and inter-organizational relations theory. The study concluded that the division of labor is the prerequisite to form a supply chain organization; and reducing the transaction costs, accessing to complementary resources and reaping excessive profits are the internal fundamental reasons to form the supply chain organization. Then, we showed that this conclusion can be applied to well explain the formation and development of the supply chain of agricultural products,
we deeply explored the internal relationships among members of the agricultural supply chain organization by combining the commodity exchange relationships, social exchange relationships and knowledge exchange relationships. The governance structure of the agricultural supply chain organizations can be represented as relationships. Based on the degree of closeness of relationships, the agricultural supply chain can be characterized into five types:a more stable relationship with partners, the partner of choice of non-contractual stable relationship, formal contractual relations, strategic alliances based on relationship and strategic alliances based on property rights. In the dissertation, we established an indexing system to characterize different forms of organization of the agricultural product supply chain based on the commodity exchange relationships, social exchange relationships and exchange of knowledge. Our indexing system includes eleven dimensions:the level of relationship-specific investment in assets, the level of uncertainty of the transaction, the length of cooperation, partner selection is expected constraints, the degree of dependence, the degree of trust, the level of commitment, the frequency of information exchange, characteristics of knowledge transfer, and degree of knowledge integration. We analyzed the factors that affect governance structure of the agricultural supply chain organizations. We suggest that resource dependence, the level of development of agricultural producer organizations, collaboration beliefs, collaborative capabilities, product attributes and national characteristics that affect agricultural supply chain organization's governance structure is the main factor.
Based on the qualitative analysis of agricultural supply chain members'relationship governance, we constructed a structural equation model to represent the structural relationships, member activities, and the performance in the agricultural supply chain organizations. We applied our model to study the relationship between agricultural product wholesalers and suppliers. We observed that1) interdependence and satisfaction between bilateral's mutual action and gain their relationship performance;2) Investment of one party on the other directly get the bilateral relationship performance;3) the satisfaction of pre-repeated transactions establishes the bilateral's trust and indirectly enhances the level of commitment of the onep party to the other;4) the increasingly understanding of the importance of interdependence by one party directly improves of the level of commitment of the party to the other.
Overall view, our research showed that pursuit of division of labor economy is fundamental cause of the formation of agricultural products supply chain organization; the member relationships of agricultural supply chain organization is the combination of commodity exchange relationship, social exchange relationship and knowledge exchange relationship; informal governance mechanisms plays a prominent role in the agricultural supply chain organization governance, it shows that relationship-specific asset investment and joint action are the main reason for improving performance of the agricultural product supply chain and satisfaction and trust between members of agricultural product supply chain promote close relationships. Our research is innovative in following areas:1) we provided innovative way to interpret agricultural product supply chain organization;2) we provided innovative explanation of the relationship among members of agricultural product supply chain;3) we estabalished a new indexing system to characterize different forms of organization of the agricultural product supply chain;4) our empirical analysis built a new "structure-action-performance" framework to study agricultural product supply chain.
引文
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